1.367.

Taking into account that v = (w't/c)2, we get

To— dt
yi+ (w,002 In [.`
1` ± + ) 2] = 3.5 months.
0
1.368. m/mo 1/V2 (1. --p) 70, where 13=v/c.
1.369. v (2 ri)/(1 = 0.6c, where c is the velocity
of light. The definition of density as the ratio of the rest mass of a
body to its volume is employed here.
1.370. (c — v)Ic = 1 — [1 + (m0c/p)2] -1/2 = 0.44%.
1.371. v = (chi) 1 = 1/,c
1.372. A = 0.42 m0 c2 instead of 0.14 m0c2.
1.373. v = 1/2cV 3 = 2.6.108 m/s.
1.374. For a < 1 the ratio is T/m0c2 < 4/3 0.013.
1.375. p =V T (T +2m0c2)1c = 1.09 GeV/c, where c is the velo-
city of light.
1.376. F = (I 1 ec) V T (T +2moc2), P = T I le.
1.377. p= 2nmv2/(1 — v2/c2).
1.378. v= Fct/Vmo2 c2 + F2t2, 1 =i1(moc2IF) 2 +c2t 2— M0C2/ F
1.379. F = m0c21a.
1.380. (a) In two cases: F v and F v; (b) Fl = mow V-1 —132,
mo w/(1 —p2)3/2,where 13= v/c•
1.382. 8' e 17(1 —13)/(1 +13), where f3 = V/c, V = 3/oc.
1.383. E2 — p2c2= m,;c4, where m0 is the rest mass of the par-
ticle.
1.384. (a) T = 2m0c2 (111 +7 72moc2 — 1) =777 MeV,
=---111/2/noT = 940 MeV/c; (b) V = ci/ T/(T 2m,c2) =2.12 .108 m/s.
1.385. M0-=-112mo 2m0c2)/c, V =c1/ T 1(T +2m0c2).
1.386. T' = 2T (T +2m0c2)1moc2=1.43 .103 GeV.
1.387. Ei max = ma -Fm?— (m2+ m3)2 c2. The particle mi has the
27no
highest energy when the energy of the system of the remaining
two particles m2 and m3 is the lowest, i.e. when they move as
a single whole.
oninioN2uc
'0 , Use the momentum conservation law
1.388. v/c = 1+ (nondau/c
(as in solving Problem 1.178) and the relativistic formula for
velocity transformation.
2.1. m = pV Ap/p0 =30 g, where p0 is the standard atmospher-
ic pressure.
2.2. p = 112 (piT 2ITi — Ap) = 0.10 atm.
2.3. ml/m2 = (1 — alM2)1(alMi — 1) = 0.50, where a =
mRT/pV.
Po (nil-Fr%) —1. 5 g/1
2.4. 0 RT (ml /M l -1-m2/M2)) •
 2.5. (a) p = (v1 + v2 + v3) RT/V = 2.0 atm; (b) M =
v2M2 v31113)/(vi ± v2 v3) = 36.7 g/mol.
2.6. T olli 012— 1)/i (112 — 1) 0.42 kK.
In
2.7. n— In (1+ AIT/17) •
2.8. p =
2.9. t = (V/C) In 11 = 1.0 min.
2.10. AT = (mg PoAS) l/R ---- 0.9 K.
2.11. (a) Tmax = 3(PoIR)17 Pd 3a; (b) Tmax=Po/ePR.
2.12. Pmin = 2/117aTo.
2.13. dT/dh = —MgIR = —33 mK/m.
2.14. dT/dh = —Mg (n — 1)/nR.
2.15. 0.5 and 2 atm.
2.16. (a) h = RT IMg = 8.0 km; (b) h 1RTIMg = 0.08 km.
2.17. m = (1 — e -MghIRT) poSIg.
OP 00

2.18. he = .c hp dh I p dh = RTI Mg.

2.19. (a) p = Po (1 — ah.)n , h <11a; (b) p = p 01 (1 + ah)n. Here
n = MglaRT o.
2.20. p p0elt1(02r2/2RT
2.21. pid =pRTIM =80 atm; p = pRTI(M — pb) — ap2/M2=
= 80 atm.
2.22. (a) T = a (V — b) (1 + 1))/RV (QV b) = 133 K; (b)
p = RTI(V — b) — alV2 =9.9 atm.
2.23. a = V2 (T1p2 — T 2pi)I(T 2 — T1) = 185 atm•12/mo12 , b
= V — R (T 2 — T1)I(p2 — pi) = 0.042 1/mol.
2.24. x = VZ (V — b)-2/1R7T3 — 2a (V — b)2].
2.25. T > a/bR.
2.26. U = pVl•y — 1) = 10 ML
2.27. AT = 1/2/Vv2 (' — 1)/R.
2.28. T = T1T2 + P2 V2)/(PiViT2 p2V2T1); P
(PiVi P2V2)/(Vi + V2).
2.29. AU = —poVATIT 0 (7 — 1) = —0.25 kJ, Q' —AU.
2.30. Q = A?/(? — 1) = 7 J.
2.31. A = RAT = 0.60 kJ, AU = Q — RAT = 1.00 kJ,
.17 = Ql(Q — RAT) = 1.6.
2.32. Q = vRT 0 (1 — 1/n) = 2.5 kJ.
2.33. vai (v1-1)___ .33.
vl (72 —1) ± V2 (71 -1)
2.34. cy = 0.42 J/(g•K), cp = 0.65 J/(g•K).
2.35. A RT (n — 1. — ln n).
2.36. A' = PoVo In [(n + 1)2/44
2.37. y = 1 + (n — 1)1(Q1vRT, — ln n) = 1.4.
2.38. See Fig. 13 where V is an isochore, p is an isobaric line, T
is an isothermal line, and S is an adiabatic line.
2.39. (a) T = T - niv = 0.56 kK; (b) A' = RT ivy
— 1)/(y — 1) = 5.6 kJ
 2.40. The work in the adiabatic process is n = (iv -
-1)/(y — 1) In n = 1.4 times greater.
2.41. T = To [(71 + 1)2/401-1)/2.
2.42. v = 112yRT1(y — 1) M = 3.3 km/s.
2.43. Q = RAT (2 — y)/(y — 1).
2.45. Cr, = R (n — 7)/(n — — 1); Cn < 0 for 1 < n < T.
2.46. C = R (n y)1 (n — 1) (y — 1) = —4.2 J/(K•mol), where
n= In 13/In a.
2.47. (a) Q = R (n — y) AT 1(n — 1) (y — 1) = 0.11 kJ; (b)
A = —RAT1(n — 1) = 0.43 kJ.

(a) (6) I
Fig. 13.

2.48. (a) AU = aV,;(112 — 1)/(y — 1); (b) A = 112aq (112— 1);

(c) C = 1/2R (y + 1)/(y — 1).
2.49. (a) C = —R/(y — 1); (b) TV(Y-1-)/2 = const; (c) A =
= 2RT0(1 — -Y)12)/(7 - 1).
2.50. (a) A = (1 — a) RAT; (b) C = R/(y — 1) + R (1 — a);
C < 0 for a > y/(y — 1).
2.51. (a) A = AU (y — 1)/a; Q = AU El (y — 1)/al; (b) C
= R1(y — 1) + R/a.
2.52. (a) C = Cv + R/aV; (b) C = Cv + R/(1 + aV).
2.53. (a) C = TR/(y — 1) + aR/P017; (b) AU = Po (V2 -
- Vi)/(y — 1); A = Po (V2 — V1) 1 a In (v 21v1); Q = w (V2
- -

— 1) + a In (V2/V1).
2.54. (a) C = Cp + RTolaV; (b) Q = aEp (V2 — V1) +
RT 0 In (V2/V1).
2.55. (a) Ve 7R = const; (b) TeR/fw = const; (c) V — aT
-21

= const.
2.56. (a) A = a In II —RT0 (1— 1)/(y —1); (b) p -VY ea (v-i)/pv,.
= const.
V2 b ( 1
2.57. A=RT In —+ —
where a and b are Van
Fi —b a V2 VI-----)

der Waals constants.

2.58. (a) AU= alV alV 2=0.11 kJ; (b) Q=RT in V2 b
- =
=3.8 kJ.
 2.59. (a) T (V — b)Ricv = const;
(b) Cp —CV — I-2a (V — RTV 3 •
vaV2 (y-1)
2.60. AT= Rv, (V„-{-v,) 3.0 K.
2.61. Q = Oa (V2 — V1)1VIV2 = 0.33 kJ.
2.62. n = p/kT = 1.105 cm-3; (1) = 0.2 mm.
2.63. p = (1 mRTI MV = 1.9 atm, where M is the mass
of an N2 mole.
2.64. n = (p/kT — p/m2)/(1 — ml/m2) = 1.6.1019 cm-3, where
ml and m2are the masses of helium and nitrogen molecules.
2.65. p = 2nmv2 cost 0 = 1.0 atm, where m is the mass of a
nitrogen molecule.
2.66. i = 2/(pv2 /p — 1) = 5.
2.67. v/vn + 2)/3i; (a) 0.75; (b) 0.68.
(3N — 3) kT for volume molecules.
2.68. (8)=
(3N — 5/2) kT for linear molecules.
1/2(N-1) and 1/(2N-5/3) respectively.
2.69. (a) CV =7/2R, y = 9/7; (b) CV = (3N — 5/2) R, y
= (6N — 3)/(6N — 5); (c) Cr = 3 (N — 1) R, y =
= (N — 213)/(N — 1).
1/(3N — 2) for volume molecules,
2.70. A/Q=
1/(3N — 3/2) for linear molecules.
For monoatomic molecules A/Q = 2/5.
2.71. M = RI(cp— cv.) = 32 g/mol. i = 2/(cp/cv — 1) = 5.
2.72. (a) i = 2 (CpIR — 1) = 5; (b) i = 2 [C/R 1/(n — 1)] =
= 3, where n = 1/2 is the polytropic index.
2.73. y = (5v1 7v2)/(3v1 5v2).
2.74. Increases by Aplp = Mv2IiRT = 2.2%, where i = 5.
2.75. (a) vn=-113RTIM= 0.47 km/s, (8)= 3/2kT = 6.0-10-21 J;
(b) 3 1/2kTlapd3= 0.15 m/s.
2.76. 11= 7.6 times.
2.77. Q = 112 — 1) imRTIM = 10 kJ.
2.78. Wsq= 172kTa = 6.3 • 10 12 rad/sec.
2.79. (€),..,t = kToi2/i = 0.7.10-2° J.
2.80. Decreases 11(11-1)/1times, where i = 5.
2.81. Decreases 11(i-10-2) = 2.5 times.
2.82. C = 1/2R (i 1) = 3R.
2.83. vp , = 112p/p = 0.45 km/s, (v) = 0.51 km/s,
= 0.55 km/s.
2.84. (a) 6NIN = (8/1/n) e-161 = 1.66%;
(b) ON IN = 12 1/-3/2n e-3/28i = 1.85%.
m (Av) MV2
2.85. (a) T = —380 K; (b) T = 2k =340 K.
k -v- 2 )2
i) 3kTo •ri
2.86. (a) T — 4k ln (v2/vi ) —330 K; (b) v= V m 1-1 •
 2.87. T — 2k (i AvN)m 0)2— 0.37 kK.
m
3kT 1n (m2/m1)
2.88. v = =1.61 km/s.
M2 — 1
2.89. T = 113mv21k.
2.90. dN/N = (-7 2' ) 3/2 e-mv212hT 2nvl dvl dvx.
2akT
2.91. (vx )= 0, (I vx ) =1/.2kT I nm•
2.92. (v1) = kT/m.
2.93. v =1/4r1 (v), where (v) = li8kT/am.
Co

2.94. p = 2mvx• vx dn (vx) = nkT , where dn (vx) =

(m12nkT) 1/2 n • e-m4/2hT dvx.

2.95. (1/v) =1/2mInkT = 4n (v).
2.96. dN/N= 21s (nkT)-3/2e-ena dc; ep,=1/2kT; no.
2.97. SNIN = 3 6n e-3126i= 0.9%.
CO

Q AN 231 8 e-e/kT de.

2.90 — = 1/
(nkT) 312 J
The principal contribution to the value of the integral is provided
by the smallest values of a, namely a x a o. The slowly varying factor
lii-can be taken from under the radical sign if ascribed the constant
value 1/- so. Then
AN 1 N = 2 V eolnkT e-sona
2.99. (a) vp,. = 1/3kT/m; (b) a pr =kT.
00

2.100. dv = dn (42143-t)v cos 0 = n (2kT/am)I/2sin 0 cos 0 de.

v=-0
n/2
2.101. dv = dn (d52/4n) v cos 0 = n (m/2akT)3/2 e-mv2/ 211Tv3 dv.
e=o
2.102. F = (kT I Ah) ln = 0.9.10-0 N.
2.103. NA = (6RT Ind3Apgh) ln 6.4.1023 mo1-1.
2.104. 11/10 = ec.m2-m1vninT = 1.39 .
kT In (n21%)
2.105. h —
(m2 mi) g •
—

2.106. Will not change.

2.107. (U) = kT. Does not depend.
2.108. w riliT I M1 N 70 g.
2RTp In 1
2.109. M —
(P— Po) (r2— r?) 0)2 •
2.110. co = V (2RT M12) ln rl = 280 rad/s.
2.111. (a) dN = no e-ar2/hT4ar2 dr; (b) kT/a; (c) dN =
= (a/akT)3/2 e-ar2/14T4TEr2 dr; (d) Will increase 13/2-fold.
 2.112. (a) dN= (2nno/a3/2) e-UMT VU dU; (b) Up,=1/2kT.
2.113. In the latter case.
2.114. (a) II= 1 — ni-- ? = 0.25; (b) = 1 — ni /Y-1= 0.18.
2.115. 8 = (1 — 11)/1 = 9.
2.116. -11 = 1 — 2T3/(T1 + T2).
2.117. n = — = 60%.
2.118. 11 = 1 — n-(1-1/1)•
2.119. 71 = 1 — (n + 7)41 + yn)
2.120. In both cases 11 =1
- 1
2.121. In both cases Ti =1 n
2.122. =1 :nn •
1-"I
n 1
2.123. (a) 11=1— ‘,7 --
-

,
(b) = 1
ni — 1 y (n-1) 0-1
(n—i)
2.124. (a) 11= 1 n-1-1-(y — 1) n Inn '
n-1+(y-1)Inn
(b) it =1 y (n-1)
- (T 1) In v
2.125. —
ti In v —1)/(y —1) '
(t— 1) In n
2.126. rl =
ti In n (T-1) y/(y —1) •
2.127. 11-1 2 7+1/T
(1-1-v) (1-1-177)
2.128. The inequality .Q 1— 8Q; <0 becomes even stronger
T2
when Ti is replaced by T,,,„„ and T2 by Trnin Then Qiirmax
Q;amin< O. Hence
Qi —Q; Tnta:m—aTurin pdp
< or 1<llcarnot• (61 41
2.129. According to the Carnot theorem P
WW 1 =dTIT. Let us find the expressions
for 811 and 8Q1. For an infinitesimal Carnot
cycle (e.g. parallelogram 1234 shown in
Fig. 14)
lkfc/V
SA = dp-dV = (OpIOT)vdT • dV,
= p dV = away), + p] dV.
[( Fig. 14.
It remains to substitute the two latter expressions into the former one.
Ryln1.
2.130. (a) AS = 19 JAK • mol); (b) AS — yRy In1 n = —

= 25 J/(K • mol).
2.131. n = eAs/". = 2.0.
2.132. AS = vR ln n = 20 PK.
2.133. AS = M y-1
In n = —10 37K.
2.134. AS = In a — in 6) vR/(? — 1) = —11 J/K.
 yin
2.135. 152-S1=-•vR (In a =1.0 J/K.
(n 'OR
2.136. AS =
(n-1) (v —1) In T.
2.137. AS —v(+1).R
v
71
ln a 46 J/K.
2.138. V7n Vo/a (1 +1').
2.139. T = To+ (R/a) In (V/Vo)•
2.140. AS = R In [(V2 — b)/(Vi— b)].
2.141. AS = Cv In (T2/T1) + R In [(V2— b)/(Vi — b)].
2.142. S = aT3/3.
2.143. AS = m [a In (T2/T1) + b (T 2 — T
Ti)] = 2.0 kJ/K. C>0
2.144. C = Sin; C <0 for n <0.
2.145. T = T oes-sox. See Fig. 15.
2.146. (a) C= —air; (b) Q.- a In (T1/T2);
(c) A = a In (Ti/T2) + Cv T2)• C<0
2.147. (a) = (n — 1)/2n; (b) = (n —
—1)/(n + 1).
2.148. AS = vR In n = 20 J/K. so
2.149. AU = (2Y-1— 1) RT0/(y —1), AS Fig. 15.
= R In 2.
2.150. The pressure will be higher after the fast expansion.
2.151. AS = v1R In (1 + n) + v2 R In (1 + 1/n) = 5.1 J/K.
2.152. AS = m1cl In (T/Ti) + m2c2 In (T/T 2) = 4.4 J/K, where
7' = + m2c2 T2)/(m1c1 + m2c2), c1 and c2 are the specific
heat capacities of copper and water.
+ Ts)2
2.153. AS = Cv In (T 4Ti rg >0.
2.154. (a) P .112N; (b) N — hrog(t2IT) 80, where 10-2 s is
the mean time which takes a helium atom to cover distances of
the order of the vessel's dimensions.
2.155. Op,. = Ar1/1(N/2)!P = 252. Pnia = 52p7.12N = 24.6%.
N!
2.156. Po,— • 1/32, 5/32, 10/32, 10/32, 5/32, 1/32
n! (N—n)! 2N '
respectively.
2.157. Pn=
n1ovNI where p.V /V°.
2.158. d= )376/Icn0re= 0.4 fun, where no is Loschmidt's num-
ber; (n) = 1.0 .106.
2.159. Will increase S2/00 = (1 + AT/To)iNA/2 = 101.31.10"
times.
2.160. (a) Ap = 4a/d = 13 atm; (b) Ap = 8a/d = 1.2.10-3atm.
2.161. h = 4alpgd = 21 cm.
2.162. a = 1/8pod (1. — re/n)/(112 — 1).
2.163. p = po + p gh 4a/d 2.2 atm.
2.164. h= [Po (n3— 1) + 4a (n2— 1)/d1/pg = 5 m.
2.165. Ah = 4a I cos 0 I (d2 — dOldid 2pg = 11 mm.