MAKERERE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION AND EXTERNAL STUDIES.

SCHOOL OF EDUCATION.

COURSE NAME : ECONOMIC THEORIES AND PRACTICES IN

EDUCATION

COURSE CODE : EDE 3101

PROGRAM : BACHELOR OF SCIENCE WITH EDUCATION.

ACADEMIC YEAR. : THREE

SEMESTER. : ONE

YEAR : 2023.

No NAME REGISTRATION STUDENT COURSE SIGNATURE

NUMBER NUMBER

1 KIMERA JOVAN 21/U/0651 2100700651 BSED

2 NANSUBUGA 21/U/0449 2100700449 BSED

SHAMINAH

3 ATUHAIRE SHILLAH 21/U/0784 2100700784 BSED

4 SSENKAAYI MARK 21/U/0549 2100700549 BSED

5 MWETEISE MERON 21/U/14486/PS 2100714486 BSED

6 NANKYA AISHA 21/U/0454 2100700454 BSED

7 NAKIBUUKA 21/U/0713 2100700713 BSED

JUSTINE

8 NAMUWAYA 21/U/17793/PS 2100717793 BSED

RHONAH

9 MUGISA JAMES 21/U/0812 2100700812 BSED

10 ADII PUIS 21/U/1351 2100701351 BSED

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Pictures of group members taken around the school.

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AN INTERVIEW GUIDE DEVELOPED BY OUR GROUP TO FIND OUT HOW

EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES ARE EFFICIENTLY UTILIZED.

Human Resources:

1) How is the school's teaching staff allocated across different subjects or grade levels?

2) Are teachers assigned to subjects they are qualified to teach?

3) How do you ensure that teachers' expertise is matched with the subjects they teach?

4) What opportunities for professional development are provided to teachers?

5) How does the school support ongoing teacher training and skill development?

6) What is the typical workload for teachers in terms of teaching hours, preparation, and

administrative tasks?

7) How is teacher workload managed to prevent burnout?

Financial Resources:

1) How is the school's budget allocated among various educational needs and expenses?

2) Are there specific budget allocations for educational materials, teacher salaries, and

infrastructure maintenance?

3) How do you ensure that financial resources are used efficiently, and what measures are in

place to prevent wastage or mismanagement?

4) Where does the school source its funding (e.g., government funding, donations, tuition

fees)?

5) How do these funding sources impact resource allocation and utilization?

Infrastructure:

1) How does the school ensure the proper maintenance and upkeep of its infrastructure,

including classrooms, libraries, and laboratories?

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2) Are there regular inspections or maintenance schedules?

3) How effectively is the school's infrastructure being used? Are there underutilized or

overcrowded spaces?

4) What strategies are in place to optimize space utilization?

5) How is technology integrated into teaching and learning, and how do you ensure that

technology resources are used effectively?

Time Management:

1) How are class schedules and timetables are determined, and are they designed to optimize

learning time?

2) How do you handle any disruptions or time constraints that affect teaching and learning?

3) How are co-curricular and extracurricular activities integrated into the school's schedule?

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AN OVERVIEW OF THE BASIC DEFINITIONS OF SOME OF THE

EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES.

FINANCIAL RESOURCES

Financial resources in a school refer to the funds and monetary assets available to support the

educational institution's operations and programs. These resources can include:

Budget: The allocated funds for various expenses, such as salaries, supplies, and

maintenance.

Grants and donations: Funds received from external sources, like government grants,

private donations, or foundations.

Tuition and fees: Income generated from student tuition, registration fees, and other charges.

Fundraising: Money raised through events, campaigns, or activities organized by the school

or its affiliated organizations.

Investment income: Returns from investments made by the school's endowment or other

funds.

Parent-teacher associations (PTAs) and booster clubs: Funds raised by these groups to

support specific school needs.

Reserves: Financial reserves set aside for emergencies or future projects.

Alumni contributions: Donations and support from former students and alumni.

Government funding: Financial support from federal, state, or local government agencies.

TIME RESOURCES.

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Time as a school resource refers to the allocation and management of time within the

educational system. It encompasses scheduling, class periods, instructional time, and how

efficiently it is utilized for teaching, learning, and various school activities. Effective use of

time is crucial for maximizing students' educational experiences and academic achievement.

HUNAN RESOURCE

Human resources in the context of schools refer to the individuals who work within the

educational institution, including teachers, administrators, support staff, and other personnel.

These individuals play a vital role in the operation and success of the school. Human

resources management in schools involves hiring, training, and retaining qualified staff, as

well as ensuring their well-being and professional development to create a conducive learning

environment for students.

INFRASTRUCTURE

Infrastructure as a school resource encompasses the physical facilities, buildings, equipment,

and technology that support the educational process. This includes classrooms, libraries,

laboratories, sports facilities, transportation, and IT systems. The quality and adequacy of

school infrastructure significantly impact the learning environment and students' overall

educational experiences.

Edy.S.& Dian.H(2020). The education facility is all the facilities needed for the learning

process both moving and not moving. While infrastructure is a facility that is used to support

the learning process.Well-maintained and up-to-date infrastructure can enhance teaching and

learning

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From our findings, we found out how the school we visited uses its resources efficiently

in order to attain educational objectives in the following ways.

FINANCIAL RESOURCES.

Efficient utilization of financial resources in a school setting is crucial to ensure a high-

quality educational experience for students.

Bisshoff Raj. M(2009). The ability of a school to develop the curriculum and improve

teaching and learning to achieve school objectives no doubt depends on the resources

available. The prime concern is how to share limited finances between the human and

physical resources at the school in order to achieve educational goals more effectively

First and foremost, as the school bursar argued that the school has only one source of the

financial resources that is school fees from parents and sponsors though they are planning to

start up other income generating activities. "during those trying moments when need of some

funds and the school fees finances are inadequate, the school gets financial loans from

centenary bank which is closely affiliated to all our Catholic founded schools in Uganda.

Then she emphasized that prioritizing the academic aspect is essential as the most part of the

financial resources goes to the academic part. This involves allocating a significant portion of

the budget to classroom resources, textbooks, technology, and teaching materials. Investing

in up-to-date textbooks and educational technology can enhance the learning experience,

keeping the curriculum relevant and engaging for students.

School nutrition programs play a critical role in students' well-being and their ability to

concentrate in the classroom. By allocating resources for healthy and balanced meals, schools

ensure that students have the necessary nutrition to support their physical and mental

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development. Proper nutrition leads to improved focus, energy, and overall health for our

students which are essential for effective learning.

The different departments in the school including subject departments, librarians laboratory

technicians and and those in the welfare department provide their budgets at the start of every

term to the deputy headteacher and then he approves it, it's then forwarded to the

procurement office which Is responsible for purchasing all the equipment needed and for

those that require hard cash, they get it from the school bursers office. The deputy

headteacher gets a report from the ddifferent departments of how the given resources Were

allocated to ensure efficiency.

The school also employs some multipurpose teachers who also act as sports coaches coaches

and Mmusic Dance and Drama trainers as well as classroom teachers and this is done to

minimize expenditures on payment of other people for these jobs.

The deputy head teacher, “we have constructed some staff quarters to enable teachers reside

near the school and also minimize on the transport allowances given to commuting teachers”.

As a head of department, "I always get budgets from my fellow teachers clearly showing all

the things needed and then I take it to the deputy headteacher for approval from which I get

the money from the school bursar". Then after I have to provide a report to show the

accountability of the finances given to me to carryout department activities.

The school D. O. S is responsible for most of the academic activities in the school. He always

presents a budget to request funds from the deputy headteacher which is then approved and

then the finances are provided by the school bursar. The DOS makes daily payments to

teachers' allowances and other staff members.

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TIME RESOURCE

Joyce Nnuola Kalu (2012). In order to expose the practice of effective use of time by the

school administrators, it became necessary for this work to analyze the specific tasks of

school administration, the knowledge of which will guide the administrator in proper

scheduling of tasks, ordering of priorities and allocation of time according to their degree of

importance in achieving educationally productive goals.

Time is a precious resource in any school, and stakeholders, such as teachers, administrators,

students, and all play a role in managing it effectively and the following describes how time

is efficiently utilized in the school we visited.

The school DOS is responsible for allocation of time to all the different activities in the

school by designing an appropriate time table for all classroom lessons and outside classroom

lessons as well as co-curricular activities

The heads of department for each subject are responsible for allocating the lessons

indicated on the general timetable to different teachers who'll teach the different classes.

Teachers need to carefully plan their lessons and prioritize their tasks in order to make the

most of their time. This includes setting realistic goals for themselves and their students, and

breaking down large tasks into smaller, more manageable ones.In the school, it's an

obligation for every teacher to hand in their termly schemes of work to the DOS before

teaching period starts. Also teachers ought to have a lesson plan for each lesson so as to

ensure content coverage on time

Teachers ensure punctuality in their teaching activities for example they ought to be in school

very early in the morning in order to catch up with morning lessons that start at exactly

7:30am. The Head of academics department always makes a survey around at the start of

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every lesson to make sure that all the teachers are present in their respective classes in that

particular time.

Unnecessary movement of learners during class time is also controlled. A teacher doesn't

allow more than one student to move out of class at ago

When possible, teachers should delegate tasks to other staff members, such as teacher aides

or volunteers. This is important for teachers not to miss out on any lessons, for example when

a teacher is a way for some reasons, they ought to inform some other person in their

respective department to help them use their time so that learners do not miss out.

The D. O. S provides a certain form to the class monitors in each class where the teacher has

to sign at the end of every lesson. This form is taken back to the D. O. S in the evening. This

helps him to find out teachers attendance to their delegated lessons.

Incase a teacher misses a lesson either intentionally or not, he/she is supposed to get some

other extra time to compensate for the misses lesson.

The school administrators made sure that the school is purely boarding and this reduces the

chances of missing out lessons due to being absent.

The students always angage in mdd activities during prep time only in order to utilize day

time for lessons only since its a purely boarding school and all students are present at night.

The school follows the new lower secondary curriculum to fix sports activities where student

are supposed to to be in co-curricular activities beyond 2:00 pm

H. O. D. "Some learners who are very good at sports activities may take some time away
from school due to different tsports ournaments but we always give them personal attention
when they return. This is done to make sure that they catch up with the rest of the learners in
academic journey. "
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 Each teacher Is given copies of empty time tables where he/she fills in the lessons he/she is
supposed to teach within the week after discussing with the respective heads of department,
the teacher shares a copy with the DOS such that they keep on the same lane with time
management.

The DOS designs a termly timetable at the beginning of every term and gives a copy to every
teacher so as to allow teachers effectively organise and allocate their time well.This is also
important to cater for public holidays.

The DOS ensures that the teachers attend to classes in time, hand in their schemes of work
and lesson plans in time .He also instructed the class monitors to record the time each
teacher enters and leaves class and those records are handed to him every evening to ensure
proper time management of the teachers.

The headteacher and deputy headteacher made sure they provide resources needed to
ensure time management. They financed the installation of an electric bell which is range
after every period and also provided watches in every class to ensure that the students and
teachers are always on time.
School time table Class monitor’s form to be signed by every
teacher after a lesson.

Personal Teacher’s time tale

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HUNAN RESOURCES

Rita Pusvitasari (2021).The education system at every level relies heavily on human
resources for the implementation of its programs. The success of education in schools is
determined by the principal's success in fostering and developing educators and education
personnel in schools to improve the quality of education.
The school has 24 class teachers and around 80 teachers in total of which about 60 of them

are full time teachers.

When recruiting new staff members, the Deputy Headteacher is always responsible for

approving the academic documents and application forms of the applicant. On addition, new

teachers have to sign a contract if given a vacancy and the deputy headteacher conducts the

process of signing this contract.

The school DOS is the first person to receive the applicant letter of the new recruits before its

taken to the deputy headteacher.

The DOS is also responsible for monitoring the activities of teachers by reminding them to

submit mark sheets for the different subjects they teach and also giving them the different

allowances allocated to them.

The school bursar is responsible for making payment transactions for teaching and non

teaching staff. The teachers are always paid as early as 21st of every month and this is done

to motivate them to continue performing their specialised tasks.

The heads of department are responsible for recommending the names of the possible

recruits in case there is need for a new teacher for their specific subjects. They also carryout

guidance and professional development to the fellow teachers in the school.

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The school administrators always put in place different activities that support professional

development their teachers such as workshops, conferences, seminars as well as opportunities

for further studies.

The teachers have a well-organized and comfortable staffroom where they can easily carry

out school activities, in addition, the school administrators have also put in place staff houses

to enable their staff carry out activities efficiently

School staffroom

School staff quarters

INFRASTRUCTURE RESOURCES.

Edy.S.& Dian.H(2020). The headteacher is responsible for the planning, management, and

maintenance of facilities and infrastructure. Facilities and infrastructures need to be managed

properly as it is part of education management

According to Ibrahim Badafal (2004, pp. 1-2) management of education facilities and

infrastructure is part of school administration. Infrastructure management is a

cooperationmechanism that is related to all equipment and the use of all

educational equipment, making it more effective and efficient.

The Deputy Headteacher at Rubaga Girls is Responsible for monitoring the school

infrastructure to make sure they're in good condition.

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Deputy headteacher, "The school is currently running out of space and it's a big problem to

us. As a result we have reported to vertical expansion of the school buildings by

constructing flats in form of classroom and dormitories in order to cope with the increasing

number of students.

There has been also construction of permanent classrooms which have helped us to cope

with an increased the number of students.

The lower classes of S. 1 and S. 2 are divided into five streams each, then S. 3 to S. 4 have

four streams each and then S. 5 and S. 6 have 3 streams each. This is done to reduce

overcrowding of the classrooms and also exerting pressure on the classroom desks.

The school has well constructed library, science laboratories and computer laboratory to

foster students learning.

Class teacher " in case a student is found guilty of destroying any school property either

intentionally or not, the Headteacher communicates to the parent to report the case and this

parent has to pay an amount equivalent to the value of the destroyed property or buy a new

equipment and present it to the school.

The school also has plastic chairs that ate used in case of any occasion at school in order to

avoid using classroom desks for other purposes. Taking a classroom desk outside classroom

has a penalty for students and this is done to minimise chances of breaking these desks.

A teacher or a student who needs to use a book from the library has to register with the

librarian to keep a follow up of the school books and in case one looses the borrowed book

from the library, this person is required to pay for it in order to replace it.

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The school has also constructed dinning halls for the students in order to prevent them from

eating I'm the classrooms and if anyone is found eating in the classrooms, this person will

have to face the presents disciplinary committee and also serve a punishment.

The monitoring of the different school infrastructure starts from the students' leaders, class

teachers, heads of department up to the headteacher and this has helped the school to

maintain its infrastructure in good condition.

Some of the pictures of the school infrastructure showing how the school is trying to expand

vertically in order to overcome space constraints.

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Pictures of the schools permanent structures constructed due to increasing number of students
in the school.

School library
School library

School library books Library books

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School computer laboratory School dinning halls with the plastic chairs used
during school events.

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REFERENCES

1) Bisshoff Raj & Mestry Pearson ( 2009). Financial school

management explainedTC Bisschoff, South Africa,

2) Joyce Nnuola Kalu (2012) . Time resource management for effective school

administration Journal of Educational and Social Research 2 (10), 115-123,

3) Rita Pusvitasari (2021) Human Resource Management in Improving The

Quality of Education. .Al-Tanzim: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam 5

(2), 125-135.

4) Edy Siswanto, Dian Hidayati (2020) Magister Management of Education,

University of Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Vol.1, No.1,

pp.69~81.

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