Distance:

The length of the path between two points.

Displacement:

The shortest distance between two points in a specific direction.

Speed:

Distance covered per unit time. Or The rate of change of distance.

Velocity:

Displacement covered per unit time. Or The rate of change of displacement.

Acceleration:

id
Change in velocity per unit time. Or The rate of change of change of velocity.

ah
Force:

The rate of change of momentum.

Sh
Scalar:

The quantity that magnitude only.

oq

Vector:

The quantity that has both the magnitude and direction.

ro

Newton’s First Law of Motion:

Fa

A body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by a resultant force.

Newton’s Second Law of Motion:

The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional/equal to resultant force and in the direction of
resultant force.

Newton’s Third Law of Motion:

To every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction. The two forces must be of same kind.

Precision:

It is determined by the range of values/results.

Accuracy:

The closeness of the results to the true value.

Momentum:

The product of mass and velocity.

Law of conservation of momentum:

The total momentum of an isolated system is zero. Or In an isolated system, the total momentum before
and after collision is same.

Impulse:

The product of force and time.

id
Elastic collision:

ah
A collision in which there is no loss of kinetic energy from the system.

Inelastic collision:
Sh
A collision in which there kinetic energy of the system is not conserved.

Moment:
oq

The product of force and it’s perpendicular distance from the pivot.

Couple:
ro

Two equal and opposite forces producing rotation in the same direction.
Fa

Torque of a couple:

The product of one of the forces and the perpendicular distance between the forces.

Centre of gravity:

The point where whole weight of the body is considered to act.

Principle of moments:

For a system in equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments is equal to the sum of anticlockwise
moments.

Mass:

The amount of substance in a body.

Weight:

The pull of gravity on an object.

Density:

Mass per unit volume.

Gravitational field:

The region of space around a mass within which it attracts other masses.

Pressure:

Force per unit area.

Upthrust:

id
The force acting on a submerged body in a fluid due to difference in pressures on the top and at the

ah
bottom.

Work:
Sh
The product of force and displacement moved in the direction of force.

Energy:
oq

The ability to do work.

Potential energy:
ro

The stored form of energy.

Fa

GPE:

The energy stored energy in a mass due to its height in the gravitational field.

Kinetic energy:

Energy possessed by a mass due to its motion.

Elastic potential energy:

The stored energy in a material due to change in its shape.

Law of conservation of energy:

Total energy in an isolated system is always constant. Or Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed
but can be converted from one form to another.
Power:

Work done per unit time. Or Energy per unit time.

Efficiency:

The ratio between useful output energy to total input energy.

Deformation:

The change in shape due to applied force.

Elastic deformation:

The temporary change in shape due to applied force.

Plastic deformation:

id
The permanent change in shape due to applied.

ah
Limit of proportionality:

The limit within which extension is directly proportional to the applied force.
Sh
Elastic limit:

The limit to which a body may be stretched or compressed without producing permanent deformation.
oq

Hooke’s law:

Within the limit of proportionality, the extension produced is directly proportional to applied force.
ro

Force constant:
Fa

Force per unit extension.

Stress:

Force per unit (cross-sectional) area.

Strain:

Extension per unit original length.

Young’s modulus:

The ratio between stress to strain.

Current:

The rate of flow of chrge.

Charge:

The product of current and time.

e.m.f:

Energy per unit charge converted from non-electrical to electrical form.

Potential difference:

Energy per unit charge converted from electrical to non-electrical form.

Ohm’s law:

id
At constant temperature, the current through a metallic conductor is directly proportional to the p.d

ah
across it.

Resistance:
Sh
The ratio between p.d (voltage) to current.

Kirchhoff’s current rule:

oq

Vector sum of all currents at a node is zero. Or Sum of currents entering a node is equal to sum of
currents leaving a node.
ro

Kirchhoff’s voltage rule:

Sum of all voltages in a closed loop is zero.

Fa

Transverse waves:

The waves in which direction of energy transfer is perpendicular to the direction of oscillations.

Longitudinal waves:

The waves in which direction of energy transfer is parallel to the direction of oscillations.

Period:

Time to complete one oscillation.

Frequency:

Number of oscillations completed per unit time.

Intensity:

Power (incident) per unit area.

Displacement:

The shortest distance of a vibrating particle from the mean position.

Amplitude:

The maximum displacement of a vibrating particle from the mean position.

Wavelength:

The shortest distance between two adjacent wavefronts.

Doppler’s effect:

id
The apparent change in frequency/wavelength due to the motion of source relative to observer.

ah
Polarization:

The action of restricting the vibrations of a transverse wave, especially light, wholly or partially to one
Sh
direction.

Malus’s Law:
oq

I = IO Cos2θ

Stationary waves:
ro

When two waves of same frequency/wavelength while moving in opposite directions meet 1800 out of
phase, they form stationary waves.
Fa

Principle of superposition:

When two (or more) waves meet at a point, the resultant displacement is the vector sum of individual
displacements.

Coherent:

Constant phase difference between the waves.

Interference:

interference is the sum/addition of the displacements of overlapping/meeting waves.

Diffraction:

The spreading of waves when they pass a slit.

Lepton:

An elementary particle which is not made up of other smaller particles.

Quarks:

An elementary particle which is not made up of other smaller particles.

Hadron:

A particle which is made up of quarks.

Baryon:

A particle made up of three quarks.

Meson:

id
A particle made up of a quark and an antiquark.

ah
ampere:

coulomb per second.

Sh
coulomb:

The product of ampere and second.

oq

volt:

joule per coulomb.

ro

ohm:
Fa

volt per ampere.

joule:

The product of newton and meter.

watt:

joule per second.