‫مجاميع دوائية مختصرة‬

‫‪PH.Karrar Hader‬‬
 ‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

‫يحتوي الملف على مجاميع دوائية بشكل مبسط من حيث اسم الدواء و الميكانزم الخاصه به و ايضا استعماله‬

‫في امراض محدده و حاالت محدده مع األثار الجانبية الشائعة لكل دواء … بالتوفيق‬

Anti-convulsants
Anti-depressans
Anti-dyslipidemia
Anti-hypertensive
Anti-arrhythmic
Anti-parkinson
Drug used in ADHD
Anti-psychotics
Anti-inflammatory
Immune-suppressants
Anti-cancer
Anti-coagulants
Anti-platelets
Anti-histamine
Anti-fungal
Hormones
Vitamins
Antibiotics
Oral anti-diabetic
 Anti – Convulsants
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E

1 Tegretol It works by reducing the spread 1)- seizures ( partial, ‫غثيان و تقيء‬
of seizure activity in tonic-clonic, mixed). ‫دوخة‬
(Carbamazepine) the brain and restoring the ‫نعاس‬
2)- nerve pain such ‫امساك‬
normal balance of nerve
activity. as(trigeminal ‫جفاف الفم‬
neuralgia and .. ‫وعدم الثبات‬
glossopharyngeal
neuralgia.)
3)- bipolar disorder
2 Lamictal It is thought to work by 1)- seizures. ‫ضبابية و الرؤية‬
(Lamotrigine) restoring the balance of 2)- prevent the ‫المزدوجة و‬
certain extreme mood ‫الرعاش و الطفح‬
natural substances in the swings of bipolar ‫الجلدي‬
brain. disorder in adults.
3 Vigabatrin Irreversible inhibitor of ‫زيادة وزن‬
gamma 1)- Complex Seizures ‫اعياء‬
aminobutyric acid (GABA) 2)- Renal Impairment ‫نعاس‬
transaminase, thereby ‫بصر متحد المركز‬
increases the level of the
inhibitory neurotransmitter
GABA within the brain
4 Depakene May increase levels of the 1)- Complex Partial
(Valproic acid) inhibitory neurotransmitter Seizures ‫الغثيان و الصداع‬
gamma-aminobutyric acid 2)- Simple & Complex ‫زيادة زمن النزيف‬
(GABA) in brain; may Absence Seizures ‫قلة الصفيحات‬
enhance 3)- Migraine
or mimic action of GABA at 4)- Bipolar Mania
postsynaptic receptor sites; 5)- Fragile X
may also inhibit sodium and Syndrome
calcium channels 6)-Familial
Adenomatous
Polyposis
7)- Lymphoma
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E
Antiepileptic mechanism 1)- Myoclonic ‫فقدان القوة‬
Keppra unknown; may inhibit Seizures ‫صداع الراس‬
(Levetiracetam) voltage- ‫زيادة ضغط‬
5 2)- Partial Onset
depedent N-type calcium ‫الدم‬
channels; may bind to
Seizure ‫نعاس‬
synaptic 3)- Primary ‫ألتهاب‬
proteins that modulate Generalized Tonic
neurotransmitter release; Clonic Seizures
through displacement of 4)- Renal
negative modulators may Impairment
facilitate GABA-ergic
inhibitory
transmission
6 Gabapentin GABA analogue; structurally 1)- Partial Seizures ‫اختالج الحركة‬
related to neurotransmitter 2)- Postherpetic
GABA, but has no effect on Neuralgia ‫دوخة‬
GABA binding, uptake, or 3)- Gralise
degradation; presence of 4)- Restless legs ‫النعاس‬
gabapentin binding sites syndrome
throughout the brain 5)- Cocaine ‫اعياء‬
reported; withdrawal
mechanism for analgesic and 6)- Insomnia
anticonvulsant activity 7)- Diabetic
unknown Neuropathy
8)- Tremors in
multiple sclerosis
9)- Hot flashes-
cancer
related
10)- Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis
7 Phenytoin Promotes Na+ efflux ‫النعاس‬
decreases Na+ influx from seizures ‫اعياء‬
membranes in motor cortex ‫اختالج الحركة‬
neurons; stabilizes neuronal ‫التهيج‬
membrane . ‫صداع الراس‬
Slows conduction velocity
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E
Depresses sensory and motor ‫اختالج الحركة‬
8 Phenobarbital cortex, cerebellum 1)- status ‫دوخة‬
Antiseizure activity occurs ‫نعاس‬
Epilepticus ‫تلعثم‬
primarily where GABA
mediates neurotransmission
2)- Seizures ‫اعياء‬
Hypnotic effects of 3)- Sedation ‫صداع الراس‬
barbiturates 4)- Hypnotic
result from activity at GABA 5)- Insomnia
receptor in the polysynaptic
midbrain reticular formation
(controls CNS arousal)
Off-label use for
hyperbilirubinemia:
Phenobarbital induces
glucuronyl transferase and
hepatic bilirubin-binding Y-
protein to lower serum
bilirubin concentrations .
9 topiramate Mechanism unknown; may 1)- Partial-Onset or ‫دوار‬
inhibit neuronal voltage- Primary Generalized
dependent sodium channels Tonic-Clonic Seizures. ‫اعياء‬
and may enhance the 2)- Lennox-Gastaut
neurotransmitter inhibitory Syndrome . ‫فقدان الشهية‬
activity of gamma- 3)- Migraine
aminobutyric acid (GABA) Headache. ‫اختالج الحركة‬
‫العصبية‬
Weak carbonic anhydrase
inhibitor
10 Clonazepam Long-acting benzodiazepine
that increases the presynaptic 1)- Panic Disorder ‫نعاس‬
GABA inhibition and reduces
2)- Seizure Disorders
the monosynaptic and
polysynaptic reflexes. 3)- Essential Tremor
Suppresses muscle contractions 4)- REM Sleep
by facilitating inhibitory GABA Behavior Disorder
neurotransmission and other 5)- Burning Mouth
inhibitory transmitters Syndrome
Suppresses the spike-and-wave
6)- Tardive
discharge in absence seizures
by depressing nerve Dyskinesia
transmission in motor cortex
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E
Modulates postsynaptic 1)- Anxiety ‫نعاس‬
effects 2)- Alcohol
11 Diazepam Withdrawal
of GABA-A transmission, ‫طفح جلدي‬
3)- Endoscopy
resulting in an increase in 4)- Preoperative
presynaptic inhibition. ‫اسهال‬
Sedation
Appears 5)- Sedation in the
to act on part of the limbic ICU
system, as well as on the 6)- Muscle Spasm
7)- Seizure Disorder
thalamus and hypothalamus ,
8)- Status Epilepticus
to induce a calming effect. 9)- Acute Repetitive
Seizures
12 Lorazepam Sedative hypnotic with short 1)-anxiety Disorders
onset of effects and relatively 2)-Short-Term ‫التخدير‬
long half-life; by increasing the treatment of ‫دوار‬
action of gamma-aminobutyric Insomnia
acid (GABA), which is a major 3)-Preoperative
‫عدم الثبات‬
inhibitory Sedation, Anxiety
neurotransmitter in the brain, Relief,&
lorazepam may depress all levels Anterograde ‫ضعف‬
of the CNS, including limbic and Amnesia
reticular formation . 4)- Status ‫اعياء‬
Epilepticus
5)- ‫النعاس‬
Anxiolytic/Sedation
in ICU ‫فقدان الذاكرة‬
6)- Chemotherapy-
Induced
Nausea/Vomiting
7)- Chronic
Insomnia
 Anti – depressants
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E

1 selective serotonin reuptake 1)- Major Depressive ‫الغثيان‬

inhibitors (SSRI) Disorder. ‫االسهال‬
Sertaline ‫االرق‬
antidepressant . 2)- Obsessive- ‫جفاف الفم‬
Compulsive Disorder ‫صداع الراس‬
.
3)- panic disorders .
4)- social anxiety.
2 Paroxetine selective serotonin reuptake 1)- depression . ‫الغثيان‬
inhibitors (SSRI) 2)-Obsessive- ‫األرق‬
antidepressant . Compulsive Disorder ‫جفاف الفم‬
3)- Panic Disorder . ‫صداع الراس‬
‫فقدان القوة‬
3 Fluoxetine selective serotonin reuptake 1)-depression
inhibitors (SSRI) 2)-panic attacks ‫القلق‬
3)-obsessive
antidepressant .
compulsive disorder ‫متاعب في النوم‬
4)- certain eating
disorder (bulimia)
5)- severe form ‫فقدان الشهية‬
of premenstrual ‫التثاؤب‬
syndrome(premenstr ‫التعرق‬
ual dysphoric
disorder). ‫التعب‬

4 Citalopram selective serotonin reuptake Depression ‫جفاف الفم‬

inhibitors (SSRI) ‫األرق‬
antidepressant .

5 Fluvoxamine Selective serotonin reuptake 1)- Obsessive- ‫غثيان‬

inhibitor; little or no affinity Compulsive Disorder. ‫نعاس‬
for 2)- Social Phobia . ‫األرق‬
dopamine, alpha-adrenergic 3)- Panic Disorder . ‫جفاف الفم‬
histamine, or cholinergic ‫فقدان الشهية‬
receptor
6 Venlafaxine inhibit the reuptake of both Depression ‫نقص أو فقدان‬
serotonin and norepinephrine ‫القوة‬
with a potency greater for the ‫صداع شديد‬
5-HT than for the NE reuptake ‫التعرق‬
process.
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E
Exact mechanism of action Major
unknown; inhibits reuptake Depressive Disorder, ‫الغثيان‬
7 Duloxetine Diabetic
of ‫جفاف الفم‬
Peripheral
serotonin and Neuropathic Pain,
norepinephrine; Generalized ‫صداع الراس‬
weakly inhibits reuptake of Anxiety Disorder,
‫نعاس‬
dopamine . Fibromyalgia,
Chronic
‫اعياء‬
Musculoskeletal Pain.
8 Amitriptyline Neurotransmitter Depression
(especially ‫ صداع‬، ‫االسهال‬
‫طفح جلدي‬
norepinephrine and ‫زيادة او نقصان‬
serotonin) ‫وزن‬
reuptake inhibitor; ‫تورم‬
anticholinergic
9 imipramine Neurotransmitter (especially Depression
norepinephrine and serotonin) ‫امساك‬
reuptake inhibitor; inhibits ‫جفاف الفم‬
reuptake by neuronal ‫عدم الرؤية‬
membrane; may also down-
‫بوضوح‬
regulate beta-adrenergic and
serotonin receptors ‫تورم الثدي في‬
‫النساء و الرجال‬
10 Clomipramine Clomipramine is a strong, but Obsessive-
not completely selective
Compulsive ‫جفاف الفم‬
serotonin reuptake inhibitor ‫صداع الراس‬
(SRI), as the active main Disorder ‫امساك‬
metabolite
‫اعياء‬
desmethyclomipramine acts
preferably as an inhibitor of ‫غثيان‬
noradrenaline reuptake. α1- ‫ضعف جنسي‬
receptor blockage and β-down- ‫زيادة وزن‬
regulation have been noted
and most likely play a role in
the short term effects of
clomipramine. A blockade of
sodium-channels and NDMA-
receptors might, as with other
tricyclics, account for its effect
in chronic pain, in particular the
neuropathic type
 Anti-dyslipidemia
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E
HMG-CoA reductase 1)- Hyperlipidemia
1 inhibitor; 2)- Cardiovascular ‫اسهال‬
Atorvastatin
inhibits rate-limiting step in Disease Prevention
cholesterol biosynthesis by ‫التهاب البلعوم‬
competitively inhibiting ‫األنفي‬
HMG-CoA
‫ألم عضلي‬
reductase
(↓TC,↓LDL,↓TG,↑HDL)
2 Simvastatin HMG-CoA reductase 1)- Hyperlipidemia
inhibitor; 2)- ‫امساك‬
inhibits rate-limiting step in Hypercholesterolemia
cholesterol biosynthesis by ‫عدوى جهاز‬
competitively inhibiting ‫التنفسي العلوي‬
HMG-CoA
reductase ‫ألم عضلي‬
(↓TC,↓LDL,↓TG,↑HDL)
3 Rosuvastatin HMG-CoA reductase 1)- Hyperlipidemia
inhibitor; 2)- Cardiovascular ‫الم عضلي‬
inhibits rate-limiting step in Disease Prevention
cholesterol biosynthesis by ‫التهاب البلعوم‬
competitively inhibiting
HMG-CoA
reductase
(↓TC,↓LDL,↓TG,↑HDL)
4 Gemfibrozil Inhibits peripheral lipolysis; 1)-
decreases hepatic uptake of Hypertriglyceridemia, ‫سوء هظم‬
free 2)- ‫وجع بطن‬
fatty acids (↓LDL) may rise Hypercholesterolemia ‫اسهال‬
HDL

5 Ezetimibe Inhibits sterol transporter at ‫اسهال‬

brush Hypercholesterolemia
border and, consequently, ‫ألم في االطراف‬
intestinal absorption of
cholesterol
 Anti - hypertensive

Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E

inhibit the sodium-chloride Hypertension
)Hydrochlorothiazide( transporter in the distal ‫نقص بوتاسيوم‬
1
tubule. ‫انخفاض الضغط‬
(Indapamide) ‫ارتفاع السكر‬
‫زيادة الشحوم‬
(Metolazone) ‫زيادة حمض يوريك‬

inhibit the sodium- Hypertension

2 (Bumetanide ) potassium- ‫نقص مغنسيوم‬
chloride cotransporter in the ‫نقص بوتاسيوم‬
thick ‫فرط حمض يوريك‬
ascending limb ‫انخفاض الضغط‬
(Furosemide)

3 (Amiloride) increase diuresis (urination) Hypertension

without the loss of potassium ‫زيادة بوتاسيوم‬
(Spironolactone) ‫تثدي‬
‫مشاكل في المعدة‬
(Amlodipine ) Calcium-Channel Blockers Hypertension
4 ( Nifedipine) (dihydropyridines) ‫الصداع‬
“exforge” ‫تجمع سوائل‬
‫تضخم‬
(AMLO+Valsartan)
5 Verapamil Calcium-Channel Blockers ‫انخفاض الضغط‬
( Non-dihydropyridines) Hypertension ‫امساك‬
Diltiazem

)Propranolol ) Non-selective β1/β2Blockers Hypertension ‫بطئ القلب‬

6 )Carvedilol ) ‫و زيادة كلوكوز‬
(Labetalol)

)Atenolol) β1-selective Blockers Hypertension ‫رؤية مشوشه‬

7 (Bisoprolol ) ‫شعور بالبرد في‬
(Metoprolol) ‫القدم و اليدين‬
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E
inhibiting the formation of Hypertension
angiotensin II ‫انخفاض الضغط‬
8 )Captopril ) ‫فرط البوتاسيوم‬
)Lisinopril ) ‫فشل كلوي‬
‫سعال جاف‬
receptor antagonists that Hypertension
9 )Irbesartan) block : ‫انخفاض الضغط‬
‫فرط البوتاسيوم فشل‬
)Valsartan) type 1 angiotensin II ‫كلوي‬
(AT1)
receptors on bloods
vessels
10 isosorbide dinitrate converted to nitric oxide (NO), an Hypertension
active intermediate compound , ‫احمرار الجلد‬
then activates a series of protein ‫صداع الراس‬
kinase-dependent
phosphorylations in the smooth
muscle cells,The subsequent
release of calcium ions results in
the relaxation of the smooth
muscle cells and vasodilation
(Prazosin ) Alpha-Adrenoceptor Hypertension
11 Antagonists ‫انخفاض الضغط‬
‫احتقان االنف‬

12 (Hydralazine) mechanism of action is not ‫الصداع‬

entirely clear and it appears Hypertension
to ‫عدم انتظام دقات‬
have multiple, direct effects ‫القلب‬
on
the vascular smooth muscle
)α-methyldopa) stimulates the central Hypertension ‫تورم في القدمين‬
13 (can you use in inhibitory ‫أو اسفل‬
pregnant alpha-adrenergic receptors, ‫الساقين‬
women) leading to a reduction in
,sympathetic tone.
 Anti-arrhythmic
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E
Block class II and cardiac 1)- Ventricular &
action Supraventricular ‫الم في الصدر‬
1 (Satolol HCL)
potential . Arrhythmias
2)- Refractory Life- ‫طفح جلدي‬
Threatening
‫صداع الرأس‬
Ventricular
Arrhythmias
3)- Atrial
Fibrillation/Flutter
Block b1 ,competitive 1)- Acute
2 (Metoprolol) antagonist Myocardial ‫انخفاض ضغط الدم‬
Infarction
Of the caticholamines .
2)- Congestive Heart
Failure
3)- Hypertension
4)- Angina
5)- Hyperthyroidism
6)- Acute
Tachyarrhythmia
7)- Migraine
8)- Hepatic
impairment

3 (Phenytoin Na( Promotion of sodium efflux . Seizures ‫اختالج الحركة‬

1)-Hypertension
4 (Propranolol) Non-selective B-blocker 2)- Migraine
decrease inotropic action . 3)- Angina ‫تقيء‬
4)-
Pheochromocytoma
5)- Hypertrophic
Subaortic Stenosis
‫اسهال‬
6)- Supraventricular
Arrhythmia
7)- Portal
Hypertension
8)- Prevention of
variceal bleeding
9)- Essential Tremor
10)- Antipsychotic-
Induced Akathisia
11)- Malignant
Glioma
12)- Esophageal
Variceal Bleeding
13)- Panic Disorder
14)- Aggressive
Behavior
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E
B1 selective 1)- Hypertension
5 Decrease beta 2 selectivity . 2)- Angina Pectoris ‫بطئ دقات‬
(Atenolol) 3)- Post Myocardial ‫القلب‬
Infarction
4)- Alcohol
Withdrawal
‫دوخة‬
Syndrome
5)- Supraventricular
Arrhythmias
6)- Thyrotoxicosis
Slow Ca2 channel blocker 1)- Angina
6 (Diltiazem) and 2)- Hypertension ‫صداع الراس‬
decrease peripheral vascular 3)- Paroxysmal
resistance . Supraventricular ‫سعال‬
Tachycardia
4)- Atrial
Fibrillation/Flutter
7 (Verapamil HCL) L-type calcium channel blocker 1)- angina
Block transmembrane influx of Ca 2)- Hypertension ‫انخفاض ضغط‬
3)- Supraventricular ‫الدم‬
Arrhythmia & Atrial
Fibrillation/Flutter
4)- Chronic Atrial
Fibrillation &
Paroxysmal
Supraventricular
Tachycardia
5)- Tardive
Dyskinesia
6)- Migraine
8 (Amiodarone) Antiarrythmic 1)- Stable
At class III lengthening Monomorphic or ‫بطئ القلب‬
Polymorphic
cardiac action
Ventricular
And block potassium ‫التهاب الجلد‬
Tachycardia
channel. ‫الضوئي‬
2)- ACLS, Pulseless
Ventricular
Fibrillation/Ventricu
lar Tachycardia
3)- Ventricular
Arrhythmias
 Anti-Parkinson
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E
Prevents release of infectious 1)- Parkinson
1 viral ‫فقدان الشهية‬
(Amantadine) Disease
nucleic acid. ‫القلق‬
2)- Drug-Induced ‫كأبة‬
May promote dopamine
release
Extrapyramidal ‫جفاف األنف‬
Dopamine Symptoms ‫الهلوسة‬
from pre-synaptic fibers or
Agonists 3)- Levodopa- ‫األرق‬
block
‫انخفاض الضغط‬
reuptake of dopamine into induced
pre- Dyskinesia
synaptic neurons.
Semisynthetic ergot alkaloid, 1)-
2 (Bromocriptine) dopamine receptor agonist, Hyperprolactinemia ‫غثيان‬
inhibits prolactin secretion, and
2)- Parkinson
lowers blood levels of growth
Disease ‫انخفاض الضغط‬
Dopamine hormone in acromegaly Quick-
release formulation of 3)- Acromegaly
Agonists bromocriptine (Cycloset) is 4)- Diabetes ‫الصداع‬
thought to act on circadian 5)- Neuroleptic
neuronal activities within the ‫الدوخة‬
Malignant
hypothalamus to reset abnormally
Syndrome
elevated hypothalamic drive for
increased plasma glucose, 6)- Hepatic
triglyceride, and free fatty acid Impairment
levels in fasting and postprandial
states in patients with insulin-
resistant
Carbidopa: Inhibits aromatic Parkinson
3 (carbidopa/levodopa) amino-acid decarboxylase in Disease & Parkinson ‫األرتباك‬
peripheral tissues; this, in turn,
like Disorders .
inhibits peripheral breakdown of ‫القلق‬
levodopa, thereby increasing
Dopamine availability of levodopa at blood-
‫النعاس‬
Agonists brain barrier and allowing a lower
levodopa dose
Carbidopa may also reduce
nausea
and vomiting and permit more
rapid titration of levodopa
Levodopa: Metabolic precursor of
dopamine, a neurotransmitter
depleted in Parkinson disease;
crosses blood-brain barrier to be
converted by striatal enzymes to
dopamine .
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E
Exerts anticholinergic and Parkinsonism ‫عدم وضوح الرؤية‬
4 ( benztropine ) antihistaminic effectsmay ‫األرتباك‬
prolong ‫االمساك‬
action of dopamine by ‫جفاف الفم‬
inhibiting
its reuptake and storage .
inhibits the parasympathetic Parkinson
nervous system and has a Disease ‫طفح جلدي‬
5 trihexyphenidyl relaxing
effect on smooth muscles.

Drugs used in ADHD

Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E
Selective inhibition of 1)- Attention- ‫جفاف الفم‬
1 Atomoxetine presynaptic Deficit/Hyperactivit ‫صداع الراس‬
norepinephrine reuptake ‫وجع بطن‬
y Disorder (ADHD) ‫فقدان الشهية‬
‫األرق‬
‫سعال‬
‫نعاس و تقيؤ‬

Unknown; may block 1)- Attention-

reuptake of Deficit/Hyperactivit ‫صداع الراس‬
norepinephrine and y Disorder (ADHD). ‫ارتفاع الضغط‬
2 methylphenidate
dopamine 2)- Narcolepsy ‫غثيان‬
into presynaptic neurons; ‫العصبية‬
may ‫عدم انتظام‬
stimulate CNS similar to ‫دقات القلب‬
amphetamines; may
stimulate
cerebral cortex and
subcortical
structures
 Anti – Psychotics
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E
Phenothiazine; antagonizes 1)- Schizophrenia,
1 dopamine D2 receptors in Psychotic Disorders ‫زيادة وزن‬
chlorpromazine
brain; 2)- Nausea &
depresses release of Vomiting ‫تخدير‬
Typical hypothalamic 3)- Preoperative
antipsychotics ‫اختالل وظيفي‬
and hypophyseal hormones; Apprehension
may also depress reticular 4)- Intraoperative
‫قلة الطمث‬
activating system . Sedation
5)- Intractable
Hiccups
6)- Acute
Intermittent
Porphyria
7)-Migraine
Headache
Phenylbutylpiperadine; 1)- Schizophrenia,
2 Haloperidol antagonizes dopamine Psychosis ‫زيادة وزن‬
D1 and D2 receptors in brain; 2)- Tourette
depresses reticular activating Disorder ‫تخدير‬
Typical
system and inhibits release of
antipsychotics hypothalamic and ‫اختالل وظيفي‬
hypophyseal
‫قلة الطمث‬
hormones .
antagonism of multiple 1)- Schizophrenia
3 Quetiapine neurotransmitter receptors 2)- Bipolar I Disorder, ‫جفاف الفم‬
in Mania ‫صداع الراس‬
brain, including dopamine D1 3)- Bipolar Disorder,
Atypical and Depressive Episodes ‫النعاس‬
antipsychotics D2, histamine H1, alpha1- 4)- Alcohol ‫زيادة ضغط الدم‬
and Dependence ‫االنبساطي‬
alpha2-adrenergic, and
‫( زيادة‬TG)
serotonin 5)- Insomnia
types 1 and 2 (5-HT1A, 5-
HT2); has
no affinity for
benzodiazepine
and cholinergic muscarinic
receptors .
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E
Demonstrates weak D2-receptor Schizophrenia
4 and D1-receptor blocking activity, ‫انخفاض الضغط‬
Clozapine but noradrenolytic, anticholinergic ‫عدم انتظام دقات‬
, antihistaminic, and arousal ‫القلب‬
Atypical reaction inhibiting effects are ‫الحمى‬
significant; also possesses
antipsychotics ‫زيادة الشهية‬
antiserotoninergic
(5-HT1C, 5-HT2, 5-HT3) properties
‫امساك‬
Affinity for mesolimbic dopamine ‫غثيان‬
D4 receptor accounts for striking ‫كثرة شرب الماء‬
effects in control of behavioral ‫سيالن اللعاب‬
and psychiatric symptoms with ‫القيء‬
low incidence of EPS ; histamine ‫زيادة الوزن‬
receptor blockade accounts for
increased incidence of sleep
disturbances .
binds selectively to dopamine D(2)
and D(3) receptors in the limbic Schizophrenia ‫القلق‬
system. Low doses of amisulpride
5 Amisulpride preferentially block presynaptic ‫حركات غير‬
D(2)/D(3)-dopamin autoreceptors,
‫طبيعية‬
Atypical thereby enhancing dopaminergic
antipsychotics transmission, whereas highe
doses ‫األرق‬
block postsynaptic receptors, thus
inhibiting dopaminergic ‫سيالن اللعاب‬
hyperactivity. It may also have 5-
ht7 antagonistic effect,
useful in depression treatment

Olanzapine's antipsychotic 1)-schizophrenia. ‫دوار‬

Olanzapine activity is likely due to a 2)- bipolar disorder.
6 combination of antagonism at
3)- depression.(in ‫اضطراب المعدة‬
D2 receptors and 5HT2A
receptors . Antagonism at D2 combination )
Atypical ‫جفاف الفم‬
receptors relieves positive
antipsychotics symptoms while antagonism at
5HT2A receptors relieves ‫االمساك‬
negative symptoms of
schizophrenia. ‫زيادة وزن‬
 Anti-inflammatory
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E
inhibition of prostaglandin 1)-pain
1 and ‫تقلصات في‬
(acetylsalicylic acid 2)-fever
thromboxane synthesis by ‫البطن‬
ASA) 3)-inflammation
)inhibition of cyclooxygenase
(Cox)
4)- antiplatelet ‫الم او عدم‬
Aspirin (anticlotting) ‫راحة‬

reversible inhibitor of the

2 (Celecoxib)
COX-2 1)- arthritis ‫تقرح‬
isoform of cyclooxygenase, 2)- ankylosing
celecoxib inhibits the spondylitis ‫نزيف‬
transformation of 3)- menstrual pain
arachidonic acid
to prostaglandin precursors

1)- arthritis
3 (Diclofenac) inhibition of prostaglandin 2)- rheumatoid
synthesis by inhibition of arthritis ‫تقرح‬
cyclooxygenase (COX( 3)- polymyositis
4)- dermatomyositis
5)- osteoarthritis ‫نزيف‬
inhibitor of the enzyme ‫غثيان‬
4 Allopurinol xanthine Gout
oxidase the production of ‫الفشل الكلوي‬
uric acid
‫التقيؤ‬

Inhibits synthesis of 1) Pain ‫دوار‬

5 Ibuprofen prostaglandins in body 2)- Fever
tissues by 3)- Dysmenorrhea ‫حرقة في المعدة‬
inhibiting at least 2 4)- Inflammatory
cyclooxygenase (COX) Disease
isoenzymes,
COX-1 and COX-2
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E

6 inhibits synthesis of 1)- Osteoarthritis ‫عسر الهظم‬

Meloxicam
prostaglandins in body 2)- Rheumatoid
tissues by ‫التهاب الجهاز‬
Arthritis ‫التنفسي العلوي‬
inhibiting at least 2
cyclooxygenase (COX)
‫صداع‬
isoenzymes

Blocks binding of leukotriene 1)- Asthma ‫الم في البطن‬

7 Montelukast D4 2)- Exercise-Induced
to its receptor; alters Bronchospasm ‫صداع الراس‬
pathophysiology associated
with ‫االنفلونزا‬
inflammatory process that
contributes to signs and
symptoms of asthma

8 Prednisolone controls or prevents 1)- Rheumatoid

inflammation Arthritis ‫حب الشباب‬
by controlling rate of protein 2)-Multiple Sclerosis
synthesis, suppressing ‫تاخر شفاء‬
migration ‫الجروح‬
of polymorphonuclear
leukocytes
(PMNs) and fibroblasts,
reversing
capillary permeability, and
stabilizing lysosomes at
cellular
level
 Immune-suppressants
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E

1 Cyclosporine binds to 1)- transplant ‫رعشة‬

Cyclosporine
cyclophilin. (kidney, liver, and
The complex then inhibits ‫السمية الكلوية‬
heart) rejection
calcineurin which is normally
responsible for activating 2)- rheumatoid ‫ارتفاع الضغط‬
transcription of interleukin- arthritis
‫التهابات‬
3)- severe
psoriasis.

Tacrolimus inhibits T- 1)- after allogenic ‫اسهال‬

2 Tacrolimus lymphocyte organ transplant to
activation by first binding to reduce the activity ‫صداع الراس‬
an of the patient's
intracellular protein, FKBP- immune system and ‫األرق‬
12. A so the risk of organ
complex of tacrolimus-FKBP- ‫الم في البطن‬
rejection.
12, 2)- It is approved for
‫رعشة‬
calcium, calmodulin, and use in liver, kidney,
calcineurin is then formed heart, small bowel, ‫السمية الكلوية‬
and the pancreas, lung,
phosphatase activity of trachea, skin, ‫فقدان القوة‬
calcineurin cornea, and limb
is inhibited. transplants. ‫ارتفاع الضغط‬
3)-severe atopic
dermatitis.

Azathioprine Azathioprine antagonizes purine 1)- rheumatoid

3 metabolism and may inhibit
arthritis ‫عدوى كريات‬
synthesis of DNA, RNA, and
2)-preventing renal ‫الدم‬
proteins. It may also interfere
with cellular metabolism and transplant rejection ‫البيضاء‬
inhibit mitosis. Its mechanism of 3)- Crohn's disease
action is likely due to 4)- colitis.
incorporation of thiopurine
analogues into the DNA structure,
causing chain termination and
cytotoxicity.
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E

4 It is a selective 1)- management of ‫الصداع‬

Abatacept
costimulation the signs and
modulator. It has shown to symptoms of ‫غثيان‬
moderate-to-severe
inhibit
T-cell (T lymphocyte)
active rheumatoid ‫سعال‬
arthritis, inducing
activation by major clinical
binding to CD80 and CD86, response, slowing
thereby blocking the progression of
interaction with structural damage,
and improving
CD28. Blockade of this
physical function in
interaction adult patients.
has been shown to inhibit 2)- It is indicated
the both as a
delivery of the second monotherapy and
costimulatory signal for use in
combination with a
required for
continued regimen
optimal activation of T-cells of DMARDs (not
including TNF
antagonists).
3)- management of
the signs and
symptoms of
moderately to
severely active
polyarticular
juvenile idiopathic
arthritis in children.

It is a potent, selective, prophylaxis of Hyperglycemia

5 Mycophenolate
uncompetitive, and reversible organ rejection in Hypercholestero
mofetil inhibitor of inosine
patients receiving le
monophosphate dehydrogenase
(IMPDH), and therefore inhibits allogeneic renal, mia
the de novo pathway of cardiac or hepatic Hypomagnesemi
guanosine transplants. a
nucleotide synthesis without Mycophenolate Dyspnea
incorporation into DNA. It has mofetil should be Back pain
potent cytostatic effects on
used concomitantly Increased blood
lymphocytes. It also inhibits
proliferative responses of T- and with cyclosporine urea nitrogen
B-lymphocytes to both and corticosteroids.
mitogenic
and allospecific stimulation.
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E

Adalimumab binds to TNF-alpha Injection site pain

5 Adalimumab 1)- rheumatoid
and blocks its interaction with Upper respiratory
arthritis tract infection
the
p55 and p75 cell surface TNF 2)- psoriatic arthritis (URTI)
receptors. Adalimumab also 3)- ankylosing Increased creatine
lyses spondylitis phosphokinase
surface TNF expressing cells in 4)- Crohn's disease. Headache
vitro in the presence of Rash
complement. Sinusitis

Methotrexate anti-tumor 1)- Neoplasms Arachnoiditis with

6 Methotrexate intrathecal
activity 2)- Meningeal
administration
is a result of the inhibition Leukemia Subacute toxicity
of folic 3)- Osteosarcoma with intrathecal
acid reductase, leading to 4)- Rheumatoid administration
inhibition of DNA synthesis Arthritis (paralysis of
and 5)- Psoriasis extremities,
cranial nerve
inhibition of cellular 6)- Breast Cancer palsy, seizure or
replication. 7)- Head and Neck coma).
The mechanism involved in Cancer Demyelinating
its 8)- Mycosis encephalopathy.
activity against rheumatoid Fungoides Hyperuricemia
arthritis is not known. (Cutaneous T-cell Ulcerative
stomatitis
Lymphoma) Glossitis
9)-Polyarticular Gingivitis
Juvenile Idiopathic Nausea and
Arthritis vomiting
10)- Acute Anorexia
Lymphoblastic Intestinal
perforation
Leukemia
Mucositis
11)- Myasthenia (dosedependent)
Gravis Leukopenia
Thrombocytopenia
Renal failure
Azotemia
Nephropathy
Pharyngitis
 Anti-cancer
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E

1 A selective non-steroidal Advanced breast Hot flashes

Letrozole
aromatase inhibitor. Inhibits and
cancer in
aromatase enzyme, hair thinning
postmenopausal
therefore
suppresses estrogen women with
biosynthesis positive estrogen
in peripheral tissues and in or
the progesterone
cancer tissue. receptor.

2 Tamoxifen An anti-estrogen. prevents 1-breast cancer. Hot flashes,

estrogen binding to the 2- anovulatory fluid
estrogen Infertility. retention and
receptor, to block the vaginal
promotional bleeding
role of estrogen in breast
cancer.

3 Ifosfamide The analgesic, antipyretic, 1)- Short-term

and treatment with Indigestion
anti-inflammatory effects of high doses of and
Aspirin -325mghas an
acetylsalicylic acid are due to stomach
antiinflammatory
the effect, it can aches.
direct and irreversible relieve pain, Bleeding and
inhibition reduce a high bruising more
of the activity of both types temperature easily.
of (fever) and Rash.
reduce swelling.
cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and Bronchospasm.
2)- Long-term
COX- treatment with low Angioedema.
2) to decrease the formation doses of Aspirin -
of 75mg- has an
inflammatory precursors of antiplatelet effect
prostaglandins and used in case of
heart attacks,
thromboxane
angina and
from arachidonic acid Coronary artery
disease.
 ‫‪Anti-coagulants‬‬
‫دواء)‪(Heparin‬‬
‫مادة طبيعية موجودة في الجسم‬
‫تستخلص من امعاء الخنزير أو رئة األبقار‬
‫يحل في الماء‬
‫يعطى حقن أما وريدي أو تحت الجلد‬
‫ال يتوزع في الجسم‬
‫و بحسب النقطه السابقه فهو أمن للحوامل‬
‫ميكانزم العمل ‪-:‬‬
‫الدواء يعمل في الدم حيث يعمل بطريقة غير مباشرة‬
‫من خالل تنشيط مركب يسمى‬
‫) ‪( Anti thrombin III‬‬
‫حيث يثبط عامل التجلط الثاني و العاشر و بصورة أقل‬
‫عامل التجلط التاسع و األحادي عشر و األثنا عشر ‪.‬‬
‫سريع العمل لسببين ‪-:‬‬
‫األول ألنه يعطى بشكل حقن‬
‫الثاني ألنه يعمل بالدم‬
‫في حالة أستخدام جرعات كبيرة من الهيبارين و‬
‫ظهرت أثار جانبية ‪ ،‬ممكن أن نستخدم الترياق األتي‬
‫)‪(Protamine Sulfate‬‬
‫لعالج التسمم بالهيبارين‬
‫يوم كامل و المريض بعده ينزف فممكن أن نستخدم حل‬
‫دواء)‪(Warfarin‬‬
‫مادة صناعية ( مصنعه مختبريا )‬
‫تتكون من مشتقات مركب الكومارين‬
‫ال يحل في الماء‬
‫يعطى فقط فمويا ) ‪(Oral‬‬
‫يتوزع في الجسم‬
‫ال يستعمل للحوامل‬
‫ميكانزم العمل ‪-:‬‬
‫الدواء يعمل في الكبد حيث يعمل على ألنه مسؤول‬
‫تثبيط فيتامين )‪(K‬عن‬
‫وحدات تصنيع أربعة عوامل تجلط الي هي العامل الثاني‬
‫و السابع و التاسع و العاشر ‪.‬‬
‫بطيء العمل لسببين ‪-:‬‬
‫االول ألنه فموي‬
‫الثاني ألية عملة تعتمد على الكبد‬
‫في حالة استخدام جرعات كبيرة و ظهرت أثار جانبية‬
‫)‪ (K‬يرجع يصنع عوامل التجلط مثل النزيف نعطي‬
‫فيتامين‬
‫الثاني و السابع و التاسع و العاشر لكنها ممكن أن تتأخر‬
‫أخر‬
‫نعطية بالزما الدم ألنها تحوي عوامل التجلط أعاله‬
‫جاهزة ‪.‬‬
 Anti-platelets
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E

1 The analgesic, antipyretic, 1)- Short-term ‫عسر هظم‬

Acetylsalicylic Acid
and treatment with
Aspirin ‫الم بالمعدة‬
anti-inflammatory effects of high doses of
acetylsalicylic acid are due to Aspirin -325mghas an
the ‫تشنج قصبي‬
antiinflammatory
direct and irreversible effect, it can ‫نزيف‬
inhibition relieve pain,
of the activity of both types reduce a high
of temperature
cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and (fever) and
COX- reduce swelling.
2) to decrease the formation 2)- Long-term
of treatment with low
inflammatory precursors of doses of Aspirin -
prostaglandins and 75mg- has an
thromboxane antiplatelet effect
from arachidonic acid. used in case of
heart attacks,
angina and
Coronary artery
disease

2 Clopidogrel
The active metabolite of this drug 1)- Heart attacks ‫عدوى جهاز‬
specifically and irreversibly 2)- Unstable ‫التنفسي العلوي‬
inhibits the P2Y12 subtype of ADP
angina a stroke
receptor, which is important in ‫االسهال‬
aggregation of platelets and or Transient
crosslinking by the protein fibrin, Ischemic Attack
by “TIA”. ‫الصداع‬
preventing the binding of 3)- Peripheral
adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to ‫اعراض االنفلونزا‬
arterial disease
its platelet receptor, impairing the
4)- An operation
ADP-mediated activation of the ‫الم في الصدر‬
glycoprotein GPIIb/IIIa complex, on heart or
as the glycoprotein GPIIb/IIIa blood vessels,
complex is the major receptor for such as a
fibrinogen, its impaired activation coronary stent
prevents fibrinogen binding to insertion.
platelets and inhibits platelet
aggregation
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E

The active metabolite of this ‫تلف الكبد‬

3 Ticlopidine It is used to
drug prevent
specifically and irreversibly ‫غثيان‬
inhibits the P2Y12 subtype of
strokes in people
ADP who cannot take ‫سوء الهظم‬
receptor, which is important Aspirin or for
‫طفح جلدي‬
in whom
aggregation of platelets and Aspirin has failed ‫الم جهاز‬
crosslinking by the protein to ‫الهظمي‬
fibrin, by work. It may also
preventing the binding of ‫التقيؤ‬
adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
be used in
to its platelet receptor combination
, impairing the with Aspirin
ADP-mediated activation of following certain
the types of heart
glycoprotein GPIIb/IIIa procedures (such
complex, as coronary stent
as the glycoprotein GPIIb/IIIa
complex is the major
implant).
receptor for
fibrinogen, its impaired
activation
prevents fibrinogen binding
to
platelets and inhibits platelet
aggregation.
 Anti-histamines
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E

a derivative of azatadine in most cases,

1 Loratadine 1)- allergic rhinitis has NO side
secondgeneration histamine H1
receptor 2)- urticarial effects. Some
antagonist . rare side
Unlike most classical effects
antihistamines (histamine H1 (usually due to
antagonists) it lacks central allergy)
nervous system depressing effects include...
such as drowsiness Uneven
Loratadine competes heart rate
with free histamine and exhibits Jaundice
specific, selective peripheral (yellowing of
H1 antagonistic activity. This skin
blocks the action of endogenous or eyes)
histamine, which subsequently Seizures
leads to temporary relief of the Fatigue
negative symptoms (eg. nasal Headache
congestion, watery eyes) brought Drowsiness
on by histamine. Feeling of
nervousness

2 Rantidine Ranitidine is a competitive, 1)- ulcers ‫صداع الراس‬

reversible inhibitor of the gastroesophageal
action reflux disease ‫امساك‬
of histamine at the histamine (GERD).
H2 2)- also be given ‫غثيان‬
receptors found in gastric with NSAIDs to
‫القيء‬
parietal reduce the risk of
cells. This results in ulceration.
‫ألم في المعدة‬
decreased 3)- Pathologic
gastric acid secretion and gastrointestinal (GI)
gastric hypersecretory
volume, and reduced conditions such as
hydrogen Zollinger–Ellison
ion concentration syndrome.
4)- Erosive
esophagitis
 Anti- fungal
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E

1 Ketoconazole Work by stopping the growth Fungal infections

of certain types of fungus. N\V,headache,
Ketoconazole vision changes,
(should only be mental/mood
changes (such
used when other
as depression,
treatments thoughts
cannot be used of suicide).
or have not
worked)

2 Fluconazole Work by stopping the growth 1)- Prevent and ‫القيء‬

of certain types of fungus . treat a variety of
fungal and yeast
infections
2)- oropharyngeal -
candidiasis
3)- cryptococcal
meningitis in AIDS

3 Miconazole nitrate Work by stopping the growth Reduces the red Indigestion
of certain types of fungus . skin and
patches, itching, stomach
and peeling that aches.
occur with certain Bleeding and
fungal skin bruising
infections. more
easily.
Rash.
Bronchospas
m.
Angioedema.
 Hormones
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E

1 EPO binds to the anemia resulting ‫السعال‬

Erythropoietin
erythropoietin from chronic
receptor on the red cell ‫الصداع‬
kidney
progenitor
surface and activates disease, ‫الم العضالت‬
a 2"JAK2 signaling cascade. chemotherapy
‫الم المفاصل‬
This induced anemia in
initiates the 5"STAT5, 3- patients with ‫عدم االرتياح‬
kinase"PIK3 and Ras cancer,
MAPK pathways. This results inflammatory ‫التقيء‬
in
bowel disease .
differentiation, survival and
proliferation of the erythroid
cell

2 Somatropin Inhibits GH release in normal Replacement Replacement

individuals . therapy therapy
Inhibits release of glucagon,
insulin and gastrin

3 Yasmin bind to the progesterone Indicated for use

receptor. by women to ‫الصداع‬
( drospirenone / Once bound to the receptor,
progestins slow the
prevent pregnancy ‫الصداع النصفي‬
ethinyl estradiol )
frequency of )‫(الشقيقة‬
release of gonadotropin
releasing
hormone (GnRH) from the
hypothalamus and blunt the
preovulatory LH surge.
 Vitamins
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E

Vitamin/Mineral Severe allergic

1 Centrum Treating or reactions (rash;
Supplementation preventing low
(multi-vitamins hives; itching;
and minerals) levels of vitamins difficulty
breathing;
and minerals in tightness in the
the body. chest; swelling
of
the mouth,
There are two face,
types: lips, or
1)- General tongue);
burning,
2)- For pregnant numbness, or
tingling.

2 Folic acid (B9) Folic acid helps your body 1)- treat folic acid Gastrointesti
produce deficiency and nal
certain types of ,(rare)
and maintain new cells, and
anemia (lack of red
also blood cells) .
Nervous
helps prevent changes to 2)- used in system,
DNA combination with Hypersensiti
that may lead to cancer. other medications vity,
to treat pernicious Metabolic,
anemia. However Psychiatric.
it will not treat
Vitamin B12
deficiency and
will not prevent
possible damage
to the spinal
cord.

3 Vitamin D (sunshine playing a role in bone and 1)- Treating or

vitamin) calcium preventing low ‫فرط كالسيوم‬
vitamin D levels. ‫فرط فيتامين دي‬
Ergocalciferol homeostasis 2)- use in
(Vitamin D 2 ) or cardiovascular
cholecalciferol ‫فرط كالسيوم‬
disease, cancer,
(Vitamin D 3 ) diabetes, infections, ‫البول‬
multiple sclerosis, ‫حكه‬
psoriasis, ‫طفح جلدي‬
respiratory health.
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E

type of iron, iron becomes a ‫امساك‬

4 Ferrous Sulfate 1)- is an essential
part body mineral.
of your hemoglobin and ‫فقدان الشهية‬
myoglobin. Hemoglobin
2)- used to treat
carries iron deficiency ‫الم في المعدة‬
oxygen through your blood anemia (a lack of
‫التقيء‬
to red blood cells
tissues and organs. caused by having ‫طفح جلدي‬
Myoglobin too little iron in
helps your muscle cells store the ‫صعوبة التنفس‬
oxygen.
body).

5 Calcium carbonate Supplementation/treatment 1)- Hypocalcemia ‫غثيان‬

Calcium carbonate works 2)- Dyspepsia:
best if (Adult + pediatric) ‫امساك‬
you take it with food.
‫فقدان الشهية‬

‫جفاف الفم‬

‫كثرة التبول‬
 Antibiotics
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E

Amoxicillin acts by inhibiting Treating infections ‫اسهال‬

1 Amoxicillin ‫طفح جلدي‬
bacterial cell wall synthesis. caused by certain ‫الغثيان‬
Lack ‫الم في الجزء‬
of bacterial cell wall results in
bacteria ‫العلوي من المعدة‬
death due to lysis of bacteria. ‫الحكة‬
‫فقدان الشهية‬
So
amoxicillin is useful only for
actively growing and cell wall
synthesizing bacteria.
Treating infections
2 Augmentin Clavunate is an irreversible
caused by certain ‫الم في المعدة‬
inhibitor of β-lactamases
produced by both gram-positive bacteria ‫تقيء‬
and gram-negative bacteria. It
prevents hydrolysis of amoxicillin
‫اسهال‬
resulting in extending the
spectrum of amoxicillin to β-
lactamase producing bacteria.
Clavuate potassium does not
possess any significant
antimicrobial action itself.

Azithromycin macrolide antibiotic treat a wide variety ‫الغثيان و القيء‬

3 - acts by binding to the 50S
of bacterial ‫اسهال‬
ribosomal subunit of susceptible
infections ‫الضعف العام‬
microorganisms and, thus,
interfering with microbial protein -It works by ‫تدلي الجفون‬
synthesis. Nucleic acid synthesis is stopping the growth ‫تقليل السمع‬
not affected. of bacteria (not
work for viral
infections)
bind reversibly to the 30S subunit treat a wide variety ‫الغثيان‬
4 Doxycycline of the bacterial ribosome, of bacterial ‫القيء‬
blocking ‫اضطرابات‬
infections, including
the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to
those that cause ‫المعدة‬
the acceptor site on the mRNA-
acne, , urinary tract ‫اسهال‬
ribosome complex
infections, intestinal ‫السمية الكبدية‬
infections, eye ‫تسمم كلوي‬
‫تأثير على‬
infections. also used
‫األسنان و العظام‬
to prevent malaria.
 Oral anti-diabetic
Number Drug Name Mechanism of action Uses Common S.E

Decrease hepatic glucose ‫اسهال‬

1 Metformin Type 2 Diabetes
production; decrease GI ‫نقص سكر الدم‬
glucose
absorption; increase target
cell
insulin sensitivity.

2 Gliclazide Lowers blood sugar by Type 2 Diabetes ‫الم معدة‬

increasing
the amount of insulin the ‫القيء‬
body
produces. ‫اسهال‬

‫امساك‬

‫نقص السكر‬

3 Sitagliptin DPP-4 inhibitor; Therefore, Type 2 Diabetes ‫التهاب البلعوم‬

increases and prolongs ‫األنفي‬
incretin
hormone activity, which is ‫اسهال‬
inactivated by DPP-4 enzyme. ‫صداع‬
Incretins increase insulin
release
and synthesis from
pancreatic
beta cells and reduces
glucagon
secretion from pancreatic
alpha
cells.