Math-1101(Engineering Mathematics-I) L-04

Definite Integrals
Let the interval [a,b] subdivided by the points a  a, a  h, a  2h,......., a  rh,...., a  nh  b,
so that nh  (b  a). i.e. equal length of subinterval, h  ( a) / n. Now erecting ordinates at
the left end of each subintervals and completing the rectangles irrespective of
inscribing and circumscribing the curve y  f (x) , the total area of the rectangle is
n 1
h[ f (a )  f (a  h)  ...  f (a  rh)  ...  f (a  (n  1)h]  h  f (a  rh) (1)
r 0

Similar construction of rectangles with ordinates at the right of each subintervals will
give the total area of the rectangles as
n
h[ f (a  h)  ...  f (a  (r  1)h)  ...  f (a  nh]  h f (a  rh) (2)
r 1

Taking limit when h  0 i.e. making the length of subintervals sufficiently small, from
(1) and (2)
n 1 n
lim h f (a  rh)  Area ABCD  lim h f (a  rh)
h 0 h0
r 0 r 1

n 1 b n
i.e. lim h f (a  rh)   f ( x)dx  lim h f (a  rh) , where nh  b  a.
h 0 h 0
r 0 a r 1

(A) Definite integral as a limit of sum:

1 n
Ex 1:  x 2 dx  lim .h  f (a  rh), where nh  b  a
h 0
0 r 1

1 n
or,  x 2 dx  lim .h f (a  rh), where nh  1  0  1
h 0
0 r 1

1 n
or,  x 2 dx  lim .h (rh) 2 , where nh  1
h 0
0 r 1

1
or,  x 2 dx  lim
h 0
.h.h 2 [12  2 2  ..  n 2 ] where nh  1
0
1
n(n  1)(2n  1)
or,  x 2 dx  lim .h 3 where nh  1
0
h 0 6
1
2n 3 h 3  3n 2 h 3  nh 3
or,  x 2 dx  lim . where nh  1
0
h 0 6
1
2(nh) 3  3(nh) 2 h 2  nh.h 2
or,  x 2 dx  lim . where nh  1
0
h 0 6
1
2  3h 2  h 2 2 1
or,  x dx  lim .
2
  .
0
h 0 6 6 3
Fundamental theorem of integral calculus: If f (x) is continuous in the closed
interval [a, b] (i) has an indefinite integrals in [a, b] and (ii) if F (x) is a indefinite
integral of f (x) in [a, b] , then
b

 f ( x)dx  F (b)  F (a).

a

Properties of definite integral:

a
(i)  f ( x)dx  0.
a
b b
(ii)  f ( x)dx   f (t )dt..
a a
b a
(iii) 
a
f ( x)dx    f ( x )dx.
b
b c b
(iv)  f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx., a  c  b.
a a c
a a
(v)  f ( x)dx   f (a  x)dx.
0 0
a a

(vi)  f ( x)dx 2 f ( x)dx, when f ( x) is even

a 0

 0, when f ( x) is odd .
na a
(vii) 
0
f ( x )dx  n  f (a )dx., if (a  x)  f ( x).
0
2a a

(viii) 
0
f ( x)dx  2  f (a )dx., if (2a  x)  f ( x).
0

 0, f (2a  x)   f ( x)
b b
(ix) 
a
f ( x)dx   f ( x) dx .
a


x sin x
Ex 1: Evaluate  1  cos
0
2
x
dx.


x sin x
Solution: Let I   dx. (1)
0 1  cos x
2


(  x) sin(  x)
or, I  dx. [by property (v)]
0 1  cos (  x )
2


(  x) sin x
I   dx. (2)
0 1  cos 2
x
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
 
sin x
 2I    dx.
0 1  cos x
2

1
dz
or, 2 I    , put cos x  z or , sin dx  dz
1 1 z
2

or, 2 I   tan 1 z 1      

1   2
4 4 2

x sin x 2
I   dx  .
0 1  cos x
2
4

x tan x 2
Ex 2 : Show that 0 sec x  cos x dx 
4
.

 /2  /2

Ex 3: Evaluate  log sin xdx 
0
 log cos xdx   2 log 2
0
 /2
Solution: Let I   log sin xdx. (1)
0
 /2
or, I  log sin(   x)dx [by property (v)]
0
2

 /2
I   log cos xdx.
0
(2)

Adding (i) and (ii), we get

 /2
 2I   log(sin x cos x)dx.
0
 /2
sin 2 x
or ,2 I  
0
log(
2
)dx.

 /2  /2
or ,2 I   log sin 2 xdx   log 2dx.
0 0

1  1
or ,2 I 
20 log sin z dz  log 2., put 2 x  z , or dx  dz
2 2
 /2

or ,2 I   log sin x dx  2 log 2.
0


or ,2 I  I  log 2.
2
 /2

, I   log sin x dx   2 log 2.
0
1
log(1  x) 
Ex 4 : Show that 
0 1 x 2
dx  log 2.
8

x 2
Ex5 : Show that 0 a 2 sin 2 x  b 2 cos 2 x dx 
2ab
.(a, b  0).
 
x tan x 
Ex 6 : Show that  sec x  tan x dx  2 (  2).
0

(B) Series represented by definite integrals:

b n
we know  f ( x)dx  lim h f (a  rh) , where nh  b  a.
a
h 0
r 1

which can e written as

1 n

 f ( x)dx  lim h  f (rh) , where a  0,  1 and nh  1

h 0
0 r 1

1 n r
 lim
n 

n r 1
f 
n
1
1 n r
  f ( x)dx  lim
n  

n r 1
f   . (1)
n
0

Working rule:
(i) Normally, the series should be of or, n terms. But addition or omission of one,
two or even mores will not alert the limiting procedure, the formla (1) can
be written as
1
1 nl r
 f ( x)dx  lim
n  

n r k
f   , where k and l are independent of n .
n
0

(ii) Always take out a factor, 1 / n and arrange the remaining terms as function of
f ( r / n) .
(iii) Put the series in summation notation.
(iv) Compare, (r / n) with x , (1 / n) with dx and lim  with  sign. 
n 

1
(v) Put the series equal to  f ( x)dx and perform the integration.
0

(vi) If, in summing notation, upper range of r is (" an"l ) instead of (n  l ) then
upper limit of integration will be 'a ' instead of 1 i.e. the symbol
1 a


0
will be 
0
.

Ex 1: Evaluate lim  1

1

1
 ....... 
1 

n   n 2  1 n 2  22 n 2  32 2n  1 

 1 1 1 1 
Let S  lim     .......  
n
 n 1
2
n2  22 n 2  32 2n  1 
 
 
1  1 1 1 1 
 lim     .......  
n  12   22   32   (n  1) 2  
n  
1  2  1  2  1  2  1  

  n   n   n   n 2  
 n 1
1 1
 lim
n

r 1  r2 
n 
1  2 
 n 
1

 
1
1
S   dx  sin x  1
.
0 1 x2 0
2
 
2
2 / n2 4/n 6 / n2 2n / n2

lim  1   22   32   n2 

Ex 2: Evaluate 1   1   1  2  .....1  2 
n    n 2   n 2   n   n  
 
 
2
2 / n2 4/ n 6 / n2 2n / n2

lim  1   22   32   n2 
Let A  1   1   1  2  .....1  2  
n    n 2   n 2   n   n  
 

 log A  lim  2 log


 1 
1 
  ..... 
2n  n 2  
log1  2  
n   n 2  n 
2
n2  n 

n 2r  r2 
 log A  lim  log1 2 
n   r 1 n 2
 n 

1 n 2r  r 2 
 log A  lim  log1 2 
n   n r 1 n
 n 
1
 log A  2  x log(1  x 2 )dx
0
2 2
1
 log A   log udu  u log u    u du
2
1
1 1
u
 log A  2 log 2  u 1  2 log 2  1  log 4  log e  log( 4 / e)
2

 A  4 / e.