SENSE

ORGANS -
EYE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Think, pair, share
How many stimuli
you can think of
which our bodies
can detect?
Can you define
SENSE ORGANS
DEFINITION: Groups of
receptor cells responding to
specific stimuli: light, sound,
touch, temperature and
chemicals
SENSE ORGAN
EYE

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CFU

Differentiate between iris and cornea.

Why choroid appears black?

Book question 9 b, c
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 FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF EYE
01
CORNEA IRIS LENS
Refracts light Controls how much Focuses light on
light enters the eye to retina

RETINA OPTIC NERVE

Contains light receptors, carries impulses to
some sensitive to light of the brain
different colours
• The circular opening which lets light in to the eye--------
• The transparent layer responsible for most of the refraction of light rays that enters the eye
is called -----------
• The coloured part of eye is called----------
• --------------expands and contracts to control the amount of light that enters the eye.
• ------------- contains the light sensitive cells called ------------- and -------------.
• ----------------- carry nerve impulses from retina to the brain.
• At the -------------------- of the optic nerve, there are no light sensitive cells.
WERE THE LEARNING OBJECTIVES MET?
RETINA
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
RETINA
Light sensitive
area of the eye
There are two types of Photoreceptors ( Light
sensitive cells) in retina

RODS CONES

• More sensitive to • Cones are sensitive

low intensities of to high intensity of
light(dim light) light.
• Play an important • Cones enable us to
part in night vision distinguish colours
in bright light
There are three types of cone cells.

One type responds best to red

light one to green light and one
to blue light.

If all three types are equally

stimulated, we see white light.
● Do you ever wonder why your night
vision is black and white?
● It's because the low light intensity
isn't enough to stimulate cone cells, so
only rod cells are stimulated.
Remember, only the cone cells can
detect colour.
 DISTRIBUTION OF RODS AND CONES

Cone cells Rod cells

• Concentrated • Packed most

in the central tightly around
part of retina the edge of
called fovea. retina
 FOVEA

The fovea is an area on the retina

where almost all of the cone
cells are found .This is rod-free
region. Here the cones are thinner
and more densely packed than
anywhere else in the retina.
BLIND SPOT

● Rod cells are found all over the

retina, other than the area where the
optic nerve attaches to the retina -
there are no light-sensitive cells at all
in this area, and so it is known as
the blind spot
Also, if you look directly at a dim star at night, it
disappears, but reappears if you look slightly to one
side of it. This is because, when looking straight at the
star, the light falls on the fovea, which has more
cones so fewer rods, so the low light intensity won't
be enough to stimulate the rods. Looking to the side
allows the light to fall away from the fovea, onto
more rod cells, so the start reappears!
 Rods Cones

• Sensitive to • Sensitive to
low light high light
intensity intensity
• Provide night • Provide
vision where colour vision
we can • Concentrated
identify shape in fovea
but not colour
• Found
throughout
retina except
fovea or blind
spot
CHALLENGE!
The retina:

● When light falls onto the --------- in retina (at back of eye), an
----------- is send along the optic nerve to the brain.
● The brain sorts out all impulses and build up the -------.
WERE THE LEARNING OBJECTIVES MET?
THE PUPIL REFLEX
The Pupil Reflex
High intensity light can damage the retina.
https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=9SGAicn9rXY&t=2s
The Pupil Reflex:
● In front of lens is circular piece of tissue , the ----- – the coloured
part of eye
● It contains pigments that ------ light and stop it getting to retina.
● In middle of iris is gap called ----- – size can be adjusted to control
how
much light enters.
● To do this iris contains –------ muscles and ------- muscles
● These muscles act ----------
● The change in size of pupil is a --------- action. Although the nerve
impulses go into brain, we do not need to think consciously about
what to do.
● It prevents ------- to the retina.
WERE THE LEARNING OBJECTIVES MET?
ACCOMODATION
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Think, pair, share
How light refracts through a convex lens?
 Light focussing on retina is
controlled by

The lens Ciliary muscle Suspensary ligament

Focusing
light:
For the brain to see a clear image, clear image
must be focused onto retina – light rays can be
bent or refracted to focus exactly onto retina.
Cornea bends most light and lens makes fine
adjustments – both focus light onto retina.
The image made is upside down – interpreted by
brain so you see it right way up.
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Adjusting the focus:
● Not all rays need bending by same amount.
● Example:
light rays from a distant object will almost be parallel to one
another
so will not need much bending.
light rays from a nearby object are diverging (going away
from one another) so they will need to be bent inwards strongly.
● The shape of the lens can be adjusted to bend light rays more or
less.
As the ciliary muscles are relaxed, there is no strain on the eye.
As the ciliary muscles are contracted, there is strain on the eye, which can cause a headache if a near object (book,
microscope, computer screen etc. ) is viewed for too long.
● The thicker the lens, the more it will bend light rays – the thinner
it is, the less it will bend.
● The lens is held in position by a ring of suspensory ligaments.
● The tension on suspensory ligaments and thus shape of lens is
altered by
ciliary muscle.
● When ciliary muscle contracts, the suspensory ligaments are
loosened – the lens gets thicker.
● When it relaxes, they are pulled tight – the lens is pulled thin.
 Suspenso Muscle
Position Ciliary ry tension on Lens
of object muscles ligaments lens shape
Near Contract Slackened Low Fat

High The ability

of
the lens to chang
e its shape to
focus near and
Distant Relax Stretched distant objects is Thin
WERE THE LEARNING OBJECTIVES MET?
Booklet Q-7 0610/41/MJ/19 Q-3
Booklet Q-7 0610/41/MJ/19 Q-3
BOOKLET Q- 9 0610/42/MJ/19 Q-4
0610/42/MJ/19
Q-4