Workina OF Institutions « Need jor Political Lnstructions » Major decisions ox made by the Fonioment, a body of olected vepresentatives im a democratic nation like Lndin. ~ When a bic & approved oy the parliament with a majority vole, it becomes a tow. - In order to better comprehend how a significant potivy decison is made by the goverment, this chapter user a Crovewwnent Order addressing the Yesowation of seals for members of SCs and STs as an example . + In 1994, the ovement of Lndia had appointed a committed under B.P. Mandal to determine vritewa to identity the socially and economic backward Classes im the county - Tt was also entrusted with the {ask to suggest ways and rneans to improve their, socioeconomic condition. + One of the vecommendations of the Mandal Commission was to Yesonve 2% of seals jor the people 9f Socioeconomic backword clastes CSEBC) iw government iwelttutions curd qpvexnment jobs . “When Tanta Dol formed the Crovernment ot the Contre im 1989, its leader VP. Singh loecame the Prime Minister . ~The President of India announced the intention o the Covemment to implement the Yecommendations of the Mandal Commission.+ Tr 1990, the Cenitral cabiner derided 40 implement the veommendations of the Mandal Commission . - TWs was communicated to both howe by the Prime Minister ¢ India. +The decision of the Cobinel wos Seat to the Depadiment of Pouoma ond Training. ~ An order to tha effect wos dafted by the depaliment with the approval of the miniglen « Ths order war signed by an officer on behalf of the Combrot Govenment . + Ths ttve was fererously debated tn newspapers ond magazines, and on. TV and radio. - Polets against this Order wow organised all over the country . — While some people orqued that this Order denied equality % opportunity to the people and hampered the umity of tre Mation, others argued that this orden gave a fair chance to people belonging to SEBC who hove been completely Subjugated by the people of upper casles and classes. * (oses against this Order wow abo tiled im the Supreme Cow . ~ The Lottir offer examining various clowes omd the prune scenario dedaned that the Orden of the (oveunmut of India is valid.~ However, the Supreme Cows asked the Govemment to modify its previous Orden. and exclude the vich section of the backward Classes jyom the benefits of vesexvations. + Hence, anotivr rmernovandum was adapted by the Depotment of Posonnal and “Waining, amd the poly of resewation wlas implement Protest against caste-based reservations x Houses ¥ Pouliament >» Tn Trdia, at the Comte, tho ame 2 houses of Trstioment — the Lok Sabra ond the Reap Sabha « > Following table shows differmoe :Rajya Sabha rey 7 ar} ‘Its members are elected by the elected members of the Lok Sabha and the Legislative Assemblies of the states. Its members are elected for a period of six years. Its maximum strength cannot be more than 250 members. Rajya Sabha cannot be dissolved. One-third of its members retire after every two years. It is also called the Upper House. Itis comparatively less powerful. No money bills can originate in the Rajya Sabha. b The ok Sabha exowists Supreme power im tre country in folloving wars i i. Members § botn hovses must poe omy veqular bills. ~ Tn a jeink secon both chambers, he Lok Sabha's members glen howe the lost Say. i. When if comes to money, the dok Sobha hos more outthovity thon the Rajya Sabha.» ~ Morey bis Cannot be refuted oy tre Rajya Sala it. The Lok Sabha contro the Counil of Ministers . Th a motion of no confidence & passed im the ‘outiament against any mivigler, ther alt minutes have to sign fs0M" hein. posls. « Executive > The exeoutine branch of the Govewmenl is made up of Foxdiomentasson who serve in Govewwment ond make vwwinl decisions on tre behalt of( the people, along with the Prime Minisle, ond lis Councié of ministers. ~ They cx Called the ‘Exewlive’ as they exeuile the polis qf the Govexnment - The Prime Minister. and Wis Cabinet ore known as the Potitical Exeutive, wile thoge who Xe appointed and hold tein positions even when the suling party Chomges ave Yeyorned as tre Vounanent Eneuutives . - Because the members @ tre Political Exewitve one dlinectiy Clected by tre people, they exerie wore powers than the ‘Poumaneni Exeuutive - Functions of Poutiament The elected seprusentative of the people make-up the xliamenl. Tt ts sefosed to or the Legislative Assembly at te Stole Covel. The functions one + ® The Fovtiament amends the oxisling Laws im addition to creating new one for the vation. - Tt may also nullity the odxeody - passed laws. © Eh nas influence over the goverment « ~ Ministers ave the outinovity to make decisions as long as membou of Tvdiament supports them . @ The Government needs the approval of the Poioment before using public money.© The voxious policies one aiseused and devoted by the member - The rnembes ox avila to trem jor inquiniss and to provide injormation . a Puime Minister and nis Council of Ministers * The Prine Minister i the Leader 9 the powty whith gels a majority in the Lok Sabha elections. — He chooser the members yf his council. ~The Cowndt of Ministirr ove appointed by the “Puutdont on the advice 9 the Pine Ministr . + The Cabinet ministers of housing, defence and finane oe mrombers of Council of Minislons. - The Cabinet ynembers make crudal dedision as tre inner ving Cowmel of Mintetes — Zach Cabinet Muvister is Yequired to assist the other cobivet members in then work- +The Counut of Minister alto inuludes Munistos of Slate with vdepondent chouge - ~ Wey attend Cabinet mettings orly uinon they ane invited - + Ministers of Stale assist’ the Cabinet Mivistors. * Guil sowant Seoretowier work in evouy miniiiy. = They also Ovexsee §=— how various rriuiaties —openate «+ Powers & sre Prime Minister ove : » He ppratides over the rnectings f the Cabinet mivistors and coordinate the working ] vasious wimistvies « tle Supewiges the work vanious minisbides , and Wis deutions ose. fine. > He appoints tre minittow. — He con alto tvomster ob dismiss Wis ministers. ~ When the PM quits, the ewti minishy thas to quit. > Thus, the PM is the rnost powerful powon tn the county. —Howevex, when a calition Government is formed, he is nol able to take any duision at Wis will because he has to wnsult various coalition povties before taking aay deusion . Cabinet — Inner ring of the Council of MinistersThe President The ead of the stot, i President . — He poyfovms wumonial duties. ~The mombou f the Stat. Xegislative Accombiies and the members of the Poxtiomet ect tre Tresiclund . ~ He te only a nominal exeutive because We is wat dinetly ae decd by the LTndion people . + Powers of the Pusidont ome : O AL nagar polivy devsionk axe ‘iasued by the Crovewwnudt un the name of President. bo All wnivistor ox, appolutid by Praideat on the advin of PM. - He atio appoints Chie, Justin of Tndia, Supreme Cowxt judges , Eletion Commission, flmbassadors and Stocte Governors. - He con onty appoiat them only on the advice of PH. G All Wwlesnational treaties od agreumonts ane node by PM ia -the name 9 Preident . a No bul bevomes an Ad umlil amd unters its signed boy resident . ~The Fraident may gond the bill bark to Teuioment 40% surousiduuation « ~ However, when i is sent 4o im jor 24 time, Ine nar to pass it. d. When no party gels a majority im Lok Sabha elections , the Praictud com oppoiut leader of taxgut pauly os the PM and atk Wim fo psove the sequisad rnajovity wn Xok Sabha.« “the udiciony The Supreme Cowd, High amd Dist Court and lower tevel Cowds maker up India's judicial system. — Tndia has a fully inteovated judiciony because the Supreme Court ovewseas the vation's judicial system « - Ts judgements axe seqarded as final. "The SC com dee disputis , duding — > Citizens of Country » Cltzems on one side and Covenment on the othe > Two o more State Govts. > Union (ovt on one hand amd Slate Gout. on the other — People wot satisfied with the decision of ttigh Cowd com tile Cone in Supreme Cowd « + Lrdependence of Judiciasy > The judiciany 2 Undependent foo the combuol enewtive and legislalure Ww below ways * . dudges @ SC and HC oma appointed by the President on avin of PM and conmltalion with Ones dustie of SC. ~ Owe appointed, Judges cannol be sumoved {Yom “tan ofpiue «* Judges can be semoved juom thw fice by prowess of impeadimeut that weeds to be passed by 2-3vd afonity of mombes 4 both houses. ~ Hone, prowess thir vemoval ts Ottsemely tough. * The Satouies of the judges cannot be sedueed by Croveonment x Powous % Judiciary « SC along with HC las the power to interpret Constitution of the vountry b. Any low paued by the Exeutive, or Legislature can be dedaved vull ond void by SC Yu b against the spixit of CoustiCulion- ~ This © known 08 power of juditial nul. C The judiceou, patos pundoumental uiants Y the people - d+ Anyone Cam file A Case im court YY general Untewts of people axe hurl by any gevounment order « ~The is Catted Public Intent itgatton (PEL) « de The wows can alioays put a check on ihe vabpractices 9f people-