K = EA/L

+X1 X2= 0

Based on Hooke’s Law and equilibrium:

Problem (1): Consider the bar shown in Figure below. An axial load P = 200 x 103 N is applied as shown,
F = K X1
do the following: 1
F 2 = - F 1 = - K X1
(a) Determine the nodal displacements.
(b) Determine the stress in each material.
(C)
Using theDetermine
Method ofthe reaction forces.
Superposition, the two sets of equations can be combined:

F 1 = K X 1 - K X2
F 2 = - K X 1 + K X2

The two equations can be put into matrix form as follows:

F1 = +K -K X1
F2 -K +K X2

This is the general force-displacement relation for a two-force member element, and the
equations can be applied to all members in an assemblage of elements. The following
example illustrates
Problem a system
(2): For withshown
the figure three elements.
below, where the right-ends of element 2 and element 3 are attached to
the vertical wall (etc. Fixed) and knowing that F= 40 kN, K1 = 50 kN/m, K2 = 30 kN/m, and K3 = 70 kN/m,
do the 2.1:
Example following:
(a) Determine
Consider the nodal
an assemblage displacements.
of three of these two-force member elements. (Motion is
restricted to one-dimension,
(b) Determine along
the reaction the X-axis.)
forces.
K2
K1
Element 2
F
Element 1
Element 3
K3
+X

Problem (3): For the figure shown below, where for each element Ai, Ei, and li is the cross-section area,
young’s modulus, and length, respectively. While each element is subjected to traction force per unit length
Ti and a body force f per unit volume. A concentrated load is applied on joint 2, do the following:
(a) Determine the global stiffness matrix.
(b) Determine the global load vector.
Problem (4): Consider the plate in figure below. The plate has a uniform thickness = 1 m
Young's modulus E = 30E6 N/m2, and weight density p = 0.2836 N/m3. In addition to its self-weight, the
plate is subjected to a point load P = 100 N at its midpoint.

(a) Model the plate with two finite elements.

(b) Write down expressions for the element stiffness matrices and element body force vectors
(c) Assemble the structural stiffness matrix K and global load vector F
(d) Using the elimination approach, solve for the global displacement vector Q.
(e) Evaluate the stresses in each element.
(f) Determine the reaction force at the support.
 Substituting these known values into the last two equations, we can now solve for
F3 and F4:

F3 = 0 X1 – 30 X2 = -30 x 0.4 = 12 lbs.

F4 =(hint)
Problem 1- Solution 0 X1 – 70 X2 = -70 x 0.4 = 28 lbs.
Displacement at point 2 is 0.23257 mm.
From
Stress at the above1analysis,
member we can
and member 2 isnow reconstruct
54.27 MPa and the Free MPa,
-116.29 Body respectively.
Diagram (FBD)
of the system:
The reactions at node 1 and node 3 are -130.23 kN and -69.77 kN, respectively.
Problem 2- Solution (hint)
K2
F1= 40 kN lbs. K kN
F3 = -12 lbs.
1
0.4 m
in.
kN
F4= -28 lbs.
1.2 in.
m
K3
Problem 3- Solution (hint)
The above sections illustrated the fundamental operation of the direct stiffness
method, the classical finite element analysis procedure. As can be seen, the
formulation of the global force-displacement relation equations is based on
the general force-displacement equations of a single one-dimensional truss
element. The two-force-member element (truss element) is the simplest type
of element used in FEA. The procedure to formulate and solve the global
force-displacement equations is straightforward, but somewhat tedious. In
real-life applications, the use of a truss element in one-dimensional space is
rare and very limited. In the next chapter, we will expand the procedure to
solve two-dimensional truss frameworks.

The following sections illustrate the procedure to create a solid model using
Problem 4- Solution
I-DEAS Master (hint)
Modeler. The step-by-step tutorial introduces the basic I-
DEAS
-Q2 and Q3 user
are interface and the tutorial serves as a preview to some of the basic m
0.92572E-5 andtechniques
modeling 0.9953E-5demonstrated in the later chapters.
m, respectively.
-Stresses are 23.18 and 1.70 N/m2.