Connections ( Math - Mech - Ph - Chem - Bio - Geo )

Journal 3
Math L.0 1
Polynomials.
Linear polynomial:
functions and mathematical equations have a real direct connection with our capstone
first leaner function is function which expresses the relation between two factors are
connect with each other Positive and opposite relationship we can use this function to
Express the relation between two factors Whether it was expelled or reverse like : the
relation between solubility of any solute in the water with respect to the temperature
they have Direct relationship that mean if any factor increase the another factor will
increase to for example :

As shown in the previous the factors relationship will produce

street line start from zero point to infinity.
quintic polynomials:
Fifth degree polynomials are also known as quintic polynomials. Quintics have these characteristics: One to five roots.
Zero to four extrema. It takes six points or six pieces of information to describe a quintic function. We will use this
function to express the relation between water purity with respect to the changes in the another factors for example
we will use its carve to express the relation between water and temperature in 5 different temperatures with solubility
which cause a rise and fall of the function curve and the change in the ratio of solubility according to the temperature
change .
For Example :

The relationships in this table will yield a curve of the fifth degree function with five zeros Thus, we have used
this conception and benefited from it in the graphic representation of some of the data resulting from
experiments we carried out to measure the quality of water as a solvent and its ability to dissolve the solute.
Mechanics L.O 1
There are new challenges Egypt faces every period and our mission as students in Stem is to find
solutions for these challenges. Our challenge this semester is to find a solution to the water resources
problem. We searched in many subjects to explain the movement of water through the prototype.
Mechanics have found that it is from suitable subject to explain this movement. We studied in this L.O
about static and kinetic friction.
Static friction: It is the frictional force between the surfaces of two substances when they aren’t in
motion with respect to each other and it exists whenever there is relative motion, while kinetic friction
happens when two objects are in motion with respect to each other and it exists whenever there is
relative motion.
After the discussion was done by members of the group, the Kinetic friction force law is chosen. It is
chosen to work out the kinetic friction force between the water resource that will be fallen into the
prototype and the surface of the prototype. We should identify and work out kinetic friction force to
decrease the crashing of fallen water resources with the prototype surface. The kinetic friction law that
will be used, is Fk = Mk x FN (as Fk is kinetic friction force, Mk is coefficient of kinetic friction force, and
FN is net force). To adjust kinetic friction, the applied force on the water should be relatively close to the
net force.
Mechanics L.O 2
In lo2 mech we took the equation of vector whish is : ai +bj +ck
which I,j,k are the dimensions so we can use it to describe the
dimensions of our prototype and we can calculate the angle of
the slope of the slides by use equation of a.b = |a||b|
cos𝜃 and this angle important to know the slop of the slides
which we should follow it to increase the rate of full water. But
we should put in our mind that the rate will be suitable for the
matters we used to save our project from damage by water. try
to apply that on your project and rite how you can do that
Physics L.O 1
In lo1 in Physics it summarizes the idea that all
particles of matter in the universe attract each
other through the force of gravity - Newton's
law tells us how strong this attraction is. As
we've found in research, rainwater turns into
groundwater by gravity, which pulls water into
the Earth's layers by pulling it by gravity
through soil pores. Therefore, if the Earth's
gravity stops, this will cause many problems for
the process of converting water into
groundwater, and it may not turn at all.
Physics L.O 2
In lo2 physics: We studied more about the electricity.We also studied the electric field and
the gravitational field and the difference between them. We also studied the factors
which each of them depends on and among those things is that the electric field depends
on the type of medium which it is located in and the extent of its conduction of electricity,
for example, liquid mediums that conduct is the salty water or sea water that must be
treated or desalinated in our project, and for this we can use a device that measures the
intensity of the solution’s conduction of electricity, such as an ammeter, and measure the
salinity of the water by placing the ammeter in the salty water and watching whether it is
connected to electricity or not and monitor the intensity of its conduction of electricity and
after That , we will know the salinity of the water to be treated and we can repeat this
experiment to observe the change in the electricity conductivity of the salty water after
placing the solution in the water, and from it we will know if our solution works or not,
because if we repeat the experiment and find that the intensity of the water conduction
decreases, this means that its salinity Water decreases too, so our solution works, and if
we find the opposite, it means that our solution does not wor.
Physics L.O 3
Physics helped us a lot in our capstone and also in finding a solution to treat seawater. Electrodialysis is
one of the processes that treat seawater. Electrodialysis uses electricity to separate the ions of dissolved
solids in the water to purify it. So, by studying and learning the third Lo in physics, we learned many
things to apply in our capstone. We learned the types of electric current. So that we can determine the
type of current passing through the battery in electrodialysis and its properties. It is direct current and
has constant intensity and direction over time. We also learned about dynamic electricity and its
characteristics. Each type of water needs a different intensity of current in order to make the electrodes
work well according to the number of dissolved solids. We can determine the intensity that we need by
measuring the current intensity by the following equation: I = Q/T. I is the current intensity, Q is the
charge passing in a unit of time. Also, the potential difference and resistance of the flow of electrons are
some properties of electric current to measure. Potential difference is measured by the following
equation: V = W/Q. W is the work done to transfer certain charge(Q). Resistance is measured by dividing
the potential difference over current intensity. All of these previous examples will help us to determine
the final properties of the battery, electric current, the type of electrodes in our project.
Physics L.O 4
Physics is a very important subject in our capstone, that in l.o4, we learned many concepts,
such as:
DC circuits. One of the ways to treat water by electrolytic water desalination and this
concept is to learn how to do it, that we tough law Q= A L E, that Q:qunitity A:area
V:velocity e:electron. That we know when we increase in Q the velocity of DC circuits will
increase, so the amount of water will increase in small time. And this will your project is
more active. And we tough also how to built a DC circuits that we know what is the
meaning of volute and current and the factors that effect of velocity of electron, such as
length, type of materials and the cross section. Length can effect of it, when length is short
the velocity. Type of materials so we bought materials that have specific of properties and
so on.
And all of this information we leant it by physics.
Chemistry L.O 1
1- In LO1 chemistry we studied types of solution where there are solid-liquid in which the solids
dissolve in a liquid to form homogeneous mixtures such as seawater and liquid-gas ones in
which liquids dissolve in gases to form homogeneous mixtures such as humidity, studying and
knowing the type of solutions we`re working on will help us know more about the needed
processes to make this water reach its targeted goal to be used in drinking, agriculture or
industry as in the solid-liquid solution the solid (salt in the seawater) is referred to as the solute,
and the liquid (water) as the solvent. When the amount of solute is much less than the amount
of solvent, the solution is said to be dilute. If the amount of solute is relatively greater, the
solution is concentrated solution, in the case of seawater it`s diluted because of melting ice caps
and heavy precipitation. Meanwhile, in areas bordering the equator where its hot evaporation
rates exceed the amount of rainfall. So, water here is much saltier, this will help us in adjusting
the TDS of water while in liquid-gas solutions the gas (water vapor in the atmosphere) is
referred to as the solute, and the gas (gases in the atmosphere) as the solvent and the
percentage of the water vapor in the air differ from one place to another so, this will help in
determining the places with the greatest moisture percentage to extract water from.
2- In LO1 chemistry we studied solutions where an aqueous solution is a solution in which water is the solvent as seawater
where salt (NaCl) is the solute and water are a solvent. A non-aqueous solution is a solution in which water is not the
solvent such as humidity where water vapor is the solute and atmospheric gases are the solvent. Also, water desalinated
or extracted from air can contain more dissolved impurities so, studying this concept can make us understand more about
the types of solution and their properties which will help us determining these impurities and their percentages to know
how to make this water suitable for usage even for agriculture, industrial or drinking purposes and because of that any
solution will found in the water is aqueous solution we can use its properties to deal with it and measure its quality like
TDS ,molarity ,normality, molality ,solubility ,EDTA and Distillation.
3- In LO1 chemistry we studied that the solubility of a given solute in a given solvent typically depends on temperature.
Many salts show a large increase in solubility with temperature. ... A few, such as cerium (III) sulfate, become less soluble
in water as temperature increases. And we can use this property to Getting rid of some materials and also on the other
hand, we can use this feature to determine the water absorption capacity of certain substances from salts or materials that
are used to separate salts from water. For example, cerium (III) sulfate, become less soluble in water as temperature
increases. So, if we want to remove this salt from water we can use its properties and increase the temperature.
4- In LO1 chemistry we studied that PPM is Abbreviation to part per million we use this unit to measure (TDS) total
dissolved solid which we can use to measure water purification and we knew that the pure water has Total
dissolved solids (TDS) is measured as a volume of water with the unit milligrams per liter (mg/L), otherwise known
as parts per million (ppm). According to the EPA secondary drinking water regulations, 500 ppm is the
recommended maximum amount of TDS for your drinking water. So, any change in this range we can conclude
from it that there is water pollution. From another side we can use TDS range as a design requirement for the
project because it directly indicates the percentage of purity of water and of course we will use (ppm) as a
measuring unit.
5- In LO1 chemistry we studied Molarity (M) which is the amount of a substance in a certain volume of solution.
Molarity is defined as the moles of a solute per liters of a solution. Molarity is also known as the molar
concentration of a solution we calculate it with the formula (Molarity = number of moles / liters of solution) and
this concept will help us a lot in our challenge because by using it we can calculate the number of moles of any
solute in the solution (water) and this is one way to calculate the water purity for example: we have 2 liters of
water contain 20 mole of some polluted solute we can calculate the molarity by using the previous formula:
Molarity = 30 m / 2 liter Molarity = 15 m / L. By this way we could calculate the amount of the polluted solute in
every liter of water.
6- In LO1 chemistry we studied Electrodialysis which is an electrochemical process in which ion transfer separates salt from
water. It is effective only for substances that can be ionized: for example, salt (NaCl) becomes, in solution, a mixture of Na+ and
Cl− ions. (Silica, on the other hand, does not ionize and hence is not removed by electrodialysis. We can use this process in the
step of desalination of the seawater to reach the suitable TDS for the water usage according to the purposes we`ve chosen
(Agriculture, drinking or industrial).
7-In LO1 chemistry we studied Mole fraction represents the number of molecules of a particular component in a mixture divided
by the total number of moles in the given mixture. It's a way of expressing the concentration of a solution. Therefore, the sum of
mole fraction of all the components is always equal to one. We can use it to measure the amount of pollution from Each material
which polluted the water for Example: The symbol for the mole fraction is the lower-case Greek letter chi, χ. Which is often seen
with a subscript: χ solute is an example. 0.100 mole of NaCl is dissolved into 100.0 grams of pure H2O. What is the mole fraction
of NaCl?
Solution:
100.0 g / 18.0 g mol¯1 = 5.56 mol of H2O
Add that to the 0.100 mol of NaCl = 5.56 + 0.100 = 5.66 mol total
Mole fraction of NaCl = 0.100 mol / 5.66 mol = 0.018
What is the mole fraction of the H2O?
5.56 mol / 5.66 mol = 0.982
So as shown before this concept is a very helpful concept in our project.
8- In LO1 chemistry we studied quantitative analysis which involves looking at the
hard data, the actual numbers. Qualitative analysis is less tangible. It concerns
subjective characteristics and opinions – things that cannot be expressed as a
number. In our capstone we need a lot to Know about data analysis to measure and
describe the amount of pollution in water after and before our solution for Example
we will use qualitative analysis to describe the solution and solute. And the
quantitative analysis to measure the amount of each material in the solution (water).
9- In LO1 chemistry we studied Reverse osmosis that happens when pressure is
applied to a highly concentrated solute solution (in this case, the salt water) to pass
through a membrane to a lower concentrated solution. This process leaves a higher
concentration of solute (salt) on one side and only the solvent (fresh water) on the
other. We can use this feature if we want to work in desalinating seawater.
Chemistry L.O 1
TDS
As we learned TDS (total dissolved solids) is the total amount solids in the water. It is related
to the quality of purification of water and effects everything that consumes, live in, or use
water.
We can measure TDS by using:
1. Gravimetry: is the most accurate and involve evaporating the solvent and measuring the
mass of residues left, it takes a lot of time to evaporate water
2. Conductivity: related to the concentration of dissolved ionized solids in water. Lons from
the dissolved solids in water create the ability for water to conduct electricity
We can use this concept to make sure that water is valid to use in drinking or Agriculture or
industry. For example, according to the EPA secondary drinking water regulations, 500 ppm
is the recommended maximum amount of TDS for your drinking water. So, any change in
this range we can conclude from it that there is water pollution. From another side we can
use TDS range as a design requirement for the project because it directly indicates the
percentage of purity of water and of course we will use (ppm) as a measuring unit.
As we learning more concepts that highly related to our capstone project in chemistry we will talk
about one of them which is EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra acetic Acid) it is determining the
hardness of water and it is known as claw or chelate. Is the molecule that forms several bonds
around a single charged metal and prevents it from interacting with anything else. It will be benefit
to my and my team when we want to make a treatment or filtration for water to make it Valid to
drink or use it in agriculture or in industry.
Electrodialysis is an electrochemical process in which ion transfer separates salt from water. It is
effective only for substances that can be ionized: for example, salt (NaCI) becomes, in solution, a
mixture of Nat and cl- ions. (Silica, on the other hand, does not ionize and hence is not removed by
electrodialysis. We can use this process in the step of Water Purification if water is polluted with
salts.
Reverse osmosis happens when pressure is applied to a highly concentrated solute solution (in this
case, the salt water) to pass through a membrane to a lower concentrated solution.
This process leaves a higher concentration of solute (salt) on one side and only the solvent (fresh
water) on the other. We can use this feature if we want to purify the water from salts
Chemistry L.O 2
Chemistry is the main connection subject in this semester as we find a lot of concepts that related
directly with our project in it as in lo2 we
First learn about types of water and we know the difference between each type like Distilled water
that is the only pure water on earth, fresh water that is the naturally occurring water on the Earth’s
surface, saline water that is water that contain a significant concentration of dissolved salts …etc. it
help us to know the type of water and its mechanism that we will deal with it to be easy to treat it
The we learn some of water properties such as water polarity, conductivity :we can use it to
treatment water by electrodialysis that we use this technics to make negative ions attract with the
anode and the positive ions attract with casode then the water will be pure and clean from ions,
surface tension ,capillary action .how ever when you know the properties of any material it will be
easy to deal with it
Then we learn about elevation of boiling and freezing point .There are no difference between them
except this is freezing
Chemistry L.O 3
In chemistry we learned about solutions and their composition of different of solvents
and solutes, and Especially aqueous solutions, we learned a lot about them, especially in
lo.03 so that is very satisfied for us because it has given us a good feedback about how we
can measure the acidity or alkalinity of water, different filtration systems and chemicals
that helped us in purification of water.
We learned about the pH scale in lo.03 that measure of how acidic/basic water is. The
range goes from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. pH of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a
pH of greater than 7 indicates a base. pH is really a measure of the relative amount of free
hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water. Water that has more free hydrogen ions is acidic,
whereas water that has more free hydroxyl ions is basic. Since pH can be affected by
chemicals in the water, pH is an important indicator of water that is changing chemically,
and we can calculate the pH by the law -log [H⁺] as we use the sea water that has an
average fresh water about 8.1, so that help us in determining how much of the charcoal
that we need to use to decrease the alkalinity of water. We also learned about the
properties of bases and acids and absolutely helped us in how we deal with the materials
that dissolved in water and how to separate them to make the water slightly pure.
Chemistry L.O 4

we study Chemical kinetics which means The study of the factors that control the
rate (speed) of a chemical reaction. the rate of a chemical reaction is defined as a
change in concentration of a reactant or product per time, from the factors that
affect the rate is the concentration of product and reactant, and the rate of a
chemical reaction is directly protentional with the concentration of reactant rate
=k(a)^n, k defined is a rate constant and n is ordered if we use chemical compounds
to make purification for water like chlorine, we will compare between the
concentration of reactants, products, and time by using the equations of integral
rate law. if the reactant is in zero-order, we can use the equation :(a)=-kt+(a)o which
aO is the initial concentration of reactant. if it is first order, we can use the equation
lnA=-kt+in(a)o. if it is second order, we can use the equation of 1/(a)=kt+1/(a)o
‘
Biology L.O 1
we learnt about GMO, genetically modified organisms, biotechnology and
genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is a process in which we can
change the genetic material of crops as we want to be useful for us to get a
desirable trait. This technology is very useful in our capstone, to modify the
structure of the crops to conserve more water, such as increase the length of
the roots to get more water from the depth or decrease the water
requirement of the staple cereal crops. For example: crop such as the rice it
needs a lot of amount of water (very intensive food crop) we can decrease
the water require to save more water or decrease the amount of water that
out from transpiration or collect this water as a solution. 2- genetic
modification of the wheat plant focused on root system, modify crops to
have deeper roots. Deeper roots help to get more water uptake, thus need
less irrigation and perform better in drought conditions.
Biology L.O 2
As we learned during the sessions about mitosis and cell
division. The cell enters stages to prepare for division.it
produces two identical daughter cells during prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Interphase is often
included in discussions of mitosis. The cell needs specific
conditions, exactly like water desalination. The water
must pass through several stages to get rid of all bacteria
and be ready for use even for domestic, agriculture or
industry. This concept taught us more as we have
learned how to arrange steps according to priority. (Here
you can clarify your capstone project steps).
Biology L.O 3
In lo3 biology we talk about DNA replication and protein synthesis. In replication of RNA we
need to isolate DNA to make a complementary strand of RNA to use it in making protein. In
our capstone we use filtration or desalination to isolate water from rocks and we make
isolation to produce afresh water we can use it in agriculture, that is similar to isolation
DNA to make a replication DNA to make Rna strands are used in making protein. Another
thing is about polypeptide, after it is formed we can use to make protein by insert it in cell
or membrane by enzymes after that the protein is formed. That is similar r for water after
the water is filtrated we can use it in many ways in agriculture or in many ways, I mean all
of things we can use in important other things such as polypeptide and water.
Geology L.O 1
One of the most important subjects that we studied in STEM subject is Earth science, in this semester we learned about
“water cycle” we can define it as the description of the movement of water through different places within a closed cycle.
The most important stages of water cycle are “evaporation”. It is a process where water at the surface turns into water
vapors by absorbing heat energy from the sun and turns into vapors. Water bodies like the oceans, the seas, the lakes and
the river bodies are the main source of evaporation, then water vapor rises up in the atmosphere. At high altitudes the water
vapors change into very tiny particles of ice /water droplets because of low temperature. These particles come close
together and form clouds and fogs in the sky. This process is called “condensation”. After that, the clouds condensed water
vapors then pour down as “precipitation” due to wind or temperature change. This occurs because the water droplets
combine to make bigger droplets. Also, when the air cannot hold any more water, it precipitates. At high altitudes the
temperature is low and hence the droplets lose their heat energy. These water droplets fall down as rain. As water
precipitates, some of it is absorbed by the soil. This water enters into the process of transpiration. “Transpiration” is a
process similar to evaporation where liquid water is turned into water vapor by the plants. The roots of the plants absorb the
water and push it toward leaves where it is used for photosynthesis. Some of the water that precipitates do not runoff into
the rivers and is absorbed by the plants or gets evaporated. It moves deep into the soil. This is called infiltration. The water
seeps down and increases the level of ground water table. After happening this process, we can used water that remain in
the soil (ground water) as source of water in our capstone project. Also, we learned how to differentiate between polluted
and pure water by it’s chemical and physical properties.
Physical properties of pure water include that water is 1-
colorless- colored water can indicate pollution. Color can
also show organic substances. The maximum acceptable
level for the color of drinking water is 15 TCU (True color
unit). 2-Turbidity – pure water is clear and does not absorb
light. If turbidity appears in the water, it may indicate water
pollution.3-Taste and odor – pure water is always tasteless
and odorless. If any type of taste and smell is present, it may
indicate water pollution. On the other hand, Chemical
properties of pure water is including 1-pH – pH of water is
measured between 0 and 14 to determine how acidic or
alkaline it is. As pure water has pH = “7” .2- Boiling point-
pure water has high boiling point (100c) 3- Freezing point -
pure water has low freezing point (0c). by using these
properties, we can differentiate between polluted and pure
water.
 Geology L.O 2
Every semester , we have a different project. In this semester we need to purify water to be drinkable.
In the capstone challenge we can use seawater, groundwater or atmospheric water.
In Earth science lo2, we study the two main water sources are surface waters, from rivers and lakes, and groundwater. The
groundwater is pumped from porous material below the surface. An aquifer is anybody of sediment or rock that contains
water. The best aquifers are made up of loose and porous sand and gravel. Most aquifers have a free connection up to the
surface. That is called unconfined aquifers. Addition of new water to the aquifer by the downward flow of surface water is
called recharge. Some aquifers are isolated from the surface. They are separated from the surface by an overlying layer of
impermeable material. This layer is called an aquiclude. Confined aquifers cannot be recharged from directly above. Their
recharge areas may be located far away.
If a team will use the ground water in his capstone project, the Earth science will help him.
Our team use the groundwater so Earth science is very important for us because we study the groundwater with dilates.
Water table it is the upper limit of saturation . Above water table is called : unsaturated zone ( filled with air ) and under
water table is called saturated zone (filled with water ) .
When there is high river flow the river feeds the water table . When there is low river flow the water table feeds the river .
This is why river keep flowing even there is dry spells.
Desalination :it is the process that seawater converted to fresh water in order to make it potable .
There are many techniques of desalination : Reverse Osmosis , Forward Osmosis , electrodialysis, simple distillation .
Israel and Saudi Arabia obtain much of there water from desalination . Desalination is very expensive to be widely used .
Geology L.O 3
One of the most important subjects that we studied in STEM subject is Earth science, in this semester we
learned about “Uses of Water” .it is divided into two types; 1-the consumptive use of water refers to
water that is used and not returned to a state where it can be reused. For example, water that is used in
manufacturing or farming processes that is lost to evaporation. 2-The non-consumptive use of water refers to
water that has been used but can be recycled and reused. For example, water that is used for bathing or
washing dishes and then washed down the drain can be purified and reused. There is less of a loss to the
amount of water in this system compared to an open system, such as irrigation used in farming practices. By
knowledge this information we can use information we can recycle water that exiting from the non-
consumptive use of water like washing dishes and bathing, then purification this water by our prototype and
reuse it in other fields like agriculture. The second largest single use of fresh water in the United States
is irrigation due to wasted large amount of water, this problem is solved by drop irrigation system
(is a type of micro-irrigation system that has the potential to save water and nutrients by allowing
water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either from above the soil surface or buried below the
surface). This way that we learned in geology can helped us to save that used in agriculture in other
field that required water such as industry as the Industrial water use accounts for an estimated
15% of worldwide water use, with a much greater percentage in developed nations.
Geology L.O4

We learned in Geology about the pollutants released in the environment and how they contaminate
both ground and surface water supplies. Surface water usually has more types of pollutants than
groundwater. Classification of water pollutants is “Organic Pollutants and Inorganic Pollutants”. Organic
pollutants are kinds of pollutants that are of organic origin like, bacteria. We also learned about
evaporation, condensation, and bacterial activities that naturally purify water. We can use these
techniques as the main ideas of our prototype. For example, we could have a prototype that consists of
heating water up so that it starts boiling and passing that water vapor through a condenser so that it
condenses in a container giving us drinkable water. Another example would be to use bacteria or
moringa seeds to break the bonds between the water and the impurities dissolved in it, we can then use
a simple filtration stage to physically separate the water from the organic and inorganic pollutants
Thank you.