TRIAXIALCOMPRESSIONAND EXTENSIONTESTS ON

REMOULDED SATURATED CLAY

R. H. G. PARRY, Ph.D., A.M.I.E.Aust.

SYNOPSIS
A series of drained and undrained, compression
and extension tests have been carried out on Weald
Clay, using the triaxial cell. The soil was remoulded
at a high water content and normally consolidated
or overconsolidated before testing. It is shown that
the stress-strain and volume-change characteristics
depend upon the overconsolidation ratio, the nature
of the external stress change, and the drainage con-
ditions. The effective stress Mohr failure envelopes
and Hvorslev parameters are, for practical purposes,
independent of the type of test. A limited number
of drained and undrained compression tests on
London Clay showed, in general, similar behaviour
to compression tests on Weald Clay.
On a fait une serie d’essais drain6 et Q teneur en
eau constante, de compression et de dilatation sur
de l’argile du Weald en utilisant la cellule triaxiale.
On a conditionne le sol a une teneur en eau constante
elevee, et on l’a consolide et surconsolide avant les
essais. On s’appercoit que les caracteristiques de
tension-deformation et de changement volumetrique
dependent de l’indice de surconsolidation, de la
nature du changement de tension externe et des
conditions de drainage. Les enveloppes de tension
de rupture Mohr effective et les parametres Hvorslev
sont, au point de vue pratique, independant du
genre d’essai. Un nombre limit6 d’essais de com-
pression drain& et a teneur en eau constante sur de
l’argile londonnienne ont montre, en general une
maniere de se comnorter semblable a celle des essais
sur l’argile de la Weald.

INTRODUCTION
The stress changes applied to samples in standard triaxial tests do not correspond closely
in many cases to stress changes encountered in the field. For this reason it is necessary to
know the extent to which the behaviour of a soil is affected by the particular type of stress
change and, in particular, the effect of these stress changes on the strength parameters.
It is valuable, too, to have experimental data from various stress paths when studying the
fundamental properties of soils.
Only axially symmetrical stress changes can be applied in the standard triaxial cell, but
within this limitation an infinite number of stress paths may be applied to a sample, by
varying both the axial and radial stresses. In order to investigate the effect of following
various stress paths, a series of tests have been carried out on remoulded saturated samples of
clays consolidated under an all-round pressure. The results are not directly applicable to
field behaviour, but give a general indication of the type of behaviour which may be expected.
The experimental work described in this Paper forms part of the research programme at
the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, on remoulded saturated clays. Test
results from Weald Clay are presented here in some detail but results from London Clay are
described only briefly.

TEST PROGRAMME
Drained and undrained, compression and extension tests were performed on Weald Clay
and drained and undrained compression tests only on London Clay. Descriptions of the
stress changes applied to the samples are given below, together with the abbreviations used
to describe the tests:
1. Drained comfiression tests
DC 1 Radial stress constant, axial stress increased.
DC 2 Radial stress decreased, axial stress constant.
DC3 Radial stress decreased and axial stress increased so that the average
principal effective stress remains constant.
166
 TRIAXIAL TESTS ON REMOULDED SATURATED CLAY 167
2. Drained extension tests
DE 1 Radial stress constant, axial stress decreased.
DE2 Radial stress increased, axial stress constant.
DE3 Radial stress increased and axial stress decreased so that the average
principal effective stress remains constant.
3. Undrained compression tests
UC 1 Radial total stress constant, axial total stress increased.
UC2 Radial total stress decreased, axial total stress constant.
4. Undrained extension tests
UE 1 Radial total stress constant, axial total stress decreased.
UE2 Radial total stress increased, axial total stress constant.
Tests were carried out on normally consolidated samples with a range of consolidation
pressures between 15 and 120 Ib/sq. in. Series of tests were also performed on overconsoli-
dated samples having maximum consolidation pressures of 120, 60, and 30 lb/sq. in. The
tests were carried out by Gilbert (1954), Plant (1955), and Parry (1956).

MATERIALS USED

Classification properties of the batches of Weald Clay and London Clay used are given in
Table 1. The Weald Clay is an estuarine deposit of the Cretacious period and the London
Clay is a marine deposit laid down in Eocene times. In their natural state both clays are
heavily overconsolidated, having natural water contents close to the plastic limit.

Table 1

LL PL PI Clay Activity
fraction: y0
___~
Weald Clay . . . . 43 :: 25 40 0.6
London Clay . . . 78 52 50 1.0

TEST PROCEDURE
The samples were prepared at a high water content as described previously (Henkel, 1956).
Vertical filter paper drains (Henkel and Gilbert, 1952) were used for compression tests,
and spiral drains, consisting of two a-in.-wide strips of filter paper wrapped around each
sample, for extension tests. No modification was made to the measured axial stress to allow
for the effect of the spiral drains. It was found that the rate of consolidation with spiral
filter drains was about half that with vertical filter drains, so for tests under controlled rate of
strain the rate was adjusted to give time to failure for extension tests twice that for compres-
sion tests; that is about 7 to 8 hours for undrained extension tests and from 2 to 3 days for
drained extension tests.
DC 1, DE 1, UC 1, UC 2, UE 1, and UE 2 tests were carried out at controlled rate of axial
strain. DC 2, DC 3, and DE 3 tests were carried out with controlled stress increments,
allowing 24 hours for equilibrium to be attained under such increment. To apply a stress
increment, the cell pressure was changed by the desired amount and the axial stress adjusted
by dead loading through a hanger. Usually, eight to ten increments were required to failure.
To check the validity of correlating strain-controlled and stress-controlled tests, both tech-
niques were used for DC 1 tests on normally consolidated Weald Clay. Close agreement was
obtained between the two types of tests. Plant (1955) similarly obtained good agreement
between overconsolidated samples of London Clay. It appears likely from studies of strength
168 R. H. G. PARRY

variations with rates of strain that the wide range of testing rates used would not have
introduced errors in excess of 5%.
Small modifications were made in the triaxial cells to enable extension tests to be carried
out. For the majority of strain-controlled extension tests a standard &in. loading ram was
used, but attachment to the sample cap was made by means of a threaded rod in the cap
screwing into an internal thread in the loading ram. This connexion was made after con-
solidation or rebound was complete. Sufficient load to counteract the cell pressure was
applied to the ram before making the connexion. A l$-in.-dia. ram was used for stress-
controlled extension tests. Connexion with the sample cap was achieved by means of l$in.-
dia. rod threaded into the sample cap at one end, with a bayonet catch engaging the base of the
ram at the other end. This cell was also used for a few strain-controlled tests. These modi-
fications have been described more fully by Bishop and Henkel (1957).

TEST RESULTS-WEALD CLAY

Consolidation properties
The triaxial consolidation and rebound curves for Weald Clay have been published
(Henkel, 1956). Test results subsequent to those given by Henkel show only small variations
from these curves.

Measured stress-strain and volume-change curves

Applied stresses and pore pressures or volume changes for each test were recorded against
axial strain. Complete details and results for each test have been given by Gilbert (1954) and
Parry (1956). Test results for samples normally consolidated at 30 lb/sq. in. are shown in
Fig. 1 and for samples with an overconsolidation ratio of 12 (i.e. maximum pressure 120 lb/sq. in.
and rebound pressure 10 lb/sq. in,) in Fig. 2. These results are representative for normally
consolidated and heavily overconsolidated samples because, within the limits of experimental
error, stress and volume change characteristics are determined uniquely by the overconsolida-
tion ratio. Only a limited number of DC 3 and DE 3 tests were performed and the results
have not been included in the diagrams.
Normally, consolidated DC 1 and DE 2 tests show substantial volume decrease during
strain while DC 2 and DE 1 tests show a small volume decrease. The last two are of particular
interest because the volume decrease occurs with decreasing external stress. The UC 1 test
shows an initial rapid pore-pressure increase reducing to a negligible rate of change at failure.
The UE 1 test shows a small initial pore-pressure decrease, followed by a pore-pressure in-
crease which is considerably less than that for the UC 1 test at failure. The rate of change of
pore pressure at failure is again negligible. Although the tests were all stopped shortly after
failure there were strong indications that, for both drained and undrained tests, no drop in
strength would have occurred under continued strain.
DC 2 and DE 1 tests on heavily overconsolidated samples show substantial volume increase
during strain, while the DC 1 test shows an initial volume decrease followed by a volume increase.
The DE 2 test shows a small volume decrease. The DC 1, DC 2, and DE 1 tests show marked
continuing volume increase at failure, while the DE 2 tests show a negligible rate of volume
change at failure. A large pore-pressure decrease occurs with the UE 1 test and with the
UC 1 test an initial pore-pressure increase followed by a pore-pressure decrease. In both
cases, the rate of pore-pressure change at failure is negligible. In the case of the DC 1 test,
the axial strain was continued sufficiently past failure to demonstrate a marked drop in
strength, and there is some indication that this would also be true for the DE 1 test.
The fact that the stress-controlled DC 2 tests on heavily overconsolidated samples usually
collapsed after failure suggests that they also would only support a decreasing deviator stress
after failure. It is difficult to form any conclusions on the DE 2 test because collapse occurred
TRIAXIAL TESTS ON REMOULDED S.ATURATED CLAY 169

oA=AXIAL APPLIED STRESS

oR= RADIAL STRESS

Fig. 1. Test results from drained and

undrainedcompression and extension
tests on Weald Clay normally consoli-
dated at 30 lb/sq. in.
170 R. H. C. PARRY

3p
a, DC,

20

-O$ DCI DEI

IO

0.

5
0 5 15
AXIAL &&IN.1

After consolidation and before testing the cell pressure was raised
by 20 Ibjsq. in. for UC I test and 40 Ib/sq. in for UE I test. giving
initial pore-water pressures of 20 Ib/sq. in. and 40 Ib/sq. in.,
respectively. This prevented large negative pore pressures
developing during these tests. but did not affect the deviator
stress, the pore-pressure change, or the effective stress changes.
These cell pressure increases are not shown on the plots of
axial and radial applied stresses for UC I and UE I tests.

o./\=AXIAL:APPLIED STRESS

vR= RADIAL STRESS

Fig. 2. Test results from drained and undrained

compression and extension tests on Weald Clay
with an overconsolidation ratio of 12 (120 lb/sq.
in. + 10 lb/sq. in.)
 TRIAXIAL TESTS ON REMOULDED SATURATED CLAY 171
in any case after failure due to the decreasing cross-sectional area. The UC 1 and UE 1 tests
show no sign of a decrease in strength after failure.
Lightly overconsolidated samples show behaviour intermediate between that of normally
consolidated and heavily overconsolidated samples.
UC 1 and UC 2 tests on samples with the same initial consolidation history give, within
experimental accuracy, identical effective stress and deviator stress curves plotted against
axial strain. The pore-pressure changes, however, differ considerably. The same is true for
UE 1 and UE 2 tests. A significant feature of these tests is that the UC 2 and UE 1 tests,
both undergoing decreasing stress, show a large decrease in pore pressure for overconsolidated
samples. This is shown for the UE 1 test in Fig. 2. It may be expected that when a cutting
is made in the field in an overconsolidated clay, a large negative pore pressure will result:
dissipation of this would lead to a marked decrease in strength.

Deviator stress at failure

Values of uy at failure are shown plotted against overconsolidation ratio in Fig. 3,

a0 is the consolidation or rebound stress.
In all cases the ratio of deviator stress at failure to consolidation or rebound stress shows
an increase with overconsolidation ratio. This increase is least for DC 2 tests which undergo
large volume increase when heavily overconsolidated and greatest for UE 1 tests which
undergo large pore-pressure decrease when heavily overconsolidated. Comparable values at
any overconsolidation ratio are shown by DC 1 and DE 2 tests, DC 2 and DE 1 tests, and UC 1
and UE 1 tests. DC 1 and DE 2 tests give values roughly double those for DC 2 and DE I
tests, while UC 1 and UE 1 values compare with DC 2 and DE 1 values when normally
consolidated and with DC 1 and DE 2 values when lightly overconsolidated.
For an overconsolidation ratio of 24 and the same rebound pressure the strength for the
UE 1 test is 3.2 times greater than the strength for the DE 1 test. This ratio gives an indi-
cation of the drop in strength which may be expected in the field when the negative pore
pressures in a cutting dissipate.

Volume change at failure

Values of g at failure are plotted against overconsolidation ratio in Fig. 3. V. is the

total volume of the sample after consolidation or rebound.

Normally consolidated samples under increasing stress tests DC 1 and DE 2 show large
volume decreases at failure of 4.5% and 5*O”h, respectively. Volume decreases are also
obtained with decreasing stress tests DC 2 and DE 1, but of much smaller magnitude, 0.5%
and O%o/o,respectively.
Heavily overconsolidated samples show volume increases of 4.6% and 2.4% for DC 2 and
DE 1 tests, respectively. Test DC 1 shows a volume increase of O*Q”hwhile test DE 2 shows
a small volume decrease of 0.2%.

Pore pressure at failure

AU
Values of - at failure are shown plotted against overconsolidation ratio in Fig. 3.
=1 - ‘Ta
AU
Normally consolidated samples under test UC 1 show a value of - at failure of close

to unity. That is, the pore-pressure increase equals the applied dtz%ayo?stress. For UE 1
test, the value of this ratio at failure is 0.3.
172 R. II. G. PARRY

I I I111111

I ,,I,,,,,

“NDrUlNED TESTS
0
2 345 IO 20 3x050 tc
OVERC~NSOUDATION wmo

P I II/l
2345 10 20 JoA
OVERCONSOLIDATION RATIO

Fig. 3. Failure conditions for Weald Clay plotted against overconsolidation ratio
 TRIAXIAL TESTS ON REMOULDED SATURATED CLAY 173
Heavily overconsolidated samples show a marked decrease in pore pressure, the ratio
AU
having values at failure of -0.4 for test UC 1 and -1.1 for test UE 1 at an over-
01 - 03
consolidation ratio of 24.

Axial strain at failure

Although in some of the tests it is dificult to define with accuracy the failure strain it
would appear that for any particular type of test the failure strain is determined uniquely by
the overconsolidation ratio and Table 2 shows the average values of axial strain (in per
cent) at failure for overconsolidation ratios of 1, 4, and 24,

Table 2

Test OCR = 1 OCR = 4

I I I OCR = 24

DC 1 1 20 133 6h
DC2 : : 39
DE1 4

DE2
GC1 124
14 1: 1:
UEl 74. 8 10

For drained tests the axial strain at failure decreases with increasing overconsolidation,
but for undrained tests it increases with increasing overconsolidation. Another interesting
feature is the wide range of failure strains, varying from 3+% to 20%. DC 1 failure strains
are more than double those for DC 2 and DE 1 tests and slightly less than double those for
DE 2 tests. UC 1 values are double those for UE 1.

Details of failure conditions

For ease of reference the basic test data from which the failure relationships described
above have been derived are given in the following tables. The symbols used are the same
as those used before with the exceptions that oa and ol. are respectively the effective axial and
radial stresses at failure. 6, refers to the axial strain at failure (i.e. maximum deviator stress)
while ZJ~is the water content at failure.

Mohr failure envelopes

Effective stress Mohr envelopes are shown in Fig. 4 for normally consolidated samples and
samples overconsolidated from 120 lb/sq. in. For clarity, stress circles for normally consoh-
dated samples only are shown. The normally consolidated envelopes give the angles of
shearing resistance shown in Table 3.
It can be seen that these values are contained within a range of 14’) with an average value
of 214’. It is also evident from Fig. 4 that the different types of tests do not have any marked
effect on the location of the overconsolidated envelopes.

Hvorslev parameters
Adopting the Mohr criterion of failure, it can be shown that the deviator stress at failure
in triaxial tests can be related to the Hvorslev (1937) parameters ce and &, as shown in
equation (1) :

$(u, - 03)f = -7
cecm +e + --
sin &
1 - sin #Jo (S3j1_sin~, ’ ’ . . ’
 40 60 80 100 110 140 160 Is0
EFFECTIVE PRINCIPAL STRESSES LB/IN?

EFFECTIVE PRlNCIpU STRESSES LB/IN? EFFECTIVE PRINCIPAL STRESS,% L&/IN!

Stress circles shown for normally consolidated samples only.

Failure envelopes shown for normally consolidated sampler and for samples overconsolidated fram 120 Ib,‘sq. in

Fig. 4. Mohr effective stress failure envelopes for Weald Clay

 TRIAXIAL TESTS ON REMOULDED SATURATED CLSY 175
Table 3. Undrained compression tests

Test Consol. 0,-u, I

Au
type rebound lb/sq. in. lh/sYl.
in. lb/s:. in. lb/sq. in, per’knt
pressure :
lhkq. in.
~.__
i- 15 9.9 17.6 +7.3 20.0 25.1
30 17.3 30.8 1Z.Z +16.5 17.5 23.0
45 25.0 45.1 20.1 +24.9 15.0 21.5
i ( 32.6 59.6 27.0 + 33.0 13.5 20.3
/ zo 68.0 121.5 53.5 +66.5 12.0 18.5
30-15 13.3 24.1 10.8 +4.2 17.5 23.3
I) 30-7.5 10.1 18.6 8.5 -1.0 21.0 24.4
: 30-5 8.2 14.8 -1.6 19.0 24.8
30-Z 5.3 9.6 4.3 -2.3 25.0 26.6
60-46 31.7 57.1 25.4 $20.6 13.0 20.7
60.3-30 29.0 50.6 21.6 +FY4 13.5 21.2
I.C 1
60-22.2 23.7 42.3 18.6 +3.6 17.5 21.8
60-15 20.0 34.9 14.9 +0.1 16.0 22.1
60-9.8 16.5 29.6 13.1 -3.3 21.0 22.7
60-5 11.3 20.6 9.3 -3.0 21.0 23.5
120-70.5 58.6 107.5 48.9 1-21.6 12.0 18.8
120-60 54.7 100.2 45.5 +14.5 13.5 18.9
120-44.5 46.0 83.2 37.2 +7.3 15.0 19.3
120-30 39.2 69.9 30.7 -0.7 15.0 19.8
120-15 27.8 48.7 20.9 -2.7 16.5 20.9
120-10 20.0 36.0 16.0 -6.0 16.5 21.1
120-4.9 13.4 22.9 9.5 -4.6 17.5 22.7
-I __~ -

UC2
30 15.4 28.9 13.5 1 -0.9 I- 15.0 23.0
{’ / 120-30 38.7 68.8 j 30.1 ( +40.9 / 13.5 19.5
I

where (or - o& is the deviator stress at failure and ~s’f is the minor principal effective stress

at failure. According to Hvorslev, F = x where x is an arbitrary constant and fi, is the

e
equivalent consolidation pressure. Equation (I) may be re-written:

U3lf-_ x cos4e f~sj sin &

--
(01 -
2Pe 1 - sin &, + $,(l - sin &) ’ * ’
I sin #&
If values of (“i2i 03)’ are plotted against xf the slope of the resulting line is
e Pe 1 - sin &’

on the (al - a3)f axis is X ‘0’ ~’ which

from which & may be obtained. The intercept
2PE 1- sin &’

gives the value of X. The experimental results have been plotted on diagrams of this nature
in Fig. 5. Compression tests have been plotted separately from extension tests, and for drained
tests separate diagrams have been plotted with and without energy modifications (Gibson,

1953). Values of g, F, &, and & from these plots are given in Table.
e e
Owing to the difficulty of obtaining adequate separation of the points defining failure con-
ditions in undrained tests (see Fig. 5), it is not possible in these tests to determine with any
great accuracy the Hvorslev parameters. In these circumstances no definite conclusions may
be drawn as to whether the Hvorslev parameters obtained from the undrained tests correspond
to the energy modified parameters measured in the drained tests.
 176 R. H. G. PARRY

.~_. .____ --__-_ -_.-._ --....-...----____

 TRIAXIAL TESTS ON REMOULDED SATURATED CLAY 177

Table 4. Drained compression tests

T

Consol. ,
t
per%?nt
I
TeS a,‘--0,’ A,
tYP’e rebound lb/sq. in. lb/s:. in. lb/s:. in. -K per%nt
pressure: per cent
lb/sq. in.
--
16.6 31.6 15.0 +4.55 30.0 23.0
:: 35.5 65.5 30.0 +4.40 21.5 20.4

l
50.5 95.5 45QO -t-5.26 22.5 19.3
:z 69.8 129.8 60.0 +4.46 18.0 18.5
120 135.0 255.0 120.0 $4.52 20.0 16.1
30-15 18.2 33.2 15.0 +1.33 21.0 22.3
30-7.5 8.9 16.4 - 0.52 17.5 24.5
30-5.1 12.3 ; :: -0.81 11.5 25.4
6030 3z.z 65.4 30.0 $1.70 17.5 20.4
60-22.1 26.7 48.8 22.1 +0.74 17.5 21.1
DC 1
60-15 18.6 33.6 15.0 10.15 12.5 22.1
60-7.5 9.9 17.4 - 0.80 9.0 23.5
605 13.2 ;::, -0.47 10.0 24.4
120-70.1 8i.23 153.4 70.1 t2.29 17.5 17.7
120-60 71.0 131.0 60.0 +1.59 17.5 18.3
120-44.7 52.8 97.5 44.7 + 0.98 17.5 18.9
120-30 38.8 68.8 30.0 to.08 12.5 20.0
120-15 21.0 36.0 15.0 - 0.80 21.3
120-10 14.8 24.8 10.0 -0.60 ;:; 21.8
L
120-S 8.1 13.1 5.0 -0.95 7.0 23.4

30 14.8 28.1 13.3 +0.10 22.8

60 31.9 58.1 26.2 +0.42 ;:o” 20.4

I
120 62.9 117.9 55.0 to.52 18.2
6030 16.2 28.3 12.1 -1.89 ;:; 21.9
60-15 8.2 13.3 5.1 - 2.22 5.0 23.4
60-5 3.0 4.3 -4.25 4.0 26.1
DC 2
120-70.5 36.9 68.2 3::: - 1.40 19.7
120-60 32.0 58.2 26.2 -1.73 go” 19.9
120-30 17.0 28.3 11.3 -2.93 4.8 21.0
120-15 8.4 13.2 4.8 -3.40 4.5 22.3
120-10 5.6 3.0 -4.07 4.0 23.5
120-5 3.0 ;:; 1.2 -4.62 3.5 25.4
-- --

DC3
1 1%30
120-10
25.3
27.2
IO.9
46.7
48.0
17.4
21.4
20.8
6.5
-
+2.30
-0.71
-1.61
- 15.0
6.5
5.0
21.5
20.0
21.7

TEST RESULTS-LONDON CLAY

The consolidation-rebound curves have been given by Henkel(1956). The curves obtained
from later tests differed slightly from these. DC 1, DC 2, and UC 1 tests only were carried
out on London Clay. In general, the stress-strain and volume-change characteristics corre-
sponded quite closely to those for Weald Clay. Complete details and results for each test have
been given by Plant (1955) and Parry (1956). The normally consolidated Mohr failure
envelopes give the angles of shearing resistance shown in Table 9.
Close agreement is apparently obtained for the three types of tests, with an average angle
slightly greater than 18”. The overconsolidated envelopes also show close agreement.

” and & from HvorsIev pIots are given in TabIe IO.

Values Of F e
 178 R. H. G. PARRY

Table 5. Undrained extension tests

-
Consol. (Jr’- 0,’ I ’ , AU
rebound lb/sq. in. lb/l{. in. lb/s:. in lbjsq. in. pe?cent peZent
pressure:
lb/sq. in.
-___
14.2 11.8 / 26.0 +4.0 7.0 23.0
28.3 23.9 , 52.2 +7+ 8.0 20.4
120 55.7 48.3 104.0 -+ 16.0 7.5 18.4
60-30 23.0 19.0 42.0 - 12.0 21.0
60-I 5 15.8 13.4 29.2 -14.2 ;:; 22.0
60-5 10.1 3i.48 88.9
16.5 -11.5 10.0 23.5
120-70.5 49.1 - 18.4 18.6
120-60 45.2 38.5 83.7 -23.7 ;:; 18.8
120-30 34.4 23.8 58.2 -28.2 19.5
120-15 22.4 15.1 37.5 -22.5 ;:; 20.7
120-10 18.9 IO.9 29.8 - 19.8 10.5 21.2
120-S 12.5 6.6 19.1 - 14.1 10.0 21.9
I_

::-5
14.8
10.3
11.3
6.6
26.1
16.9
+ 18.7
-1.6
I 23.1
23.1
120-30 33.5 26.4 59.9 +3.6 19.6
YE2
120-15 23.7 16.8 40.5 -1.8 20.3
120-10 18.8 11.9 I 30.7 -1.9 21.1
120-S 11.6 6.8 ) 18.4 -1.8 22.2
i L

Table 6. Drained extension tests

_
Tes t Consol. or’- Cl,’ , A,
m e rebound lb/sq. in. lb/s:. in. lb/s:. in.
x2 per’knt per?fent
pressure: per cent
Ib/sq. in.
_ ___ __
16.6 13.4 30.0 +0.68 22,7
z 32.5 27.5 60.0 +0.70 20.3
120 66.3 i 53.7 120.0 1-0.85 17.8
60-30 17.2 12.8 30.0 -12.27 21.6
60-15 6.5 15.0 -1.82 23.3
60-5 ;:; 5.0 -2.12 24.4
DE1
120-70.5 39.5 3:.: 70.5 -0.73 19.3
120-60 34.8 25.2 60.0 -1.19 19.4
120-30 18.2 11.8 30.0 -1.74 20.8
120-15 10.0 15.0 -2.14 21.7
120-10 6.9 g:y 10.0 -2.03 ii-i
120-5 3.7 1.3 5.0 -2.56 23.7
____~_
30 35.5 30.0 66.0 +4.so 12.0 20.3
69.5 61.5 131.0 +5.03 12x5 18.0
z-30 36.6 30.4 67.0 +2.47 9.0 20.0
60-15 18.0 15.3 33.3 +0.72 21.7
60-S 8.7 14.0 +0.50 g:; 23.7
DE2
120-60 71.1 6i.i 131.5 +2.25 10.0 17.5
120-30 37.9 30.1 68.0 +0.75 19.1
120-15 22.8 15.2 38.0 +0.50 57:; 20.2
120-10 17.0 10.1 27.1 +0.22 5.0 20.9
120-S 10.1 5.2 15.3 to.17 5.0 22.5
.-
20.0 16.5 36.5 +1.s5 8.5 22.3
DE3 1z-30 22.6 14.8 37.4 -1.08 20.2
120-10 8.4
I 4.5 12.9 -1.87 ;:g 22.4
 TRIAXIAL TESTS ON REMOULDED SATURATED CLAY 179
Table 7

DC1 DC2 DE1 DE2 UC 1 UEl

21.0” 21.6” 22.3” 21.1 o 22.6” 21.3”

Table 8

Drained Energy modified Undrained

drained

Compression tests . . . . .
Extension tests . . . . .

Table 9

DC 1 DC2 UC1
17.9” 18.7” 18.1”

Table 10

Drained Energy modified Undrained

drained

0.065 14.0° 0.045 16.5” 0.065 14.00

Agreement is shown between unmodified drained results and undrained results, but again
the difficulty of obtaining accurate results from the undrained tests does not allow definite
conclusions to be drawn.

CONCLUSIONS
1. Stress-strain and volume-change characteristics of saturated remoulded clays are pro-
foundly affected by the overconsolidation ratio, the nature of the external stress
change and the drainage conditions. For a particular type of stress change and
(Ta dV AU
drainage condition, values of 5, F ___ and axial strain at failure are
0 *1 - a3
determined by the overconsolidation ratio.
2. Drained tests with increasing stresses (DC 1 and DE 2) show comparable values of
AV
01 - 0.3
and - at failure for the same overconsolidation ratio. This is also true for
vo
deczasing stress tests DC 2 and DE 1. However, at any particular overconsolidation
ratio tests with increasing stresses show markedly different behaviour from tests with
decreasing stresses.
180 R. H. G. PARRY: TRIAXIAL TESTS ON REMOULDED SATURATED CLAY

3. Undrained tests UC 1 and UE 1 show comparable values of 012 at failure for any
00
overconsolidation ratio, but markedly different pore-pressures.
4. All tests show increasing values of %Z-? at failure with increasing overconsolidation
‘TO
ratio.
5. All drained tests on normally consolidated samples exhibit a volume decrease at failure.
Drained tests DC 1, DC 2, and DE 1 on heavily overconsolidated samples show a
volume increase at failure. Test DE 2 shows a very small volume decrease.
6. Undrained tests, UC 1 and UE 1, show a positive pore pressure at failure on
normally consolidated samples and a negative pore pressure at failure on heavily
overconsolidated samples.
7. For drained tests, the axial strain at failure decreases with increasing overconsolidation
ratio, but for undrained tests the axial strain at failure increases with increasing
overconsolidation ratio.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The experimental work described in this Paper was carried out by Dr G. D. Gilbert, Mr
J. R. Plant, and the Author in the Soil Mechanics Laboratory of the Imperial College of Science
and Technology, London, under the general direction of Professor A. W. Skempton. The
Author is particularly indebted to Dr D. J. Henkel who was responsible for supervision of the
work.
REFERENCES
BISHOP, A. W., and D. J. HENKEL, 1957. “The measurement of soil properties in the triaxial test.”
Edward Arnold, London.
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clays.” Proc. 3rd Znt. Conf. Soil Mech., 1 : 126.
GILBERT, G. D., 1954. “ Basic shear-strength properties of Weald Clay.” Ph.D. Thesis, London.
HENKEL, D. J., 1956. “The effect of overconsolidation on the behaviour of clays during shear.” GBo-
technique; 6 : 139.
HENKEL, D. T., and G. D. GILBERT, 1952. “The effect of the rubber membrane on the measured triaxial
compre&on strength of clay samples.” Gdotechnique, 3 : 20.
HVORSLEV, M. J., 1937. ” Ueber die Festigkeitseigenschaften gestoerter bindiger Boden ” (” On the
physical properties of disturbed cohesive soils ‘I). Zngeniorvidsnskabelige Skrifter, A. No. 45. Copen-
hagen.
PARRY, R. H. G., 1956. “Strength and deformation of clay.” Ph.D. Thesis, London.
PLANT, J. R., 1955. “Shear strength properties of London Clay.” MSc. Thesis, London.

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