Accepted Manuscript

Investigating the effect of hydrogen injection on natural gas thermo-physical

properties with various compositions

Mahdi Deymi-Dashtebayaz, Amir Ebrahimi-Moghadam, Seyyed Iman Pishbin, Mahdi

Pourramezan

PII: S0360-5442(18)32183-2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.186
Reference: EGY 14083

To appear in: Energy

Received Date: 5 June 2018

Revised Date: 28 October 2018
Accepted Date: 29 October 2018

Please cite this article as: Deymi-Dashtebayaz M, Ebrahimi-Moghadam A, Pishbin SI, Pourramezan
M, Investigating the effect of hydrogen injection on natural gas thermo-physical properties with various
compositions, Energy (2018), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.186.

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Power (from renewable resources)

Higher & lower heating values (𝑯𝑯𝑽, 𝑳𝑯𝑽)

Higher & lower Wobbe indices (𝑯𝑾𝑰, 𝑳𝑾𝑰)

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Solar Wind Upper & lower flammable limits (𝑼𝑭𝑳, 𝑳𝑭𝑳)
calculate…
Energy consumption of turbo-compressors at

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pressure booster stations
NG + (1~10 vol.%) H2

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H2

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NG grid
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D
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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Investigating the Effect of Hydrogen Injection on Natural

Gas Thermo-physical Properties with Various Compositions

Mahdi Deymi-Dashtebayaz1,a, Amir Ebrahimi-Moghadam2,a,*, Seyyed Iman Pishbin3,

Mahdi Pourramezan4
1
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
2
Young Researchers and Elite Club, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

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3
Department of Research and Technology, Khorasan Razavi Gas Co., Mashhad, Iran
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of
Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

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a
Authors contributed equally to this work
*Corresponding Author:
Tel.: +989150467993,

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Email: amir_ebrahimi_051@mshdiau.ac.ir

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ABSTRACT
Blending of produced hydrogen from renewable energy resources into the natural gas (NG)
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grid has been promoted as a viable means of energy transportation and long-time storage in
large-scales. However, variation of thermo-physical properties of hydrogen-NG admixture
can impact the performance of the measuring devices, accessories, and end-use appliances.
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Therefore, present work investigates the effect of the hydrogen addition on the thermo-
physical properties of NG from gas fields with different compositions. The permissible
hydrogen concentration, which obviates the need for alteration or modification of the
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equipment, is considered to be between 1~10 vol.%. The investigations are conducted on the
most important characteristics of the mixture, and it is observed that hydrogen injection into
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NG increases the upper and lower flammability limits and compressibility factor, while both
lower and higher heating values, lower and higher Wobbe indices, along with the relative
density decrease with hydrogen concentration increase. Results show that although injecting
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up to 10 vol.% hydrogen into NG causes a reduction of about 7% in lower heating value for
investigated compositions, the NG consumption with the NG+H2 admixture is reduced about
3.5%. Energy consumption of the compressors increases by around 9 to 14%, depending on
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the composition of the NG.

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Keywords: Power-to-Gas (P2G); Hydrogen blending; Heating value; Flammability limit;

Wobbe index; Turbo-compressors energy consumption

1. Introduction
Increasing the levels of greenhouse gas emissions and the global energy rising demand due to
the intensification of the process of industrialization have increased the need for new eco-
friendly methods of power generation [1–5]. Although solar and wind energies, as renewable
resources, have shown a great potential, their utilization still faces difficulties due to their
instability and other natural constraints [6–8]. From the electricity industry point of view,

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needed output of renewable power resources can be adapted as compensation for lack of
conventional power generation, but excess renewable electricity production would necessitate
utilizing efficacious and practical energy storage techniques. Although methods such as
batteries, compressed air, flywheels, capacitors etc. are suitable for small-scale storage,
higher capacities could be realized with hydrogen as an energy vector [9].
As mentioned previously, renewable resources such as solar energy and wind power are
unstable, which indicates the importance of energy storage [10–12]. Power-to-Gas (P2G) is a
relatively new technology to produce hydrogen or methane (with optionally utilizing a

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methanation plant) from these energy resources. This technology has the ability to store a
large amount of energy on a large scale for a long time [13,14]. The hydrogen that is thereby
generated can be stored in pressure storage banks or transported through the hydrogen

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pipelines. The stored portion might be employed to generate electricity with fuel cells or
hydrogen combustion engines. Additionally, hydrogen with a specified percentage could be

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injected into the NG distribution grid and engines [15].
The researches presented in the literature concerning NG+H2 blending can be categorized
into two main groups: hydrogen used as a gaseous fuel in combustion engines [16–18], and

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hydrogen injected into the NG pipelines [19–21]. Among the works in the former group,
Korsakas et al. [22] experimentally investigated the effect of hydrogen addition on the
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efficiency and ecological parameters of the heavy-duty vehicles (public transport bus) for
hydrogen admixing rate from 5 vol.% up to 20 vol.% in the NG fuel. Furthermore, Yue [23]
studied the hydrogen admixing (up to the 30 vol.%) impact on the performance of a modified
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single-cylinder CNG engine.

In the second category, recent researches have been conducted on the effects of hydrogen
injections into NG pipelines as an important application of the P2G technology. It should be
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noted that, in general, the maximum recommended amount for the injection of hydrogen into
NG pipelines is 10 vol.%. It is reported that injection of up to 10% hydrogen by volume,
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doesn’t necessitate modifying the current gas infrastructure, as well as the equipment of NG
end-users (domestic and industrial). For the cases of more than 10 vol.% hydrogen injection,
the measuring instruments, control stations and gas transmission equipment such as
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compressors should be altered [15,24,25].

The effects of hydrogen injection on some thermodynamic and transportation properties of
NG was presented by Schouten et al. [26]. They concluded that hydrogen injection causes a
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reduction in the temperature drop (at the pressure reduction stations), energy density and
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Wobbe index. Hamersma et al. [27] studied the influence of the hydrogen admixing to NG on
the route performance in horizontal T-junction. The results of their investigations showed that
hydrogen addition into an NG stream causes a different splitting behavior in comparison to
the same NG stream without hydrogen injection. In another work, Hernandez-Rodriguez et
al. [28] studied hydrogen admixing effects on the transmitted power of an NG pipeline. Based
on their findings, a maximum of around 6% hydrogen by volume could be added to NG for
their investigated gas pipeline. Leicher et al. [29] presented an overview for some of the key
results of a P2G research project. In the project, the impact of hydrogen addition into the NG
pipelines was investigated on the combustion characteristics of the NG. Pourramezan et al.
[25] provided a technical review for investigating the effect of the hydrogen addition on the
NG burning characteristics. They stated that, addition of up to 10 vol.% hydrogen to NG is

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tolerable for most of the gas burning equipment, based on the literature. Vries et al. [30]
studied the influence of hydrogen admixing on the combustion performance of domestic
appliances. They introduced hydrogen injection to the NG as an application of P2G
technology, and investigated the effect of hydrogen injection on the burning velocities and
Wobbe index.
The permissible concentration of hydrogen in NG has been of great interest to the
researchers. As mentioned before, addition of hydrogen into the NG pipelines is one of the
most important applications of the produced hydrogen in the P2G process. Taking into

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account the presented literature review, due to the novelty of this topic, there is still no
similar investigation on the effect of hydrogen injection on natural gas thermo-physical
properties with various compositions. In summary, the novelties and objectives of the present

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work can be demonstrated as follows:
• Almost all the previous studies have focused on studying the effect of hydrogen

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injection into NG only from the combustion characteristics point of view. To the best
of the authors’ knowledge, there is no study that investigated the effect of NG+H2
blending on all of the important characteristics of the mixture. As a result the present

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work investigates the effect of hydrogen injection on all important thermo-physical
properties of NG.
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• For the simplicity of the problem and reduction of the computational time, all
previous works have used simple empirical real-gas equations of state (EoS) to
calculate thermo-physical properties. Therefore, the present study utilizes the AGA8
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EoS, as the most well-known and accurate EoS in NG industry for the calculation of
the mixture thermo-physical properties.
• Although most researches considered the methane as NG, as the first study in the
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field, all of the components of the NG have been considered in the calculations, which
makes the results more reliable and closer to real conditions. Furthermore, the effect
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of different NG compositions has been investigated. For this purpose, the samples
from five Iranian gas fields have been modeled as case studies.
• The effect of 1~10 vol.% hydrogen injection is investigated on all important
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properties of NG, including density, higher and lower heating values (HHV and LHV),
higher and lower Wobbe indices (HWI and LWI), higher and lower flammability
limits (HFL and LFL). Furthermore, as an application of the calculations, the effect of
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hydrogen concentration is investigated on the energy consumption of the turbo-

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compressors at NG pressure booster stations.

2. P2G technology
P2G is a novel technology to store hydrogen and methane as energy carriers. A schematic
diagram of the different parts of a P2G system and the connections between them is drawn in
Fig. 1. According to the figure, hydrogen is produced by using an initial input power (wind
power, solar energy or even electricity grid) and using electrolysis process. In the next step,
the produced hydrogen is converted to methane using a methane production (methanation)
unit. Based on the usage of the P2G plant, the methanation unit is an optional component.
Generating methane in P2G process needs CO2, which is considered as the main causes of

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global warming. Accordingly, using a methanation unit leads to carbon sequestration, which
may be used as a remedy for the environmental consequences of climate change. In addition
to produce methane, hydrogen can be directly stored (in hydrogen reservoirs) or fed into the
NG pipelines. The economic profit margin of the technology varies according to the utilized
capacity. It means that bigger P2G plants with higher capacities propose higher economic
efficiency. Furthermore, since hydrogen admixing into the NG network is one of the main
methods of energy storage in P2G systems, determination of the NG+H2 mixture thermo-
physical properties is of great importance.

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E l e c t r o l y s i s
CO2
sources
H2

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CH4
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NG
H2 grid
cars
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H2 Industrial
uses
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storage

Fig. 1. Main components of P2G technology

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3. Methodology
This section presents how to calculate the thermo-physical properties of NG+H2 mixture
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with various compositions. In the first step, the method of computing the compressibility
factor and then density using AGA8 EoS is explained. Afterward, using the thermodynamic
and physical relations, the useful thermo-physical properties for various mixtures of the
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NG+H2 are computed.

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AGA8 model is intended for specific range of the gas components. Table 1 shows range of
the gas characteristics in which AGA8 EoS model could be employed [31,32]. This EoS has
acceptable performance and high accuracy in the temperature range between -130 °C and 403
°C and for a pressure up to 280 MPa. The compositions and actual molecular weight for 5
major NG fields in Iran are listed in Table 2. The investigations are applied for these five NG
fields.

Table 1. Range of gas mixture characteristics in AGA8 model [31–33]

Component (mole %) Normal Range Expanded Range

Methane 45 to 100 0 to 100

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Nitrogen 0 to 50 0 to 100
Carbon Dioxide 0 to 30 0 to 100
Ethane 0 to 10 0 to 100
Propane 0 to 4 0 to 12
Total Butanes 0 to 1 0 to 6
Total Pentanes 0 to 0.3 0 to 4
Hexanes Plus 0 to 0.2 0 to Dew Point
Helium 0 to 0.2 0 to 3

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Hydrogen 0 to 10 0 to 100
Carbon Monoxide 0 to 3 0 to 3

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Argon 0 0 to 1
Oxygen 0 0 to 21
Water 0 to 0.05 0 to Dew Point

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Hydrogen Sulphide 0 to 0.02 0 to 100

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Table 2. The specifications (compositions and actual molecular weight) of
the NG fields in Iran [34,35]
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Gas field
Component
Kangan Gashu Khangiran Pars Bidboland
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CH4 90.04 79.08 98.6 87 80.01

C2H6 3.69 0.91 0.59 5.4 1.38
C3H8 0.93 0.36 0.09 1.7 0.49
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I-C4H10 0.2 0.09 0.02 0.3 0.34

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N-C4H10 0.29 0.18 0.04 0.45 0.65

I-C5H12 0.14 0.08 0.02 0.13 0.10
N-C5H12 0.08 0.07 0.02 0.11 0.09
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N-C6H14 0.14 0.69 0.07 0.07 0.09

+C7H16 0.01 0 0 0.03 0
N2 4.48 5.14 0.55 3.1 5.41
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CO2 0 7.08 0 1.71 8.41

H2S 0 6.32 0 0 3.03
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H2O 0 0 0 0 0
MW (kg/kmol) 17.79 20.67 16.36 18.69 20.51

3.1. AGA8 EoS

As previously stated, this study calculates the thermo-physical properties based on AGA8
EoS. The general form of the real gas EoS is presented as Eq. (1) [36].
pV = Zρ RT (1)
where, p, V, Z, ρ , R and T are pressure, volume, compressibility factor, molar density,
universal gas constant, and temperature, respectively.

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In AGA8 method, the compressibility factor should be calculated by employing the
following equation [31,32]:
 

Z = 1 + Bρ − ρ  C∗ +  C∗ D∗ (2)

 
In which, B, ρ , C∗ and D∗ (n=1,…, 58) are the second virial coefficient, reduced density,
and AGA8 EoS coefficients, which are defined as follows, respectively [37]:
 - -

B =  a T   x$ x% E$%" 'K $% − 1)(K $ K % ), B$%
!" ! ∗

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(3)
 $ %
ρ = K ρ  (4)
C∗ = a (G + 1 − g  )0" (Q, + 1 − q  )3" (F + 1 − f )5" U !" T !"

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(5)
D∗ = (b − c k  ρ " )ρ " exp(−c ρ " )
: ; :
(6)
In which, a , b , c , f , g  , k  , q  and u are coefficients of AGA8 EoS. Parameters E$% ,

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B$% and K are binary interaction energy parameter, binary interaction parameter and mixture
∗

size parameter that are defined as Eq. (7) to Eq. (9), respectively. Parameters G, Q, F and U
are mixture parameters that are defined as Eq. (10) to Eq. (13), respectively. Also, x$ and x% ,

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K $ and K % , K $% and N are mole fraction of the components i and j, size parameter of the
components i and j, binary interaction size parameter (between i and j components) and
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number of components in gas mixture [37].
E$% = E$%∗ AE$ E%
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(7)
0"
B$%
∗
= 'G$% + 1 − g  ) (Q$ Q% + 1
5"
F"
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− q ) BAF$ F% + 1 − f C 'S$ S% + 1 − s ) (W$ W% + 1 − w )H"

(8)
3"

,
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- -  -

K = I x$ x$ J + 2   x$ x% 'K $%
,
− 1)(K $ K % ), (9)
$ $ %$L
- -  -
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G =  x$ G$ +   x$ x% 'G$%∗ − 1)(G$ + G% ) (10)

$ $ %$L
-
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Q =  x$ Q $ (11)
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$
-

F =  x$, F$ (12)
$
- , -  - 
 
U = I x$ E$ J + 2   x$ x% 'U$%
,
− 1)(E$ E% ), (13)
$ $ %$L
G$% ∗ (G$ + G% )
∗
G$% =
2
(14)
The parameters E$ and E% , F$ and F% , G$ and G% , Q$ and Q% , S$ and S% , W$ and W% are energy
parameter of the components i and j, high temperature parameter of the components i and j,

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orientation parameter of the components i and j, quadrupole parameter of the components i
and j, dipole parameter of the components i and j, association parameter of the components i
and j. Parameters s and w are constants of AGA8 EoS. Also, G$% , U$% , E$%∗ and G$%∗ are binary
interaction parameters between i and j components.
It should be mentioned that all of the required coefficients in Eqs. (2) to (14) are
introduced in references [31,32].
By substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (2), the only unknown parameter is molar density (the
temperature, pressure and composition of the NG are taken as input parameters). The molar

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density is calculated using Newton-Raphson iterative method. An absolute error from the
order of 10-6 is considered for calculations, which guarantees the validity and accuracy of the
results. The density of the NG is then calculated by the following equation:

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ρ = MH ρ (15)
where, MH is the molecular weight of the mixture. Having the amount of the molar

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density, compressibility factor is calculated using Eq. (15).

3.2. Calculation of NG heating value

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The heating value (or energy value) of a substance, such as NG, is the amount of heat
released during the combustion of a specified amount of it. In general, the combustion
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equation for each of the NG components is expressed as follows [38]:
b c b d
CN H; OP NQ SR + Ba + − + eC O, → aCO, + H, O + N, + eSO,
4 2 2 2
(16)
where, C, H, O, N and S refer to the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur,
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respectively. All coefficients of a, b, c, d, and e are positive, and can be zero in the reaction
conditions, according to the type of material.
The HHV and LHV of NG at desired pressure of p and temperature of T is defined as the
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amount of released energy in combustion reaction of NG/air mixture at the constant

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aforementioned pressure and temperature. The difference between HHV and LHV is related to
the phase of the water in combustion products. In the calculation of the LHV, it has been
assumed that the water component (as one of the combustion reaction products) is in the gas
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phase at the end of combustion; contrary to the LHV, HHV calculations assume that all of the
water is in compressed or condensed into liquid phase after a combustion reaction.
For the calculation of the NG heating value, the heating value of the constituent
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components must firstly be calculated. The heating value for each of the NG components at
the reference temperature of TV =25 °C is calculated using the following equation [39]:
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H ,% (TV = 25 ℃) = h,% (TV = 25 ℃) − h[,% (TV = 25 ℃) (17)

where, H ,% , h,% and h[,% are molar heating value, formation enthalpy of the reactants and
formation enthalpy of the products, respectively, at reference temperature for the combustion
reaction of j component in gas mixture.
The following equation is used to calculate the heating value of the NG components at
desired temperatures other than 25 °C [39].
H ,% (T) =H ,% (25 ℃) −  v: ]h ,: (T) −h ,: (25 ℃)^ (18)
:

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where, H ,% (T), H ,% (25 ℃), v: , h ,: (T) and h ,: (25 ℃) are molar heating value at
temperature of T for the j component in the gas mixture, molar heating value at temperature
of 25 °C for the j component in the gas mixture, stoichiometric coefficient of the combustion
reaction for the k component in combustion (reactors and products), molar enthalpy of the k
component in the combustion reaction at temperature of T and molar enthalpy of the k
component in the combustion reaction at temperature of 25 °C, respectively.
The molar heating values of the NG components at 25 °C are presented in Fig. 2. As it can
be seen, hydrocarbons with more carbon atoms have higher HHVs. Furthermore, based on
what previously mentioned, the LHV value for water is zero, and only HHV can be defined for

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it.

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7000

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6000 LHV
Molar heating value (kJ/mol)

HHV
5000

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4000
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3000

2000
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1000
D

0
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Component
Fig. 2. The molar heating values of NG components at 25 °C
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Based on the above mentioned, the molar heating value of the NG (higher or lower) at a
desired temperature of _ is calculated according to the identified components of NG as Eq.
(19). Moreover, the volumetric heating value of the NG at temperature of _, reference
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temperature of _V , and reference pressure of `V is calculated as Eq. (20) [39].

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H (T) =  x% H ,% (T) (19)

%V
p
H (T) × RTV
Ha [T, V(TV , pV )] = V
= H (T). ρ
(20)
Z
where H and Ha are molar and volumetric heating values of NG mixture, respectively.

3.3. Calculation of NG Wobbe index

The Wobbe index is a criterion of interchangeability of fuel gases including NG, liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG), etc. It is generally defined in the gas supply specifications and transport

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utilities. It compares released energy amount from combustion of the gases with different
components, and is defined as Eq. (21). Two types of NG with different components with the
same Wobbe index amount can be interchangeably replaced with each other and release the
same energy amount. The Wobbe index is the ratio of the volumetric heating value (Ha ) to
the square of the relative density [40]. Based on the type of the Ha , there are two higher and
lower Wobbe indices, HWI and LWI, respectively.
Ha
WI =
√δ
(21)

In which, δ is relative density defined as Eq. (22).

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ρ ZN$ (T, P) MH
δ= = ×
ρN$ Z(T, P) MH,N$
(22)

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In Eq. (22), ZN$ (T, P), Z(T, P), MH,N$, and MH refer to the compressibility factor of the
air, compressibility factor of the NG, molecular weight of the air, and molecular weight of

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the NG, respectively [39].

3.4. Calculation of NG enthalpy

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Enthalpy is one of the most important thermal properties of the NG. Assuming enthalpy is
a function of temperature and molar specific volume, the enthalpy residual function is defined
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as follows [41]:
am
∂p am
∂Z
h − h ,i = j kT B C − pn dv + j RT B C dv
∂T am ∂v o
(23)
am,p →q am,p →q
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In Eq. (23), h is molar enthalpy for real gas, h ,i is molar enthalpy for ideal gas, and v ,i
is molar specific volume for ideal gas. By changing the variable of v to ρ and calculation
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of partial differential values in Eq. (23), enthalpy residual function becomes as Eq. (24) [41]:
rm
∂Z dρ
h − h ,i = −RT , j B C + RT(Z − 1)
∂T rm ρ
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(24)
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Molar enthalpy for ideal gas could be calculated as Eq. (25) [41]:
-

h =  x% 'h ,i )%
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,i (25)
%
where 'h ,i )% is molar enthalpy for ideal gas of the j component in mixture, and defined as
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c% e%
follows [41]:
'h ,i )% = 'h ,is )%
+ a% T + b% c% coth v w − d% e% tanh v w
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T T
(26)
In Eq. (26), 'h ,is ) is molar enthalpy for ideal gas of j component at reference conditions
%
(25 °C and 101.325 kPa). Furthermore, coefficients of this equation are given in reference
[42].
The partial differential terms in Eq. (23) have been calculated using AGA8 EoS. Finally
by integrations from Eq. (24), and computing the ideal molar enthalpy using Eq. (26), the
molar enthalpy of NG mixture (h ) is obtained. The enthalpy per unit mass then can be
calculated as follows [41]:

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h
h=
MH
(27)

3.5. Calculation of NG flammability limit

As already mentioned, the flammability of NG occurs only within a certain range of
mixing ratios with air, which is known as the flammability limits. The LFL and UFL are
obtained from Eq. (28) and Eq. (29), respectively [43,44].
100
LFL =
P%

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∑%
(28)
φ%
100
UFL =
P

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∑% %
(29)
∅%
In which, P% is the percentage of the each gas component (methane, ethane, etc.) in gas

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mixture, φ% is LFL of the j component in gas mixture at standard conditions (15 °C and 1 bar),
and ∅% is UFL of the j component in gas mixture at standard conditions (15 °C and 1 bar). The
amounts of LFL and UFL, at standard conditions, for each of the NG components are listed in
Table 3.
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Table 3. Lower and upper flammability limits for various components of NG at standard
conditions [44]
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Gas or vapor LFL UFL

H2 4 75
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CO2 1 1
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CO 12.5 74
Ammonia 15.5 26.6
H2S 4.3 45.5
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Carbon Sulfide 1.25 44

Methane 5.3 14
Ethane 3 12.5
C

Propane 2.2 9.5

Butane 1.9 8.5
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Iso-butane 1.8 8.4

Pentane 1.5 7.8
N2 1 1
Iso-pentane 1.4 7.6
Hexane 1.2 7.5
Heptane 1.2 6.7
Octane 1 3.2
Nonane 0.83 2.9
Decane 0.67 2.6
Dodecane 0.6 ……

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Tetradecane 0.5 ……
Ethylene 3.1 32
Propylene 2.4 10.3
Butadiene 2 11.5
Butylene 1.98 9.65
Amylene 1.65 7.7
Acetylene 2.5 81
Allylene 1.74 ……

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Benzene 1.4 7.1
Toluene 1.27 6.75

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Styrene 1.1 6.1
O-Xylene 1 6
Naphthalene 0.9 …….

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Anthracene 0.63 ……..
Cyclo-propane 2.4 10.4
Cyclo-Hexane 1.22 4.81

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Cyclo-Hexane 1.3 8
Methyl Cyclo-hexane 1.2 ……..
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Gasoline-regular 1.4 7.5
Gasoline-73 octane 1.5 7.4
Gasoline-92 octane 1.5 7.6
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Gasoline-100 octane 1.45 7.5

Naphitiha 1.1 6
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3.6. Calculating the energy consumption of the turbo-compressors at the NG

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pressure booster stations

As mentioned previously, injecting the generated hydrogen through the P2G process into
the NG distribution grid is one of the applications of the P2G technology. Therefore, this
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section has been devoted to investigate a calculation method for the effect of the hydrogen
injection into the NG on the required energy for the turbo-compressors, which are running at
the NG pressure booster stations. The specifications of the studied turbo-compressors are
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presented in Table 4. If the working fluid at the pressure booster stations is NG or an

admixture of NG+H2, then the energy consumption of the turbo-compressor for each situation
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can be obtained from Eq. (30) and Eq. (31), respectively. The ratio of these obtained values is
expressed in terms of percentage (Eq. (32)) [36]. As the energy necessary for compressing
hydrogen is higher than that to compress the NG, this percentage shows the increment in the
turbo-compressors required energy to compress the admixture rather than NG (without
hydrogen addition).

Table 4. The specifications of the studied turbo-compressors

Parameter Value
Real maximum power 20 MW at T=-12 °C

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Real minimum power 14 MW at T=40 °C
Inlet gas pressure 50 bar abs
Outlet gas pressure 73 bar abs

W|-} = m|-} (h,,-} − h,-} ) (30)

W|(-}L€ ) = m|(-}L€ ) (h,,(-}L€) − h,(-}L€ ) ) (31)
W|-}
energy ratio =
W|(-}L€)
(32)

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In which, the NG and (NG + H, ) subscripts indicate that the working fluid is respectively
NG and mixture of NG and hydrogen.

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The problem solution procedure is summarized as the flowchart presented in Fig. 3. As it
can be seen in this figure, an absolute error less than 10-6 is considered for calculations, which
guarantees the validity and accuracy of the results.

U SC
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M
D
TE
C EP
AC

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Inputs:
• Temperature (T)
• Pressure (p)
• Mole fractions (x$ )

Computation of the second virial

coefficient (B) and other AGA8
coefficients (C∗ , D∗ (n=13 to 58) etc.)

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Molar density ρ calculation, using

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Newton-Raphson iterative method

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Density determination:
ρ = MH ρ

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Absolute error calculation:
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|p(„ †„‡† ˆ‰Š) − p(‹Œ`‡ˆ)|
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Error test:
Error < 10 - 6
D
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Determination of compressibility
factor and other required properties:
p
Z=
EP

ρ RT
C

Outputs:
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• Higher & lower heating values (HHV, LHV)

• Higher & lower Wobbe indices (HWI, LWI)
• Upper & lower inflammability limits (UFL, LFL)
• Energy consumption of turbo-compressor at
pressure booster stations

Fig. 3. Flowchart of the solution procedure

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4. Results and discussion
As previously mentioned, the present work has investigated the effect of hydrogen
blending on the thermo-physical properties of various NG compounds from five Iranian gas
fields including Khangiran, South Pars, Bidboland, Kangan, and Gashu fields. As already
mentioned, hydrogen injection up to 10 vol.% does not necessitate altering the NG
distribution equipment as well as the gas burning devices and appliances of the end-users.
Therefore, it is assumed that hydrogen concentration in the admixture is between 1 to 10
vol.%.

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4.1. The effect of hydrogen injection on the relative density of NG from different gas
fields of Iran

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Due to the vital importance of the relative density and compressibility factor in measuring
and selling of NG, determining those parameters in various NG compositions is of great
value to the industry. It is accepted that addition of hydrogen to NG increases the burning

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velocity, reduces the relative density and increases the compressibility factor of the final
mixture. Fig. 4A shows the effect of increasing the hydrogen concentration on the relative
density of the gas. On the other hand, the accuracy of many thermodynamic properties

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depends on the precise calculation of the compressibility factor. Accordingly, Fig. 4B
displays the effect of the hydrogen addition to the compressibility factor of the studied gas
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fields. Since the NG is mainly composed of the methane, the value of relative density
significantly depends on the mole fraction of the methane in NG. Analyzing the results
indicates that at a constant concentration of hydrogen, the NG with higher methane mole
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fraction, possesses lower relative density. As it is clear in in Table 2, Khangiran and Gashu
gas fields provide NG with the highest and lowest methane concentration, respectively.
Therefore, it is expected that in constant concentration of hydrogen, NG from Khangiran and
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Gashu propose the lowest and highest relative density, respectively. This trend is observed
for all of the investigated gas fields. This expectation is consistent with the results presented
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in Fig. 4A.
Since the density of hydrogen is less than that of NG (nine times lower [45]), increasing
hydrogen concentration in the NG causes a reduction in density of the mixture. The density
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variation pattern with the hydrogen injection depends on the components of the NG.
However, in many of the NGs in the world, the relative density decreases almost linearly with
the injection of hydrogen [26,30]. Although the behavior is also evident in Fig. 4A, a minor
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deviation from the linear pattern is observed only in Gashu gas field, which can be attributed
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to higher concentration of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in its NG. Moreover, as shown in Fig. 4B,
the compressibility factor linearly rises with the increase of hydrogen concentration in the
mixture. It is also observed that the compressibility factor gradient is equal for all studied
cases.
Furthermore Fig. 4A and Fig. 4B, some additional information about the comparison of
relative density and compressibility factor between the results of present study and the
available experimental data are presented in supplementary file.

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0.75
Bidboland Pars Gashu Kangan Khangiran

(A)
0.7

0.65

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δ

0.6

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0.55

U
0.5
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11%
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% of Hydrogen Volume
0.98
Bidboland Khangiran Gashu Pars Kangan
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(B)
0.975
D
TE

0.97
Z

EP

0.965
C
AC

0.96

0.955
1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%
% of Hydrogen Volume

Fig. 4. Variation of, (A) relative density, (B) compressibility factor, for 1~10 vol.% hydrogen
injection to the various NG compositions

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4.2. The effect of hydrogen injection on the heating value of NG from different gas
fields of Iran
The HHV of hydrogen is 13 MJ/Nm3, while HHV of NG is almost 40 MJ/Nm3 [45].
Therefore, the energy density of hydrogen is about 3 times lower than that of NG. Therefore,
the injection of hydrogen to NG reduces the thermal energy delivered to the customer in a
constant volumetric flow rate. On the other hand, LHV of hydrogen is also lower than NG, so
increasing hydrogen concentration reduces lower heating value of the mixture as well.
Hydrogen injection into the NG pipelines reduces the energy stored in the pipelines, and may
cause a short-term weakening in supply. Variation of LHV and HHV values of various NG

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compositions for 1~10 vol.% concentration of hydrogen is displayed in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6,
respectively. It can be concluded that by increasing hydrogen concentration from 1 vol.% to
10 vol.%, the LHV of the gas mixture decreases 5.897%, 6.452%, 6.411%, 6.092% and

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6.151% for Kangan, Khangiran, Pars, Bidboland and Gashu, respectively. These percentages
are 6.692%, 6.248%, 6.231%, 5.884% and 5.745% for HHV, respectively. Furthermore, as
illustrated in Fig. 5, the descending trend and linear pattern of LHV variation with increasing

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hydrogen concentration is consistent with the results of Chapman and Patil [46].

38
U
AN
Bidboland Pars Gashu
Kangan Khangiran Chapman and Patil (2008)

36
M

34
D
LHV (MJ/m3)

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32
EP

30
C

28
AC

26
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%
% of Hydrogen Volume
Fig. 5. Variation of lower heating value for 1~10 vol.% hydrogen injection to the various NG
compositions, along with the results of [46]

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42
Bidboland Pars Gashu Kangan Khangiran

40

38
HHV (MJ/m3)

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36

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34

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32

30
U
AN
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%
% of Hydrogen Volume
M

Fig. 6. Variation of higher heating value for 1~10 vol.% hydrogen injection to the various
NG compositions
D

Comparison between the volume share of the NG and H2 is presented In Fig. 7, for
different gas fields of Iran. The parameter VR1 is defined as the volume ration of the NG and
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NG+H2 mixture. As an instance, according to Fig. 5, the LHV of Pars gas (without hydrogen
admixing) is 33.616 MJ/m3, and it means that by burning 1 m3 of this gas, heat of 33.616 MJ
is released. Now, based on Fig. 7, if 5 vol.% hydrogen is injected into this gas, 1.03657 m3 of
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the resulting mixture shall be consumed to release the same amount of energy. It is seen that
since 1.03657 m3 of the mixture contains 0.9847 m3 of NG and 0.05187 m3 of H2, the volume
of the consumed NG is less than the initial state. Briefly, the only disadvantage of hydrogen
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injection to NG is a reduction in heating value, but on the other side, with the injection of
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hydrogen, the following benefits can be obtained:

• Gas volume increases, which can be useful for peak-shaving, and consequently avoids
the pressure drop in the gas grid.
• In constant delivered energy, the amount of the NG in the mixture is lower than the
required NG without hydrogen, which reduces fossil fuels consumption.
• By injecting hydrogen to NG, the emitted CO2, due to combustion, is reduced.
Therefore, more environmentally friendly and less will be available [15,30,47].

(Ž‘€ )
1
Volume Ratio: VR =
Ž

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• Performance of some gas burning equipment, like low swirl burners (LSB), improves
with hydrogen blending into NG, and higher efficiencies can be achieved [25,27].

1.2
0.10731 0.10765 0.10762 0.10766
0.05178 0.05187 0.05182 0.05183
1
0.9833 0.9653 0.9847 0.9684 0.9848 0.9685 0.9849 0.9692

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0.8
VR

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0.6

0.4

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0.2

0
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AN
Gashu Pars Khangiran Kangan
Share of NG in NG+5%H₂₂ Share of H₂₂ in NG+5%H₂₂
Share of NG in NG+10%H₂₂ Share of H₂₂ in NG+10%H₂₂
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Fig. 7. Comparing the volume share of the NG and H2 for 5 vol.% and 10 vol.% hydrogen
injection to the various NG compositions
D

4.3. The effect of hydrogen injection on the Wobbe Index of NG from different gas
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fields of Iran
The effect of hydrogen injection on the LWI and HWI of the NG for different gas fields of
Iran is illustrated in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9. Wobbe index is defined as the input heat to appliances,
EP

and is proportional to the heating value of the fuel. As discussed before, the heating value of
the mixture decreases with hydrogen injection, which reduces the Wobbe Index as well.
Based on the previous investigations, injecting hydrogen up to a certain percentage,
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decreases the Wobbe index. However, from that certain value, the Wobbe index increases
with increasing hydrogen concentration. In the other words, there is a minimum value in
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Wobbe index, which usually occurs at hydrogen addition higher than 60-70 vol.% [26,30].
The reason for this behavior is that the Wobbe index depends on the volumetric heating value
and the square of the relative density (see Eq. (21)). As a result, at low percentages of
hydrogen injection, there should always be a descending linear trend in Wobbe index with
increasing the hydrogen injection [26,30]. The similar trend is also visible in Fig. 8 and Fig.
9, which implies the validity of the calculations.
Results show that by increasing the hydrogen concentration from 1 vol.% to 10 vol.%, the
maximum value of the LWI and HWI in investigated case studies (which occurs at Khangiran
gas field) decreases by 2.42% and 2.22%, respectively. Furthermore, the results presented by
de Vries et al. [30] also reveal that addition of 1 to 10 vol.% hydrogen to a NG (having

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composition CH4=92.6 mol% and N2=7.4 mol%) decreases the HWI from 48.15 to 47.15
MJ/m3, which is equal to 2.08%, and is in permissible agreement with the results of the
current work.

47
Bidboland Khangiran Gashu Pars Kangan

45

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43

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LWI (MJ/m3)

41

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39

U
37
AN
35
M

33
1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%
% of Hydrogen Volume
D

Fig. 8. Variation of lower Wobbe index for 1~10 vol.% hydrogen injection to the various NG
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compositions
C EP
AC

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53
Bidboland Khangiran Gashu
Pars Kangan de Vries et al. (2017)
51

49

47
HWI (MJ/m3)

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45

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43

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41

39

37
U
AN
1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%
% of Hydrogen Volume
M

Fig. 9. Variation of higher Wobbe index for 1~10 vol.% hydrogen injection to the various
NG compositions, along with the results of [30]
D

4.4. The effect of hydrogen injection on the flammability limit of NG from different
gas fields of Iran
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As the first study in the field, the effect of the hydrogen injection on the flammability
limits of the NG are investigated in the present study. Variation of LFL and UFL for the
studied NGs (without hydrogen addition) as well as that of NG+(1~10) vol.% H2 is shown in
EP

Fig. 10 and Fig. 11, respectively. Results show that the injection of the hydrogen into the NG
increases both LFL and UFL of the mixture, which is due to the higher flammability of
hydrogen. Furthermore, as it can be seen in the flammability figures, for Khangiran gas field,
for instance, by addition of up to 10 vol.% hydrogen to NG, LFL increases about 0.5%, and
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UFL increases 1.6%. This observation indicates that hydrogen blending leads to wider
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extension in UFL of the mixture, while it limitedly influences the value of LFL.

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6
Gashu Bidboland Khangiran Pars Kangan

5.5

5
LFL (%)

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4.5

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4

SC
3.5

U
3
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%
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% of Hydrogen Volume
Fig. 10. Variation of lower flammability limit for 1~10 vol.% hydrogen injection to the
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various NG compositions
16
Gashu Bidboland Khangiran Pars Kangan
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14
TE

12
EP
UFL (%)

10
C
AC

4
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%
% of Hydrogen Volume
Fig. 11. Variation of upper flammability limit for 1~10 vol.% hydrogen injection to the
various NG compositions

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4.5. The effect of hydrogen injection on the energy consumption of the turbo-
compressors at NG pressure booster stations
The variation of the turbo-compressors required energy for different concentrations of
hydrogen in NG+H2 mixture as the working fluid, is drawn in Fig. 12. The purpose of gas
pressure booster stations is to provide the proper pressure for gas flow and overcome the gas
pressure drop along the pipeline. As discussed in the previous sections, since volumetric
LHV and HHV of NG+H2 mixture are lower than those of NG (without hydrogen), the end-
users receive less amount of energy from the mixture, in equal flow rate. In other words, for a

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given thermal value, the turbo-compressors need to consume more energy to provide higher
flow rates in case of working with the mixture rather than the NG (without hydrogen). On the
other hand, since higher flow rate corresponds to higher fluid velocity, which increases the

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pressure drop, more compressing energy is required to compensate. As it can be seen in Fig.
12, by increasing hydrogen concentration, a linear increment in the energy consumption of

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the turbo-compressors occurs. Furthermore, the results of this figure indicate that, increasing
the hydrogen concentration from 1 to 10 vol.%, raises the required energy from 8.7 to 13.5%,
depending on the composition of the NG. The minimum and maximum increase in the

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required energy belongs to the turbo-compressors working with the NG from Bidboland and
Gashu gas fields, respectively.
AN
1.16
Bidboland Khangiran Gashu Pars Kangan
M
Increased energy required to compress the gas (%)

1.14

1.12
D
TE

1.1

1.08
EP

1.06
C

1.04
AC

1.02

1
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%

% of Hydrogen Volume
Fig. 12. Variation of turbo-compressor required energy for 1~10 vol.% hydrogen injection to
the various NG compositions

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5. Conclusions
In the present work, the effect of 1~10 vol.% hydrogen injection into the NGs with various
compositions has been investigated. Results showed that increasing the concentration of
hydrogen reduces relative density, LHV and HHV of the NG+H2 mixture. Furthermore,
injecting low concentrations (1 to 10 vol.%) of hydrogen in the NG decreases Wobbe index
of the mixture. On the other hand, the LFL and UFL of NG+H2 mixture are increased by
addition of the hydrogen. It was also observed that in equal heating value, the share of NG in
NG+H2 mixture is lower than NG without hydrogen, so adding hydrogen leads to fossil fuel

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consumption reduction. As a final conclusion, it was found that hydrogen blending increases
the required energy of the turbo-compressors at NG booster stations to provide equal
delivered thermal value.

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Acknowledgments

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The authors are grateful to the management and staff at Khorasan Razavi Gas Company
(Khrz Gas Co.) for their generous financial and technical support in this work.

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Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data related to this article can be found in attached file.
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with hydrogen-natural gas mixtures. Energy Procedia 2017;126:858–66.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.08.291.

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• The investigations are done to calculate thermophysical properties of H2+NG mixture

• The hydrogen admixing to the natural gas is investigated in the range of 1-10 vol.%
• Compressibility factor of the H2+NG mixture is calculated by using AGA8 EOS
• The investigations are also done for energy consumption of turbo-compressors

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