Date

Page No.
Expt. No.

Ai HamilianikAlin_Anh_kasia elontionnia canmhaudts

Aml MmadUHiMg AuHAIE

AhlhaaiARAiAlDLs,_Eern apailous amd Snductor

CaMlually dn_M Vlal)_

(A RERLSTORs

icedHLAiAIKA 1aiale Ksistoz

tied udistors AkL eui yhl iean this luhe e uisls this
limsak KeBislosheae aleotnical"HMiKtamal n2alu
AiATORB_ haue fimed alul_
2 Thy aut alaski fud imto 2, ho nMkialle uLAiLtoua
A Alsaipied mle die
um_theinmaamuaotuning - k i Ihit as allesuni"
iAs Ama ndtiials uhicdl
im thiix mamulalunimga
B.Couahliuly n0Hialue
aCanlem_conhagiiora otimliierinilia
Chick_ilm Mital_film)
duailMi HOALAlA4s_
lum m_
diiy mtal _sniol
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Expt. No. Page No.

r MNEMONIC o REMEMBER-
h hiud band dindu Ih Jnd
38R of Cret rtan hod aVery Cod te laisTor digi-Jara5land
Color Digit Multiplier Tolerance (%)
(1)
Black
Brown 10 h lost aad dnmlu thi toluama
10
Red
Orange 3
Yellow 10

Green
0.5
0.25
Aalu AoM lu my_iandanlui_elhu 90-102.
Blue
Violet 10 0. iin 1200 uiuisl Aiitn a 101 Tslusnet cam mian ii
Grey mlu oam u mykid 2alu bls 102-132 .
White
God
10
10 kio de hus i some "gherloh hlu 100 L1202 KALiLtauc
Silver 102 10
20
ia inms ita limili
(none)

anlem Hilm Kuistoss

t gUmLual hunhokL q_Ahiah utuiAlak
2okaace_e ktaiatáma aluu i LBually +-52
CARBON FLM RESISTOR

Matal gilaa kisisleord

Laud uhen higbur Tluane is nudid it meu valul
2 hy haus_als t0.051 telouamel

METAL FILM RESIS1OR iahounadRaitors

EE Anad mital Hedatamol 2uik_Amd thus lhy sDm le
w0mulactikud to_xcise_12aluu
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2igh altage uusistars Aon lu mad1i ly thisk_ uus

malikial.
3 i usumd stAiLTax _in_raaic case asi callbd anamie

CAPACITOR
B) CAPACITORS
t iA oneshhaskise_Lemomuala like stuisto eey
Atd isn te stioxe the oharp Val shaug ik storidn th
o "elcieical Pil"Cahacitoh hlay a maio
pn mahy sliotiical'amd sletanis oisoit._
Cennskuctien Chhaoil
Thu brauaie eadkustien all sahacilis isal Tura hasall
naotal_hlaiis deharalid lyf'aa_indiilatiag matial Caichcl
negatve
charge
hn innkulaloa ii a maiuial ashioh sherku high hedztaaues Te
connection |utting to loio uded ie aain, ihi tuhisae &l pape
Positive
charge. hy axtMade ly takimg thin 8taihlmial kil ti
connection ahhohhiat dilustue nhat+sial L damálusohing him Leqettpr.
- dielectric
Capacilo Ochiwe Muge akia LThus _la:gp Lahakihmed, y
metal plate
huttinng a dilhotio slu 2 layns emild al Lrallng t
aluminum
plastic
insulation
Cahaaiamee
ahacipss ARL maukud_usithA1alul_aukhich indioaliA Thuis
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Lcahacitamel -hilk Aliliy T JoL Ahauge Lahacilane

Lcnn letheuglt af_As hi houical calianity'af
that
rody. is muasimed in Hanadk.
Mot-Man: Loukismq Ueltage
94th aaltage acus 'A Lahäclor h Tes high he imsulatye
th hlata ailA Te imauläli LLhaMge_hastha um ML
Jalat to'tho olhiu. Lahacilor ArL AImmaskid quith the
onaawkinng_neltage o hilh ihu uss auaid kiluatin
t sahociax ashieh eLeds alost tue thieli ef thisvalu
uhieialty jo altinagiag cusunt oiuilh.
Mathtamalical Nala

L=CxV -telal change

C-pahocitaoe
y- oltoge
2dymammie_diwrihtien ie,ne thalf shamges_uilh imne
wauid leI=CkdvI just thi fial dinivalie
olt
etale ds0uihlien Cih eonstwxot TianteIh h uah at
skich change Merua hia L&kalinlly says-the ligges thu
Cuxkathi_fhuhe tha cahasi aaltagt

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Classiicalin oahanili-
Ua-Polnuiged Polauiapd1
CHamaie lLaualytic
2 ultilaye 2lantalin
aPotystyulans_kilb 2e uhis
huy hae heilu mo aigtik
oldaea
CERAMIC CAPACITOoR Phy olonf haue hasilie _amd
Lue_ellakedi

CAanin Lakaoitass
hy Ar thi onot uud cahadile in thnlteic innalusta
Condaoaie cahaailors haue iadoahasilanL ukually
ap_mnall Ioth hhyicsl_dibslansihnl ahacitame). The
coltacitamo ofQuamie cahasilns is Ludualy n thu_HMng2
hicolarnds fus miese forads ls10LE).Thy_2e ne-elduiad
ELECTROLYTIC CAPACI TOR p oalneitphs l humol oom lu usud in "Ih DCAell
os AC cisouils
leakalio Lahacilps
Thiy au halauiaed Amd must le esmmetlid the coukiaT

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0 . 1

cahaoitorsecauu_ihy_ai clhanlyhinatud wilt thuin

CohacilaneL Ama lingi kalinag
SMALL VALUES lnAlauia d mnailins -mallaluus Lule luE)
T 1au Juizalid lut uilhaut a multihli,do iyou niud
e se ahiniumoe Te LAOk out uhat thí uliihliu shauld l

|an-halauiad capocilos-ohaciler mumlur oede

102 d munaler Deds is ein uad en duall eahaaitou qh
alina i diult ht 1s n0:insist digit,2nd noi
CAPACIT OR NuMGER CoDE
aLsbiage_kalinng i e: 102 mars 1000pELt 102pE)_
|H12=u206pF (T-s taloname)_
W=halauig d cahnailers- lahadler eslsa cod

CahaciOHA JMKHiDA
omloms 2 gh MBLl RAbaaitos LmorDd im Bimgl_lima.
CAPACITOR CoLOR CoDE Poaitie _hlat _Labaailou Cmmectzd ta snegative hlat
e n t cabadiloe

Ic =_IEI2

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Expt. No.

T tatal chaxg
Ic= cahacim CunKL
C1 C2 C hisn th1 Cahaiors arl LnIid n eziA Llhange
ter oniA owahacilius kammL Aianiti e eleoliens quuil_
He thush iaeh apaailo eoails hu Ahauge
CAPACITORS IN SERIES ach hlati"is ceming eadjaaiilhlali,de colemk

SauialiAt capagllnmal a Mue Laho.cilss im deuis

Ceap CL C2

Cea= CCa
C+ Cal

LapaaiteA inn_hoAll
him he apmilos ake Lnnslua i_hauallhl tho fotal
Cahaoihaog raluu is _inouinsldThe aiA ual_ahhlioaliies
uhss higbuk cahncitames aralus At ulauiaa
I Thi eäpaailss Ushioh aHO LLomenlid ii þaHallal_hauw th
am 0ltage Lis eaLual To Th1 VTanhlitd_blus h nut A
CAPACITORS IN PARALLE L uthui inhinaals e{ the ciouir.
VT=VL= Va

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Expt. No. Page No.

2aea ditiiaal auea tho oeil._

nductiu kick
n_inoluative kiek is cahal huedusing a mnatar
ltage that is mueh highiu iam ho aaltage ef thu heuul
sourth fhat uhhlind thu awxnat to Anli iz'mágmitia knld
his timherary Altage i calllod om_inuoliue Jenks-
canapl tphlicaltens emduoinduiou te_hueidra
aduuoisekisk ls a eralkushen engnt igitien yulthat
CLatLA thu thork acuss iho 40h shaisk hug.

Raultf: taailiati ~aaniliaisatien with bauio ehatuenicd

INDUCTIVE Kic
Conohntaama miadusing daurons 2utaA_deral

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Page No.
Expt. No. 2

characinistios chasadinislies
Jo kners amol tahlain
hu V-I d n : e kmeme aMd nhlain tho V-I
wm: PN unoion dibo P-NJumatiendieale

P.Njumelien dieole , Hedisl, Ommulin Ahhanalis: PN Jumt*eu diedi, dis L Ammmtli p0lt
pha-aus: vOltimilb, Comielng ainl.
- l nLcim hs(Hklualls don_o
Vlal
hy
P-umtion dieol
wcuil Dingrams
The dlioale ia aduin ozamia pM_a junelien e n-tyhe
P-N jumetion disoe| Lp-tyh dsmicemduelor!maiual. e ad Lonmietid To
Aude pl Cathode(a b - i gmalinial i alled Tho amede L the had ceamustid
e -yhe maalininl js thoLathede gemeral, he atede
dioh is maskd ly a elid liane h the died.
Foruward-iasud www
RFt.nc AP
PN jumetien died Humotiwn P-N}nmalin dindi in_Jousaud lias
hi haailiu tixmimal lalliy ia Leneclid te Peido
Lamede)L th megatie tnnninsali conaeclid Te Nelas
Ccattuedu ) a diede, tha heltx in p-tyhe uaigen kh cleoTkew
n n-tuht kiion Axe hushed toruands h jumolien k siat
Te mulblizp tu dihlitiou 2ene, ducimg iti aidth.Wih
ww
nnoutnsiang ousand-1ias notag, the deplitin gee LURl
Rauersl - biased ally hecdndas thim er0ugh that thu 2ener plotaio ilo
P-N undtion died
p-n jumolien,hioh ds a 0nseaumel keadues plnalieal
'aiatanmeLThioluctzns that orosa fhu h- /umotiom imle
DC
-gh matnial asilLdia ianle nLail iutral igeu
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Page No.
Expt. No..

O8sERVATION ABLE Tha ant mineil dilpui in thi aiak ulua

ernlA delidainsthl ant Cunkeal that may los
through diem.
1 touward ias
tumetin _a P-N/umen_diead! in kuwzse ins
Voc =02V 5V
R 002 he hosiltive iummizmal e salliry is conmelid To Naid1 Lita
ngntue iuminal B Iatlzy is"Lommiolid ta Puide a died
EXPERIMENTAL TABLE

Serial Forward Forward

e y tte cunskt uill "laui uaiil th1 diedv liaksde.
o. oltage(Volt) Current(mAmp) Sh hole im thib-uhe hhatial omd lakens M M--
0589 0997
Luhe aalnial ast phuld auny m h jumalien, lau
=
0 593

0.$96
199

Lng ehiand shargrd inas 4Kolu andawing

0 599
0.601
599

499 idth o dhltbn tigen_ta inouase. Teimen heltng

0 603
o 605
5.98
bain causisng_bigh zhsistana Tp thi lus Ahaua
0 607 98
carions ths alleiing mininmal lhetkin oukril Thpaas
|LO 0 609
97 Ih smgth sdhlstioa aene olhotkie kild e- as
12 061 0
HLWr-kias haltge imono hu lolkie Pleu2 inlinaiti
2 Koverse Jias
ipnc leyerad oritiodl loel, dyhlition geau aiaksderu
curtit leginns io fleus, tihik y Zenan S AUnlameht-
EXPERIMENTAL TABLE hueLsALa
Voc = 0 2V
Serial Reverse Reverse
R= 100 2 No.Voltage(Volt)| Current(gAmp)
0.170 0.100
2 0.259
0.100
0.348 .100

0.714
0.900
.100

0.100
Iotuwakd bias-Si_aicall
1.84 .100
.9
7.92
-=

.100 ot_DC 0ltaoe To 0:2V.

10
16.8
18.9
0.100
.100 2 l t the diaalo ama hi kosisL
11
12
9.9

5.1
0.100
0.100
Btoltomiti. is hlacud hAralll Te St_diedr Lomailn in stris
13 0.1

S0.2
100

75.12
JilusiAlor
0.4
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Expt. No..

sids of diede. yalnel+k AammiD

graph of tousarnd-Liating a y tho qAltnge uhto 5VLnsti
1 V-I charactivisthic uladimg p padicilas DC
voltage.
aralimala neaaling aHAAA di dued
GRAPH PLOI

V-I Plot 6hk thi ulaalimgs L n

kamnik_HLimga
caloulale
Plot hu V-I qHaphl"elstHAL th Ahamg Amd
dypnamio iaistauel of aieae, nd=Ay
AL
whu
17
nQHaph we ale_that ALas sinlk Avduaing
15 19
13 14 16 18
os 06 7 091

Voltage
11 12
A 0.6 \V.he
hi Loushza-Jias IHOLtage _vanoAs aKoua
0tage is callla aui-im-0ttage

2 V-I Charoolvastic graph oRweral-biasim IRuAe biad-Dioale

GRAPH PLOI

V-I Plot
et DC 8ltage Te 0:2
3 oltamutin is hlaced hanallel t didoLasmmmnileh iin &ers

Tuumimal is commisid te Psidh_diede.

Voltage (V)
ou n0Hy_ thi anltag upia 30VLnli_Ommiler A Alihane
ueaollag ou DC HAltage
hTakethu thalings k motqyaltamilir ulading akss di_
Ldieolsammmili HLadig
Pist tha V-I g40ph Lshalrue tha ohasngla-
RAult:V-T hlat P-N umati diedo_uaA
Aueaiasully _dal
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shes em diede as a ellage iqula i m : e sheuz en diede As aaltag1 uiqulatoe

Aim: Ie
volitimelbe,amn,
horatns : 2on diooe, riaislove, dhauatua: Jene diede, sisl , vollontlin, Amamili
_doue
Conmuclmg wirus Cnnntim uhs , DC roltage.(qÄNlLalls

Jhioy
Circuit diaguam
esakAlieole

t ia a hicial keinad dlioal Ihal himilZ cuneiaat te

Monu in eusard dirudienA NLmmál, ut will alsA alloe
t lous ih swverse dohu ukm a qyella is alee
dsiganud o that theis reakdersn elhpi"ia muah loruts
20
1o30
aaion_ezm disale
Rs
40-
Is mpere
10-
Thy aa ehuoinl_kimd disole that pasrilh Aurnt Te leusia
esisiance L Apare orusand dikeotia
1020 30 th aeltag iA aloue ctaim nlbu, u lroskdeum 10tag A
40 10 10
tmenrn 'as 3en arollapa iandard diode, Zenen ölthgd
z Ainpere 20- ishigh Ldieole ia_pihmäasmully domaaped i MLRAL Currnt
alon hs aalu is alleed te pnsui..
Vpc ct Volt
RL Resistance
al8n uuA bias dinselunhon isbrasieolly 2A krd
LUrentlous umil thi euakdeua reltnpe"is uiachud.
Zenervolat hm thil couka thuu ia a sharp imo: im uLNAA CUnLait
tayinng amat eHAkAl CuMkl can pnAs threugh died
wtha damngimg l
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Expt. No. .

OBSERVATION ABLE em diede as 0ltagr kigulale

ener voltage (
V=) =5:1IV 0ltage Mlgulata ia on eleetzemic inouit tat huenidu a
Rs) K =1 stalk KC voltnge imdebedimt ef Leod cuwkwt, Timap:L AC
Serius Resistariee (RL) Zemth died e laakdeusn 0ltag
Aead Rrsiston =2 K2 lin ellage ntnnialiem .A Lehd
is HeULRse °Cenmuolld To imput aAltng! baunel aCuKA a
|Unregulated|| Regulated
u l main eliady al[ lak doni arlinpe fou all thu
Load Zener
Output % Voltage
Serial Current()Current(lz)||Voltage(Vo) Regulation nlus_ 2m Likket as mg as he owrbit'umainsina
No. voltage(Vs)
V
mAmp mAmp V Jruak dem keigen. HmeL_a ulgulalid DC olhdi ellagp i
NaN eltaimd achoss',thnunrhi mhut allag uwmains ukibun
0 |2.55
100
a mime Lmaz. oroltag kasicslly thua brt 2typene tgul
|2.55 ations ush as
3 2.55 100
4 6 |2.55 -1.650 5..10 83.3 int Requlation 1Sn tia tyhe e egulaliera, siis satislame
2.55 0.350 5.10 : 62.5
lerd stäistahoal ar paid, euly output
oltngr is changin ithiut 1eliage mane
|10.2 2.55 2.550 |5.10 50.0
12 2.55 |4.350 5.10 41.7 9maimlamd aleÅA min: nlu
8 14 2.55 6.350 .10 35.7 pad
dead Ragulalaa
qulatien :n this tyhe kigulotien, input vettage
(10
9 15 2.55 7.350 5.10 33.3 dYeal
ispized t leaid ulistame
udislamer is ianyisq
212 nd
15.8 2.55 8.150 5.10 33.3 Ldhut aolt uimaims samis lngds lead
11 18 |2.55 |10.350 |5.10
uuistasmeL ismaialoimud aleu mdz: aalus
12 19 2.55
27.8
|11.350 |5.10 26..3 Puoccuxe
13 20 2.55 12.350 S.10 25.0
Aut the Penai tolinge (VZ).
St the gAKiLA H`ABMdi nlul CRs)alue.
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3 t ih Kead Kisilhmer (RL) aalue..

Plet axy DC aaltage
a7alteaui ia hacid pamallel to lend nisiste Lamamaile in
hBAahhushaiai Dc aaltage iuch that zemtz diedh ia
RPHPOL
Vs-Vo Plot DC altage
8ot th1 Lend cUkhlnal (I, zemir LuenitLI), thut
0tage (Va)
QCololal he aoltage kegulstien.
Risult dimlo as0 10ltaae Hlqulatok SuealAsAully
10 1112 13 14 s 16
elsikwed
17 18 19 20
Source Voltage(Vs)

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