Module 1: Introduction to Zoology

Lesson 1.1
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE

Lesson 1.1 Characteristics of Life

1. Living organisms are Organized.

• demonstrate a unique and complex hierarchical
organization

Animal and Plant species on Earth

- 1.2M species

80% animals - invertebrates 2. Living organisms reproduce

18% plants • ensures continuity & diversity of life
4% vertebrates • two types
2% others
1. SEXUAL
1. Living Organisms are Organized • Union of sperm (male) and egg cells (female) – sex cells
2. Living Organisms Reproduce • Two parent organisms
3. Living Organisms Acquire & Use Material Energy • ensures continuity & diversity of life
4. Living Organisms Respond to Stimuli • two types
5. Living Organisms are Homoestatic
6. Living Organisms Grow and Develop
7. Living Organisms can Evolve

1. Organized
2. Ability to Reproduce
3. Acquire Energy
4. Responsiveness 2. ASEXUAL
5. Homeostatic • does not require sex cells
6. Growth & Development • single parent
7. Capacity to Evolve • offspring produce is an exact clone of its parent
- Unique and complex hierarchical organization.

 Atoms---------tiny particles
 Molecule----- group of atoms
 Organelle------group of molecules
 Cell--------------group of organelles(basic unit of life)
 Tissue-----------group of cells
 Organ------------group of tissues
Budding Hydra sp.
 Body system---group of organs
 Organism-------contains organ system
 Population------several organisms of same kind in a
particular area
 Community------interacting populations in a
particular are
 Ecosystem--------community plus environment
 Biosphere---------formed by different ecosystems
3. Living organisms acquire & use material energy. 7. Living organisms can evolve.

• materials & energy transformed into different forms • Allows populations to change over time in response to
• e.g., energy used for growth & reproduction changing environment
• Adaptations – are traits that increase an organism’s
ability to survive in the environment.

• 1. PHYSICAL ADAPTATIONS
• 2. BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS

4. Living organisms respond to stimuli.

• Stimuli – detectable changes in the environment.

- leaves of touch-me-not plant bend when touched 

- moving away from fire due to heat.

5. Living organisms are homoeostatic.

• the ability to maintain a stable internal environment

despite the change in the external environment

e.g., body temperature regulation

• e.g., giraffes' long neck is a product of adaptation to
feed on growing tress (Lamarck vs Darwin)

6. Living
organisms grow and develop.

• By eating food and nutrients, living organisms grow in

size and can develop into adult.

Lesson 1.2
ZOOLOGY AS BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

SUBDIVISIONS OF ZOOLOGY

2. VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY
• animals with backbone

 Mammalogy
 Ichthyology
 Herpetology
1. INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY  Ornithology
• animals without backbone
Ichthyology
 Helminthology - Fish
 Malacology
 Entomology

Helminthology
- Parasitic/ freeliving worms

Herpetology
- Amphibians and reptiles (frogs, snakes,
and lizards)

Malacology
- Mollusks (snails & slugs)

Ornithology
- Birds

Entomology
- Insects
Mammalogy
- Mammals (cats and dogs) - Tissues (microscopic)

3. MORPHOLOGICAL ZOOLOGY
• Animal structure
• External or internal Cytology
- Cells (microscopic)

 Gross Anatomy
 Paleontology
 Histology
 Cytology

Gross Anatomy 4. PHYSIOLOGICAL ZOOLOGY

- Nonmicroscopic • Animal function
- Organismal physiology
- Organ & cell physiology

Organismal physiology
- Body functions of entire organism (lab/field conditions)

Paleontology
- Fossils

Organ & cell physiology

- Vital activities of organs & cells (within/outside
the body)

521 million years ago

Histology
5. ZOOLOGICAL GENETICS 9. ETHOLOGY
• hereditary traits & their transmission • animal behavior under natural conditions
• basis for selective breeding; contribute knowledge of
human genetics

6. EVOLUTIONARY ZOOLOGY
• evolutionary relationships among animals
• systematic attempts to develop models of animal
classification.
10. ANIMAL PATHOLOGY & EPIDEMIOLOGY
• causes & effects of disease processes
V

7. ZOOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
• relationships between animals & their abiotic
(nonliving) environments.
• includes population dynamics, regulation of fisheries &
hunting.

8. ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
• species-typical behaviors in the wild
• important to management of wild animals
MODULE 2 - genetic material for replication (nucleoid instead of
nucleus)
ANIMAL BODY COMPOSITION AND FUNCTION 2. Eukaryotic cell
• Lesson 2.1 Animal Cells - ‘true nucleus’
• Lesson 2.2 Animal Tissues - can be multicellular or single-celled
• Lesson 2.3 Animal Organ Systems - Presence of subcellular organelles

Lesson 2.1
ANIMAL CELLS

Diversity of Cell Shapes and Sizes

LONG, SPINDLE SHAPE

• To pull or squeeze the parts

LONG EXTENSIONS
• For communication with central processes
Animal
CIRCULAR SHAPE cells are
• To pass through narrow capillaries & transport gases also
further
FLAT & WIDE SHAPE
• For covering & protecting surfaces

classified into:
1. SOMATIC
2. REPRODUCTIVE

SOMATIC – comprise the body cells

REPRODUCTIVE – refers to sex cells or gametes

A typical eukaryotic cell has:

1. Plasma Membrane
2. Cytoplasm
Based on the structure, cells can be categorized 3. Nucleus
into two types, namely: 4. Cellular organelles (mitochondria, ER, Golgi apparatus,
1. PROKARYOTIC lysosomes, and ribosomes)
2. EUKARYOTIC

1. Prokaryotic cell
- Include bacteria and cyanobacteria
- Single-celled organisms THE CELL THEORY
CLASSICAL CELL THEORY
• Proposed by Theodor Schwann in 1839
1. Every living cell is made up of one or more cells.
2. Cells are the basic fundamental units of life (Schwann
and Schleiden)
3. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells through the
process of cell division.(Rudolf Virchow, 1858 – omnis
cellula e cellula)
• Tracks to which organelles move
2. MICROFILAMENTS
• Composed of rods of actin molecules
• Supporting framework of the cell
• Forming networks and cytoplasmic extensions called
villi

3. INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
• Securely holds the nucleus in place
• Important in maintaining cell shape
• Composes the nuclear lamina

MODERN CELL THEORY

1. DNA is passed between cells during
cell division.
2. The cells of all organisms within a
similar species are mostly the same
3. Energy flow occurs within cells.
The Centrioles
CELLULAR STRUCTURE, ORGANELLES AND UNIQUE • Composed of microtubules that play a vital role during
FEATURES OF ANIMAL CELL cell division - movement of chromosomes to daughter
cells
• CENTROSOME – forms spindle fibers during cell division
CELL STRUCTURE

The Cytoskeleton
• A network of fibers that function to give mechanical
support
• Control movement of cilia, pseudopods, and even
contraction of muscle cells

CELL MOVEMENT

LOCOMOTORY STRUCTURES
• Cells are capable of movement through locomotory
THREE MAIN TYPES OF FIBERS structures which includes:
1. Microtubules
2. Microfilaments 1. CILIUM
3. Intermediate filaments 2. FLAGELLUM
3. PSEUDOPODIUM

1. MICROTUBULES
• Composed of globular protein called tubulin 1. CILIUM (pl. cilium)
• The framework of the cell • long, hair-like protrusions from the cell membrane
• It moves materials across the free surface of a cell (e.g. 4. Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex
in respiratory tract cells) 5. Lysosomes
6. Vacuoles
7. Mitochondrion
8. Peroxisomes

1. NUCLEUS
• Eukaryotic cells genetic library
2. FLAGELLUM (pl. flagella) • Control center of the cell
• Propels the cell (e.g. sperm cells) • Storage & synthesis of DNA & RNA

2. NUCLEOLUS
• Dense structure at the center of nucleus
• Composed of DNA, RNA, & protein
• Makes ribosomes

3. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• the most extensive portion
• Abbv. ER
3. PSEUDOPODIUM (pl. pseudopodia) • Path where proteins move from one cell to another
• an arm-like projection that is a semi-permanent
extension of the cytoplasm for moving and feeding (e.g. A. ROUGH ER
in amoeba) • Covered with ribosomes
• Manufactures secretory proteins
• Fold, modify, & transport proteins

B. SMOOTH ER
• Lacks ribosomes, lipid synthesis & hormones

4. GOLGI APPARATUS/COMPLEX
• Stacks of flattened sacs
• Processing, modification, packaging & distribution of
proteins & other macromolecules out of the cell

5. LYSOSOME
ANIMAL CELL ORGANELLES • Membrane-enclosed sacs, filled with enzymes
1. Nucleus • Digest or breaks down macromolecules
2. Nucleolus • Destroys worn-out cell components
3. Endoplasmic Reticulum
6. VACUOLE
• Membrane-enclosed sacs
• Stores water, salts, proteins & carbohydrates

a. FOOD VACUOLE/PHAGOSOME
• Transport food particles inside or out of the cell
b. CONTRACTILE VACUOLE
• Pump excess water out, for examples in freshwater
parazoan

The nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi

apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the plasma
membrane, and the many membrane-bound sacs called
vesicles that pass between them is collectively referred to
as the endomembrane system.

7. MITOCHONDRION
• Powerhouse of the cell
• Site of cellular respiration, aerobic metabolism, &
conversion of food energy to ATP

Lesson 2.2

ANIMAL TISSUES

8. PEROXISOMES
• Membrane-enclosed compartments filled with enzymes
for:
a. Breakdown of fatty acids for energy
b. Detoxifies alcohols 7 other poisons THE TISSUE
c. Convert hydrogen peroxide which is toxic to water • Group of cells of similar structure performing a
common function
RIBOSOMES
• Sites for protein synthesis in all cells Animal Tissue
• Made of a special type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) and
some proteins
THE TISSUE
a. Free ribosomes
b. Attached ribosomes (in RER)
 • May possess specialized epithelial cells involved in
secretion and absorption:

THE TISSUE: 4 main categories

GOBLET CELL
o Lungs and lower digestive tract
o Secrete mucus

• Other function: important for achieving homeostasis as

it borders the external and body’s internal environment

1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
• Consists of tightly packed cells forming a layer that:
o Cover body surfaces
o Line internal organs & cavities
• FUNCTIONS: absorption and secretion
o Epithelial tissues lining intestines absorb nutrients from
our food
APICAL SURFACE
o Epithelial tissues lining airways secret mucus to keep
o Faces the outside of an organ or inside of a
them moist
tube/passageway

BASAL LAMINA
o Consists of proteins and polysaccharides
o Separates from underlying tissues (barrier)
o Regulates transport of materials between epithelial and
connective tissues

1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE: Types

• Based on the number of cell layers
SIMPLE
o One layer of cells

• May possess specialized epithelial cells involved in STRATIFIED

secretion and absorption: o Two or more layers of cells

CILIA
o Ciliated cell
o Respiratory tract
o Moves fluids in sweeping motion PSEUDOSTRATIFIED
o One layer of cells but appear to be stratified because
MICROVILLI the cells vary in length
o Microvillar cell
o Small intestine
o Increase surface area ideal for absorption
 4. Serve as framework (bones, tendons, cartilage)
• Based on the cell shape in the apical surface 5. Transportation (blood)
SQUAMOUS 6. Storage and insulation (fat)
o Thin and flat (like floor tiles)
o Exchange of materials via diffusion (e.g. air sacs of the
lungs
CUBOIDAL
o Cube-shaped (like a dice)
o Large cytoplasm for secretion and absorption of
materials (e.g. thyroid gland)
COLUMNAR
o Long (like bricks)
o Large cytoplasm for secretion and absorption of
materials (e.g. intestines)

2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• Sparse population of cells scattered in the matrix
(ground substance)
• Matrix (liquid/gel-like/solid) have embedded fibers
• Fibroblasts – cell that secrete protein fibers and
macrophages that engulf foreign particles and cellular
debris by phagocytosis

• Based on how loose or dense fibers are:

1. LOOSE CT
• Most common CT
• Binds epithelial cells to underlying tissues (e.g.
underneath the skin) and holds organ in place fiber cell
matrix

• FUNCTIONS:
1. Bind structures – connect tissues to one another
(tendons and ligaments)
2. Provide support and movement (tendons and
ligaments
3. Protection (bone, cells of immune system)
• consists of CT cells embedded in gel-like matrix with
loose weave of fibers

2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE: Types

1. LOOSE CT Fiber Types

2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE: Types

1. LOOSE CT
- Specialized loose CT
• Does not have fibroblast or real matrix and only few
fibers
• Function as cushioning against damage to body organs

- Adipose Tissue
• For protection (padding), insulation (prevent heat loss)
and energy storage

BONE
• Hard, calcified matrix with many collagen fibers (bone
2. FIBROUS CT
not brittle)
• Characterized by dense collagenous fibers
• Compact bone consists of repeating units called
• Dense packing fibers maximizes strength of tissues
osteons (structural and functional unit of bone
• e.g. tendons and ligaments
• Bone cells (osteocytes) located in lacuna and
communicate with canaliculi (hair-like canals)

3. SPECIALIZED CT
• Includes several different tissues with specialized cells
BLOOD
and unique matrices
• With a fluid extracellular matrix called plasma  water,
• Tissues could be solid or strong, fluid or flexible
salts, and dissolved oxygen
• E.g. cartilage, bones and blood

CARTILAGE
• Strong but flexible gel-like matrix consists of collagen
fibers
• The matrix is secreted
chondroblasts that matures into chondrocytes (cartilage
cells)
• Chondrocytes lie in cavities (spaces) called lacunae
3. MUSCULAR TISSUE
• Most abundant
• Consists of long cells called muscle fibers containing
contractile proteins (allows muscle to contract)
• For movement
3. MUSCULAR TISSUE: Types 4. NERVOUS TISSUE: Types

4. NERVOUS TISSUE
• senses stimuli & rapidly transmits signal from one part
of the body to another
• consists of neurons (basic unit of the nervous system )
& neuroglia (support & protect neurons)
• e.g., in brain & spinal cord
Lesson 2.3 4. Circulatory/ Cardiovascular System
ANIMAL ORGAN SYSTEMS MAJOR ORGAN/S:
• Heart
ORGAN AND ORGAN SYSTEM • Blood
1. ORGAN • Blood vessels
• Two or more tissues performing same task FUNCTION/S:
• Transport of nutrients, gases,
2. ORGAN SYSTEMS hormones, toxic wastes
• Two or more organs working together to perform one
or more functions 5. Lymphatic/ Immune System
MAJOR ORGAN/S:
• Lymph
• Lymph nodes
• thymus
• Lymphatic vessels
• White blood cells
• Spleen
FUNCTION/S:
11 MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS • Transport fat and excess fluids in the blood
1. Integumentary • Destroys invading foreign bodies like microbes and
2. Nervous pathogens
3. Muscular
4. Skeletal 6. Respiratory System
5. Circulatory MAJOR ORGAN/S:
6. Endocrine • Nose
7. Lymphatic • Trachea
8. Respiratory • Lungs
9. Digestive FUNCTION/S:
10. Urinary/ Excretory • Facilitates oxygen acquisition
11. Reproductive • Carbon dioxide elimination

1. Integumentary System 7. Digestive System

MAJOR ORGAN/S: MAJOR ORGAN/S:
• Skin • Mouth
• Hair • Esophagus
• Nails • Gall bladder
FUNCTION/S: FUNCTION/S:
• Protection from environment • Absorption and supply nutrients
• Provides form needed for growth and maintenance
• Thermoregulation • Stomach
• Anchor for sensory receptors • Intestines
• Glands
2. Muscular System
MAJOR ORGAN/S: 8. Excretory System
• Skeletal muscles MAJOR ORGAN/S:
FUNCTION/S: • Kidneys
• Movement (with skeletal system) • Ureters
• Bladder
3. Skeletal System • Urethra
MAJOR ORGAN/S: FUNCTION/S:
• Bones • Maintain homeostatic condition in
• Cartilage the bloodstream
• Ligaments • Filter out cellular wastes and toxins
• Tendons • Eliminate urine
FUNCTION/S:
• Support for the body
• Protection of internal organs
• Site for muscle attachment
9. Endocrine System
MAJOR ORGAN/S:
• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary
• Thyroid
FUNCTION/S:
• for integration, regulation &
control of the body
• hormone secretion
• Thymus
• Pancreas
• Adrenal glands

10. Nervous System

MAJOR ORGAN/S:
• Brain
• Spinal cord
• Nerves
FUNCTION/S:
• For physiological processes of
body & individual behavior
• Coordination

11. Reproductive System

MAJOR ORGAN/S:
• Testes
• Seminal vesicle
• Penis
FUNCTION/S:
• Ensure continuity of
species
• Produce sex hormones
• Ovaries
• Oviducts
• Uterus
• Mammary glands