DEP50063 - WIRELESS

COMMUNICATION

TOPIC 2: CELLULAR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

LEARNING OUTCOME
• Understand the evolution & standard of
2.1 cellular communication system as
Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN)

2.2 • Investigate the architecture of cellular

communication network

2.3 • Investigate mobile call set-up procedure

and routing

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2.1 UNDERSTAND THE EVOLUTION & STANDARD OF
CELLULAR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AS WIRELESS
WIDE AREA NETWORK (WWAN)

2.1.1 Explain the evolution of cellular

communication system
2.1.2 Assign the characteristics of cellular
communication system in term of the
technology standard, application, switching,
operating frequency, bandwidth and
transmission speed
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2.1.1 EXPLAIN THE EVOLUTION OF CELLULAR
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation

(2G) (3G) (4G) (5G)
• Universal Mobile • Long Term
• Global System for Telecommunication Evolution (LTE)
Mobile System (UMTS) • Long Term
Communication • High Speed Packet Evolution
(GSM) Access (HSPA) Advanced (LTE - A)
• General Packet • HSDPA (High
Radio Service Speed Downlink
(GPRS) Packet Access)
• Enhance Data
Rates for GSM
(EDGE)

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SECOND GENERATION SYSTEM (2G)

Standard Characteristics
a. Global System for Mobile is a radio technology for digital voice and basic
data applications cellular networks used by mobile phones developed by
ETSI.

b. The GSM standard was developed as a replacement for 1G analog cellular

networks, and originally described a digital, circuit switched network
optimized.

c. Designed to use the services of ISDN to provide a WWAN services for full
duplex voice telephony.

d. The available systems that are deployed worldwide are GSM850, GSM900,
GSM1800 and GSM1900

e. Widely used in world’s digital mobile and world’s wireless market.

f. This system was expanded over time to include data communications, first by
circuit switched transport, then packet data transport via GPRS and EDGE.
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Standard Characteristics
a. General Packet Radio Services is a radio technology evolution from GSM
networks that add basic packet switching protocols to increased data
transmission capabilities.

b. GPRS enables basis high data speed wireless internet to be carried over the
networks with extends the architecture of the GSM standard to allow packet
data transfers with theoretical data rates up to 114Kbps.

c. Services applications – MMS, email, basic wireless internet

d. Originally standardized by ETSI and now maintained by 3GPP.

a. Enhance Data Rates for GSM Evolution is considered as a pre-3G technology.

b. An evolution of GSM voice networks and upgrade from GPRS data network.

c. A digital network radio technology that allows current GSM/GPRS networks to

offer seen as 3G services within existing frequencies.

d. Improved data transmission rates 3 times than GPRS as a backward compatible

extension with delivers higher bit-rates per radio channel

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THIRD GENERATION SYSTEM (3G)
Standard Characteristics
a. UMTS is a 3G cellular communication standard that employs the Wideband
Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) multiple access method and the
FDD (frequency division duplex) method to provide high-speed and high-
capacity service.

b. Each connection being granted a dedicated frequency wide band

(bandwidth 5MHz) for maximum data rate and share a channels band using
spread spectrum modulation technique

a. UMTS is the standard that most GSM carrier moved to when upgrading 3G.

b. Part of the UMTS @WCDMA standard is based on GSM technology. WCDMA

networks are designed to integrate with GSM networks at certain level &
most WCDMA phones include GSM as well, for capability

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Standard Characteristics
a. HSPA refers to a set of technologies that enhance WCDMA (UMTS)
b. system used for wireless broadband telecommunication.

c. HSPA is composed HSDPA and HSUPA protocol

d. High Speed Packet Access (HSPA)[ is an amalgamation (combination) of

two protocols, High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed
Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), that extends and improves the performance of
existing 3G mobile telecommunication networks using the WCDMA protocol
e. HSPA features peak data rates of up to 14 Mbps downlink for HSPDA
f. and up to 5.7 Mbps uplink for HSUPA.
a. High Speed Downlink Packet Access speeds are ideal for bandwidth-intensive
applications, such as large file transfers, streaming multimedia and fast Web
browsing.

b. HSDPA also offers latency as low as 70ms – 100ms, making it ideal for real-
time applications such as interactive gaming and delay-sensitive business
applications such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs).

c. Data rates 1.8Mbps up to 14.4Mbps

d. HSDPA is a mobile communications protocol that belongs to the High-Speed

Packet Access (HSPA) family. HSDPA allows networks based on UMTS to have
higher data transfer speeds.
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FOURTH GENERATION SYSTEM (4G)
Standard Characteristics
a. standard for wireless communication of high-speed data for mobile phones
and data terminals at speed 100 Mbps for downlink and 50 Mbps for uplink
using fully packet switching technology.

a. Mobile communication standard and a major enhancement of the Long Term

Evolution (LTE) standard

b. Focus is on higher capacity

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FIFTH GENERATION SYSTEM (5G-NR)

 5G is the next generation of mobile broadband that will replace 4G

(LTE)connection. Also known as New Radio
 5G offer faster download / upload speeds and low latency, compare to 4G.
 5G aim is to provide 20 times the peak data rate (speed), 10 times lower latency
(responsiveness) and 3 times more spectral efficiency than 4G LTE.
 5G will provide more advanced and enhanced capabilities compared to 4G LTE
(IMT-Advanced).

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GSM WORLD COVERAGE

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4G WORLD COVERAGE

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5G WORLD COVERAGE

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2.1.2 ASSIGN THE CHARACTERISTICS OF CELLULAR COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM IN TERM OF THE TECHNOLOGY STANDARD, APPLICATION,
SWITCHING, OPERATING FREQUENCY, BANDWIDTH AND
TRANSMISSION SPEED

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2.2 UNDERSTAND THE EVOLUTION & STANDARD OF
CELLULAR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AS WIRELESS
WIDE AREA NETWORK (WWAN)

2.2.1 Illustrate the architecture of cellular

communication network
2.2.2 Determine the function of each element /
equipment in the main subsystem

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GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION
(GSM)

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 Sub
syste Component General Function
m
ME Actual device
MS • Memory to store the IMSI, encryption keys, entitled
SIM services and specific information used to identify
and authenticate subscribers (ME) on the network.
• Transmit and receive the signal in desire format to
the MS
BSS BTS
• Houses the radio transceiver, antenna and tower
RSS Provides & that define a cell
manages
• Handles all mobile management tasks for 1 or more
radio
BTS.
transmission BSC
• Provides frequency selection, handoff and call
path
management for a group of BTSs.
between MS
and MSC. • Performs transcoding function for speech channels
TRAU and RA (Rate Adaptation)for data channels in the
GSM network.
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Subsystem Component General Function

• Controller for all base stations in service area (zone area)

• Control the transmission, handoff function, channel
assignment and all mobility managements between BTSs
and BSCs
• Link to 2 databases; HLR and VLR to identify the location
MSC
of the MS in the network.
• Link a databases; AuC contain information for secure
authentication .
• Provides link other MSC and to other networks such as
PSTN, ISDN and PDN
NSS
• Database that used as to store and maintain information
about the subscriber's identity (profile), the home of MSC
HLR and servicers purchased.
• Provides selected data to the home MSC or visiting VLR to
authorize subscribed services.

• Database that keeps track all visiting subscribers when

they roaming in an area that served by non-home MSC.
VLR • Receives information from the a subscriber’s HLR in22order
to provide correct list of subscribed servicers to visiting
mobile subscribers.
Subsystem Component General Function

• Database that maintains all secret authentication ID

number and a secret key of each subscriber
AuC
• Used for secure authentication for every subscribers
on the network

• Monitor & control of GSM network, subscriber

OSS administration, channel administration, cell
OMC
configuration, telecommunication management and
operation support.

• Store IMEI of all valid mobiles in network

EIR • An IMEI is marked as invalid if it has been reported
stolen or is not type approved.

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GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE (GPRS)

GPRS extends the architecture of the GSM standard to allow packet 24

data transfers with theoretical data rates on the order of 171.2 Kbps
NEW NODES IN GSM FOR IMPLEMENTING GPRS
Serving GPRS Support Gateway GPRS Support Packet Control Unit
Node (SGSN) Node (GGSN) (PCU)
• Stores the information • Gateway interfaces • To transmit data in
of current cell and with other data packet switched mode
VLR with user profiles networks (the to SGSN
(IMSI address of all Internet). • Placed at the BSC site
user packet data) • Responsible for
• Manages the providing an IP
addresses of the address to the mobile
terminals in the cell terminals throughout
and provides the the duration of their
packet transfer connection
interface with the
GGSN gateway

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 UNIVERSAL MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION
SYSTEM (UMTS)

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• Evolves from GSM and has new air interface based on WCDMA
THREE ELEMENTS IN UMTS ARCHITECTURE

Radio Network
User Equipment (UE) Node B
controller (RNC)
• UE is low power radio • A base station in UMTS • Controls Multiple (up
transceiver for voice • A Node B can handle to hundreds) Node B
and data to/from the transmission/reception • RNC in charge of call
Node B from one to several setup, QoS ( Quality of
• New SIM called USIM cells service) handling, and
• User subscription to • Provide physical radio radio resource
the UMTS mobile link between UE and management in cells
network & contains all network • RNC is connected to
relevant data that the internet and PSTN
enable access to the through the core
network network

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LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE)

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 FUNCTION OF THE MAIN ELEMENTS IN LTE
ARCHITECTURE
E-UTRAN :eNode - B
• E-UTRAN stand for Evolved UMTS Terrestrial
Radio Access Network air interface
• The evolved base stations called eNode-B
or eNB
• Handles the radio communications between
the UE and EPC
• eNB is a base station that controls the
mobiles in one or more cells
Evolved Packet Core
(EPC)
• A framework for providing converged voice
and data on a 4G (LTE) network.
• Unifies voice and data on an Internet
Protocol (IP) service architecture and voice is
treated as just another IP application
• EPC consists of:
• MME (Mobility Management Entity)
• HSS (Home Subscriber server)
• S-GW (Serving Gateway)
• P-GW (Packet Data Network @PDN
Gateway )
• PCRF (Policy Control and Charging Rules
Function) 29
EPC COMPONENT

MME
• controls the high-level operation of the mobile by means of signaling messages
and Home Subscriber Server (HSS)
HSS
• carried forward from UMTS and GSM and is a central database that contains
information about all the network operator's subscribers.
S-GW
• acts as a router, and forwards data between the eNB and the PDN gateway.

P-GW
• communicates with the outside world ie. Internet

PCRF
• responsible for policy control decision-making
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2.3 INVESTIGATE MOBILE CALL SET-UP PROCEDURE
AND ROUTING

2.3.1 Illustrate GSM Call Set-up Procedure

2.3.2 Illustrate Data Traffic Call Set Up and
Routing Sequence.

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2.3.1 ILLUSTRATE GSM CALL SET-UP PROCEDURE

MOBILE to
MOBILE MOBILE to
PSTN

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MOBILE - MOBILE

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MOBILE - PSTN

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2.3.2 ILLUSTRATE DATA TRAFFIC CALL SET UP
AND ROUTING SEQUENCE.

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Channel Request: The MS
requests for the allocation of a
dedicated signaling channel to
perform the call setup
After allocation of a signaling
channel the request for MOC
call setup, included the TMSI The VLR requests the AC via
(IMSI) and the last LAI, is HLR for Triples (if necessary).
forwarded to the VLR

The MSC requests the VLR to

If all this procedures have been
check from the subscriber data
successful, MS sends the Setup The VLR initiates Authentication,
whether the requested service
information (number of Cipher start, IMEI check
an number can be handled (or if
requested subscriber and (optional) and TMSI Re-
there are restrictions which do
detailed service description) to allocation (optional).
not allow further proceeding of
the MSC.
the call setup)

If the VLR indicates that the call

The MSC sets up the connection
should be proceeded, the MSC
to requested number (called
commands the BSC to assign a The BSC assigns a Traffic
party).
Traffic Channel (i.e. resources Channel TCH to the MS
for speech data transmission) to
the MS

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IMSI - International Mobile Subscriber Identity
TMSI - Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
LAI - Location Area Identity
AC - Authentication Center