Test Bank for Juvenile Justice, 6th

Edition : Hess
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b. true number of crimes
c. only refers to UCR Index I offenses
d. white collar crimes
ANS: B REF: 14 LO: 3

6. Holding offenders accountable to the victim refers to:

a. retributive justice
b. distributive justice
c. restorative justice
d. universal justice
ANS: C REF: 5 LO: 3

7. Information and statistics collected by the police, courts and/or correctional agencies is
called:
a. unofficial data
b. official data
c. self-report data
d. jurisdiction report data
ANS: B REF: 5 LO: 3

8. Which of the following is intended as a supplement or replacement for the summary data
of the UCR?
a. NIBRS
b. NCVS
c. YRBSS
d. NCVJ
ANS: A REF: 9 LO: 4

9. Self-report studies on delinquency indicate that:

a. delinquency is regional
b. delinquency is higher in southern states
c. delinquency is almost universal
d. delinquency is higher in urban areas
ANS: C REF: 10 LO: 5

10. All of the following are status offenses except:

a. curfew violations
b. smoking cigarettes
c. car theft
d. chronic truancy

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ANS: C REF: 6 LO: 2

11. Which of the following is characteristic of a state executive agency having across-the-
board state control of services?
a. decentralized states
b. organization and administration
c. centralized states
d. structure of delinquency services
ANS: C REF: 16 LO: 7

12. The three basic components of the juvenile justice system are:
a. law enforcement, social services, and corrections
b. law enforcements, courts, and school
c. law enforcement, courts, and corrections
d. law enforcement, social services, and courts
ANS: C REF: 16 LO: 3

13. The view that justice involves four parties, offender and victim, government and
community, is called:
a. restorative justice
b. universal justice
c. particular justice
d. retributive justice
ANS: A REF: 5 LO: 3

14. The official halting of formal juvenile proceedings against an alleged offender and the
referral to a treatment or care program by a private or public service agency is known as:
a. petitioning
b. diversion
c. detention
d. intake
ANS: B REF: 18 LO: 6

15. The action involving juveniles that is comparable to the preliminary hearing in the adult
system is called:
a. dispositional hearing
b. probation hearing
c. adjudication hearing
d. transfer to adult court
ANS: C REF: 19 LO: 6

16. The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS):

a. focuses on arrests of offenders
b. collects data on crimes against individuals and households
c. measures violent and property crimes

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d. allows youth to personally reveal information about their violation(s) of the law
ANS: B REF: 9 LO: 3

17. When a potentially delinquent youth is sent forward for legal processing and is received
by a juvenile or family court or juvenile intake agency, it is known as:
a. arrest
b. adjudication
c. referral
d. intake
ANS: C REF: 17 LO: 6
18. The approach that places those who are abused and neglected, those who commit status
offenses, and those who are delinquents into the same judicial system.
a. universal justice
b. restorative justice
c. one-pot approach
d. retributive approach
ANS: C REF: 3 LO: 1

19. Retributive justice:

a. is applied in juvenile courts when victims retrieve actual items that have been stolen
b. is when there is a retrial in juvenile court
c. is seldom used except in cases involving misdemeanors
d. is when revenge is sought for behavior that is unlawful
ANS: D REF: 9 LO: 3

20. Restorative justice:

a. holds offenders accountable to the state
b. is a means of restoring physical and emotional health in community hospitals
c. stresses that offenders must actively contribute to repair harm they have done to victims
and communities
d. focuses on refurbishing jails rather than building new facilities
ANS: C REF: 5 LO: 3

21. The FBI’s Uniform Crime Report (UCR):

a. measures violent and property crimes
b. includes information from victims
c. is a true indicator of the degree of criminality
d. is not available to the public
ANS: A REF: 7 LO: 4

22. According to self-report records, delinquency is:

a. more common among the wealthy
b. almost universal when drugs are involved
c. typically not acknowledged by youth
d. prevalent only in isolated sectors of society

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ANS: B REF: 10 LO: 5

23. An example of a conservative approach to juvenile justice would be:

a. the use of imprisonment to control crime
b. rehabilitation to prevent crime
c. consistent community service as a consequence of crime
d. counseling services as a form of rehabilitation
ANS: A REF: 24 LO: 8

24. Terminology of the contemporary juvenile justice system emphasizes:

a. medical diagnoses whenever possible to support verdicts
b. labels to facilitate appropriate placement
c. protecting youth from harmful labels and stigmatizing effects
d. verbiage such as “juvenile criminal” rather than “delinquent”
ANS: C REF: 15 LO: 6

25. The term referring to a difference, but not necessarily involving discrimination is:
a. distinction
b. differentiation
c. dissention
d. disparity
ANS: D REF: 27 LO: 7

26. Historically the juvenile justice system strives to be all of the following except:
a. informal
b. private
c. adversarial
d. rehabilitative
ANS: C REF: 20 LO: 6

27. Two of the most frequently consulted official sources of crime data are those compiled
by:
a. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)
b. National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
c. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) and the National Institute
of Justice (NIJ)
d. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) and Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention (OJJDP)
ANS: A REF: 9 LO: 3

28. The three methods to measure the nature and extent of unlawful acts by juveniles include
all but the following EXCEPT:
a. official data
b. self report data

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c. victim survey
d. unofficial data
ANS: D REF: 5-6 LO: 3

29. The UCR Index I offense list does not include:

a. arson
b. rape
c. embezzlement
d. murder
ANS: C REF: 6 LO: 4
30. The Centers for Disease Control and prevention (CDC) Youth Risk Behavior
Surveillance System (YRBSS) monitors the following categories of priority health risk
behaviors among youth and young adults EXCEPT:
a. tobacco use
b. unhealthy dietary behaviors
c. physical inactivity
d. inappropriate social media use
ANS: D REF: 11 LO: 5

True/False
1. The first juvenile court was established in 1899.
ANS: true REF: 2 LO: 2

2. The youngest age for juvenile court jurisdiction in delinquency matters ranges from age 8
to age 12.
ANS: false REF: 4 LO: 2

3. Retributive justice is synonymous with the ancient concept of an 'eye for an eye.'
ANS: false REF: 5 LO: 3

4. There is one federally mandated system of juvenile justice.

ANS: false REF: 3 LO: 2

5. Legal factors include race, ethnicity, gender, social class and lifestyle.
ANS: false REF: 27 LO: 8

6. Skipping school is an example of a status offense.

ANS: true REF: 3 LO: 3

7. State legislatures can extend the duration of time the juvenile court has jurisdiction over
youth for disposition purposes, if doing so is in the best interests of the juveniles and the
state.
ANS: true REF: 4 LO: 2

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8. Disparity refers to a difference, but not necessarily involving discrimination.
ANS: true REF: 27 LO: 7

9. Restorative justice can only be traced back as far as the middle ages.
ANS: false REF: 5 LO: 3

10. The National Crime Victimization Survey collects data on crimes against individuals and
households, regardless of whether they were reported to law enforcement.
ANS: true REF: 9 LO: 3

11. The media, in most states, cannot access juvenile offenders’ identities.
ANS: false REF: 25-26 LO: 7

12. The UCR captures crimes reported to law enforcement including simple assaults.
ANS: false REF: 6-7 LO: 4

13. According to self-report studies, delinquency is almost universal.

ANS: true REF: 10 LO: 5

14. Self-report data reveals the same prevalence and frequency of offending as do court
records.
ANS: false REF: 10 LO: 5

15. Crime statistics are often close to media depictions of crime and delinquency.
ANS: False REF: 14 LO: 7

16. Commitment in the juvenile system is comparable to a sentence of incarceration in the

adult system.
ANS: true REF: 15 LO: 6

17. Youth are not arrested; they are taken into custody.
ANS: true REF: 17 LO: 6

18. An adjudication hearing is comparable to the preliminary hearing in the adult system.
ANS: true REF: 19 LO: 6

19. Group homes, shelter homes, and mental health treatment facilities are considered as
confinement.
ANS: false REF: 19 LO: 6

20. Historically, the juvenile justice system stressed punishment of youth.

ANS: false REF: 3 LO: 1

Short Answer

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1. __________refers to a difference, but not necessarily involving discrimination.
ANS: DISPARITY REF: 27 LO: 7

2. The underlying premise of the first juvenile court was the responsibility of the
__________ to protect its youth.
ANS: STATE REF: 3 LO: 1

3. The ______________ places those who are abused and neglected, those who commit
status offenses, and those who are delinquents into the same judicial system.
ANS: ONE-POT APPROACH REF: 3 LO: 1
4. An act that would not be considered a crime if committed by an adult is called a
________________.
ANS: STATUS OFFENSE REF: 3 LO: 2

5. A _______________ is a youth who commits an act that would be a crime were it to be

committed by an adult.
ANS: JUVENILE DELINQUENT REF: 3 LO: 6

6. The most commonly recognized oldest age for juvenile court jurisdiction in delinquency
matters is _____.
ANS: 17 REF: 4 LO: 2

7. Seeking revenge for unlawful behavior is referred to as ____________.

ANS: RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE REF: 5 LO: 3

8. ____________ focuses on repairing the harm done to victims and to the community and
stresses that offenders must contribute to the repair.
ANS: RESTORATIVE JUSTICE REF: 5 LO: 3

9. Researchers commonly use three methods to measure the nature and extent of unlawful
acts by juveniles: ___________, _______________, and _______________.
ANS: OFFICIAL DATA, SELF-REPORT DATA, VICTIM SURVEYS REF: 5 LO: 3

10. ________________ is information and statistics collected by the police, courts and
corrections agencies on the local, regional and national levels.
ANS: OFFICIAL DATA REF: 5 LO: 3

11. The true number of crimes, called the ______________, is unknown and may be
substantially greater than official data indicate.
ANS: DARK FIGURE OF CRIME REF: 14 LO: 3

12. The terminology used in the juvenile justice system emphasizes the importance of
protecting youth from __________________.
ANS: HARMFUL LABELS REF: 15 LO: 6

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13. ________________ are characterized by a state executive agency having across-the-
board state control of juvenile services.
ANS: CENTRALIZED STATES REF: 16 LO: 7

14. The juvenile justice system is a complex combination of three major components,
_____________, ________________, and ______________.
ANS: LAW ENFORCEMENT, COURTS, CORRECTIONS REF: 16 LO: 3

15. The secure placement of a youth into a facility at some point during court processing of
their case is referred to as _________________.
ANS: DETENTION REF: 18 LO: 6

Essay

1. Differentiate between restorative justice and retributive justice. Provide examples.

ANS:
*Restorative Justice – focuses on repairing the harm done to victims and to the community,
stresses that offenders must contribute to the repair.
*Retributive Justice – seeks revenge or recompense for unlawful behavior, crime defined as
violation of the state.
REF: 9-12 LO: 3

2. Discuss the UCR and its relationship to juvenile delinquency.

ANS:
*Uniform Crime Report
*Collects offense information for Part I offenses
*Contains statistics on violent crimes
*Considers a juvenile to be an individual under 18 years of age
*The program does not collect data regarding police contact with a juvenile who has not
committed an offense
REF: 13-16 LO: 4

3. Compare and contrast discrimination and disparity. Provide examples of each.

ANS:
*Discrimination: unfair, differential treatment of a particular group of youth,
For example, Hispanics
*Disparity: a difference, but not necessarily involving discrimination. Consider, for example, the
fact that most college classes have primarily relatively young students, but this does not indicate
age discrimination (Walker et al.)
REF: 53-55 LO: 7

4. Compare and contrast the UCR and NCVS.

ANS:

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*UCR – focuses on arrest of offenders, crime rates are largely per capita, captures
Crimes reported to law enforcement but excludes simple assaults.
*NCVS- focuses on victims of crimes, rates are per household, includes crimes both reported and
not reported to law enforcement but excludes homicide, arson, commercial crimes and crimes
against children under 12.
REF: 18-19 LO: 5

5. Discuss juvenile self-report surveys, compare them to official statistics.

ANS:
Self-Reports
*Let youth personally reveal information about their violations of the law
*Formats include one-to-one interviews, surveys and anonymous questionnaires
Official Statistics
*comparatively more reliable data source on serious crime than are self-reports
REF: 27-28 LO: 6

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