W H AT İ S G L A S S ?

Glass, an inorganic solid

material that is usually
transparent or translucent as
well as hard, brittle,
and impervious to the natural
elements. Glass has been
made into practical and
decorative objects since
ancient times, and it is still very
important in applications
as disparate as building
construction, housewares, and
telecommunications.
W H AT M E T E R I A L I S
MADE OF GLASS?
Glass is made from Quartz / Silica Sand is the principal raw material of
natural and abundant glass

raw materials
(sand, soda ash and
limestone) that are
melted at very high
temperature to form
a new material :
GLASS
W H AT C O L O R İ S G L A S S
N AT U R A L LY ?
The color in glass comes from
impurities most commonly
iron oxide which gives it a
light blue cast. Low iron
glass has less color to it and is
a premium product but even
low iron glass has a slight hue
which can be blue, grey
or green but it is a very slight
coloring.
IS GLASS ECO
F R İ E N D LY ? ? ?
As well as being environmentally advantageous, recycled glass is
an inert material that is both food-safe and impermeable.
Fortunately, almost all glass containers are produced using some
recycled material, as it is not only environmentally friendly, but
economically beneficial.
DO GLASS DECOMPOSE?
Glass is made from molten sand.
It does not decompose and
they only erode with wind, water
and other forces. If you've ever
found a smooth piece of
sea glass at the beach, you have
seen the erosion of glass. ... If
left for a long time, it will
completely disintegrate into the
sand, but it won't decompose.
It Takes Up To 1 Million Years For Glass To Decompose
DOES GLASS WEAKEN
WITH AGE?

When harsh weather or debris impact the glass, strong window

frames will keep the glass firm to withstand the pressure. Just like a
human body, windows will age over the years and can't do certain
things they could back in the day. The bottom line is, windows age.
When they age, they become weaker and break.
W H AT A R E T H E
C L A S S İ F İ C AT İ O N O F G L A S S ? ?
In general you can
divide glass into two groups:
natural glass and artificial glass.
While artificial glass is
produced by the melting of
several raw materials,
natural glass is produced by
processes in nature. The best
known of such processes has to
be the formation of obsidian
and pumice. Volcanic Glass
W H AT A R E T H E 3 T Y P E S
OF GLASS?

1) Float Glass

2) Tempered or Toughened Glass

3) Laminated Glass
1 - F L O AT G L A S S ( D Ü Z C A M )

Its main qualities are transparency and

hardness. The glass is distinguished from other
materials by various characteristics: it is not
porous or absorbent, it is great insulator, has
low expansion and thermal conductivity, it
supports pressures from 5.800 to 10.800 kg per
cm2.
2-TEMPERED GLASS
(TEMPERLİ CAM)

It is a type of safety glass processed by

controlled thermal or chemical treatments
to increase its strength compared with
normal glass. Tempering creates balanced
internal stresses which cause the glass,
when broken, to crumble into small
granular chunks instead of splintering into
jagged shards. The granular chunks are
less likely to cause injury.
2-TEMPERED GLASS
(TEMPERLİ CAM)

Using;
• Glass and glazed doors,
• Facade cladding glasses,
• Special project glass applications,
Overhead glazings (skylight
systems, ceiling decorations, etc.)
• Places where children and elderly
are concentrated in public life areas,
• Furniture,
• Showcase and security
glass in
3 - L A M I N AT E D G L A S S
It is a type of safety glass that holds together
when shattered. In the event of breaking, it is
held in place by an interlayer, typically of
polyvinyl butyral (PVB), between its two or
more layers of glass. The interlayer keeps the
layers of glass bonded even when broken, and
its high strength prevents the glass from
breaking up into large sharp pieces. This
produces a characteristic "spider web"
cracking pattern when the impact is not
enough to completely pierce the glass.
 3. Laminated Safety Glass (Lamine Cam)
3 - L A M I N AT E D G L A S S
Using;
• showcases
• Vitrinler
• Roof and
• Çatı ve ceiling windows
tavan camları
• Rüzgârlıklar
• Protections
• Korkuluklar
• Interior panes
• İç bölme camları
• Müze sergileme
• Museum exhibition üniteleri
units Bank branches
• Banka şubeleri
• Hospitals
• Hastaneler(Especially psychiatry
(Özellikle psikiyatri
• clinics)
klinikleri )
• Trafiğin yoğun olduğu geçitler
• Traffic crossings Schools
• Okullar
• Kindergartens
• Çocuk yuvaları
• Police
• Poliscenters and
merkezleri military
ve askeri institutions Sports
kurumlar
• Aktivitenin yoğun olduğu spor
with intense activity
kompleksleri
• Sports with intense activity
complex
3 TYPES OF GLASS

Float Glass Tempered Glass Laminated Glass

Breaks easily, producing long, Shatters completely under high May crack under ğressure, but
sharp splinters levels of impact energy, and tends to remain integral,
few pieces remain in the frame adhering to the plastic vinyl
interlayer
GLASS USING IN
ARCHITECTURE

1) Facade

2) Interıor

3) Constructıon
GLASS USING IN ARCHITECTURE
Façade
GLASS USING IN ARCHITECTURE

Interior
GLASS USING IN ARCHITECTURE
GLASS USING IN ARCHITECTURE
Interior
GLASS USING IN ARCHITECTURE
GLASS USING IN ARCHITECTURE
GLASS USING IN ARCHITECTURE
Construction

Civic center in St Germain en Laye

GLASS USING IN ARCHITECTURE
Construction

Danfoss Headquarters
GLASS USING IN ARCHITECTURE
Construction
ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES

Crysrtal Houses Chanel Store, MVRDV, 2016.

ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES

Crysrtal Houses Chanel Store, MVRDV, 2016.

Harpa Concert Hall and Conference Centre, Henning Larsen Architects & Batteriid Architects,
2011.
KHAS - INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE DESIGN SYSTEMS -GLASS

ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES

Maison Hermes Tokyo, Renzo Piano, 2001

ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES

Maison Hermes Tokyo, Renzo Piano, 2001

ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES

Prada Store Tokyo, Herzog & de Meuron, 2003.

WOOD
W H AT I S W O O D
CONSTRUCTION?
Wood is a versatile raw material and the only
renewable construction material. Wooden structures are
usually characterised by a combination of different
components that together deliver the best possible load-
bearing capacity, thermal, acoustic and moisture insulation,
fire resistance and a long service life.
WHY MORE BUILDINGS
SHOULD BE MADE OF WOOD?
Wooden buildings continue
to store carbon emissions
even after the trees are cut
down to construct them,
and producing a single
laminated wooden beam
requires just one-sixth the
amount of energy to create
a steel one of comparable
strength.
I S I T FA S T E R T O B U I L D
WITH WOOD?
Building with wood is fast and
efficient, and can be undertaken
year-round.For example, as a
structural building material,
mass timber components can be
prefabricated off site and
delivered quickly. This can
significantly reduce a worksite
footprint and significantly
improve construction times.
TYPES OF WOOD…
Wood has traditionally been classified into two primary categories:
Hardwood (any leaf-bearing tree) and softwood (any cone-bearing
tree). As with most other general classifications, this can get
somewhat confusing due to the fact that there are some leaf-bearing
trees that can have relatively soft wood, while some coniferous trees
that can have rather hard wood. Generally speaking, however,
hardwoods are by and large considered to be heavier and more
dense than softwoods. Hardwoods are commonly used in the
construction of walls, ceilings and floors, while softwoods are often
used to make doors, furniture and window frames. Some examples
of the most popular hardwoods include oak, maple, mahogany,
cherry, walnut, and teak. Commonly used softwoods include pine,
hickory, beach, ash, birch, and cedar.
TYPES OF WOOD…
W H AT A R E T H E T Y P E S O F
TİMBER?
Types of timber :

• Bamboo. • Oak.
• Birch. • Oriented strand board.
• Padauk wood.
• Cedar.
• Pine.
• Cherry.
• Plywood.
• Cross-laminated timber.
• Sapele wood.
• Engineered bamboo. • Softwood.
• Glulam. • Sycamore.
• Green timbe • Tulipwood.
• Hardwood • Unwrot timber / sawn timber.
• Laminated veneer lumber LVL. • Walnut.
• Lime. • Wood ash.
• Modified wood • Wrot timber
• Mahogany
W H AT A R E T H E T Y P E S O F
TİMBER?
 PROS AND CONS OF
DIFFERENT WOOD TYPES?
Pine (Çam) :

Pros – It is the least

expensive wood used for
furniture making.
Reclaimed pine is used
for rustic looking pieces
and it is a great way to
reuse a natural resource.

Cons – It’s a soft wood, so

scratches and dents are
an all too real possibility.
Pine can have knots that
bleed through if the
furniture has a painted
nish.
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PROS AND CONS OF
DİFFERENT WOOD TYPES?
Maple (Akçaağaç):

Pros – Affordable and ultra

durable. It can take a beating
and look great for many years
to come. Because it takes dark
stains well, maple is often used
to mimic more expensive
woods.

Cons – Because of its ability to

mimic pricier woods, it puts
maple trees at risk from
deforestation. Maple does not
have much grain variation so
some people think it is not a
very interesting wood.
PROS AND CONS OF
DİFFERENT WOOD TYPES?
Walnut (Ceviz):

Pros – It’s a strong and stable

wood that allows for intricate
and complex carvings. The
color and shading is beautiful.
It is almost a pity to put stain
on it at all. More often than not
we just use a clear coat nish.

Cons – Some people don’t like

the variation of light to dark
that’s found on a single board.
It’s also one of the more
expensive woods.
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PROS AND CONS OF
DİFFERENT WOOD TYPES?
Oak (Meşe):

Pros – Very strong and dense.

When it is quarter sawn it has
a very linear grain pattern that
is highly desirable for modern
furniture.

Cons – Some people think of

Oak as old fashioned or passé.
They are most likely
remembering the open grain,
pickled Oak furniture from the
70’s.
PROS AND CONS OF
DİFFERENT WOOD TYPES?
BENEFITS OF WOOD IN
CONSTRUCTION
Wood carries several benefits that make it an excellent candidate for
use in a wide array of construction projects. One such benefit is its
thermal properties, which give it an advantage in terms of its
resistance to high temperatures. Unlike steel, which can expand or
even collapse in high heat, wood actually dries out and becomes
stronger as the heat increases. In addition, the heat conductivity of
wood is relatively low in comparison to other materials such as
aluminum, marble, steel, or glass. This gives wood an advantage in
terms of being used in various applications such as matches,
hardware equipment handles, wall coverings, and ceilings.
BENEFITS OF WOOD IN
CONSTRUCTION
BENEFITS OF WOOD IN
CONSTRUCTION
Wood also contains highly-sought-after acoustic properties. It can
absorb sound and echoes, and is a favorite material of choice for the
construction of structures where proper acoustics is important, such
as concert halls. Wood is resistant to electrical currents, making it an
optimal material for electrical insulation. Another important
characteristic of wood is its tensile strength, which is its ability to
bend under pressure without breaking. Wood is exceptionally light in
proportion to its tensile strength, making it the preferred
construction choice for surfaces that take a constant beating such as
basketball courts and bowling lanes. Tensile strength is also one of
the main reasons for choosing timber as a building material; its
remarkably strong qualities make it the perfect choice for heavy-duty
building materials such as structural beams.
BENEFITS OF WOOD IN
CONSTRUCTION
BENEFITS OF WOOD IN
CONSTRUCTION
Of the many construction
materials that a person can
choose from, wood stands
out as a unique and
amazingly versatile
product. Its aesthetic
appeal, tensile strength,
insulation qualities, and
ease of fabrication enable
it to remain a favorite
choice for use in an
extensive array of
construction applications.
WOOD AS CLADDING
M AT E R I A L ,
Wood cladding is an external
protective layer of wooden
material over the exterior or
interior walls of a building or a
structure. It serves the dual
purpose of making the walls
beautiful along with protecting
the same from external weather
conditions.
W O O D A S PA N E L S ,
Wood panels are available in different styles and can be installed
easily. For instance, tongue-and-groove is a kind of wood panel. In
this, one end is board and on the other end there is a piece which is
known as the tongue. The tongue of this wooden panel pieces is
joined together to form an invisible and strong seam.
WOOD AS MOSAICS,

Wood mosaic consist of pieces of wood, connected by rubber.

The material can be used for a multitude of applications, such as
wall- and floor covering, bathmats, placemats and coasters.
The mosaics are water-repellant, UV-resistant, and durable..
WOOD AS VENEERS,
Before describing what wood veneer is, it's
important to know what the word “veneer”
means. A veneer is a thin coating over the
top of a solid material that is designed to
look extremely nice. This is usually done for
economical reasons.
For example, you can take a nearly paper-
thin sheet of madrone burl exotic wood
veneer and adhere it to an inexpensive
plywood or MDF panel. After completion, it
looks like a solid piece of madrone burl,
when in fact the expensive part is only a
thin piece wrapped around the outside.
WOOD THERMAL
PROPERTIES,
Wo o d e x h i b i t s a l o w t h e r m a l
conductivity (high heat-insulating
capacity) compared with materials
such as metals, marble, glass, and
concrete. Thermal conductivity is
highest in the axial direction and
increases with density and moisture
content; thus, light, dry woods are
better insulators.
WOOD REACTION TO FIRE
A N D H U M I D I T Y,
The reduction of ignitability and combustibility of wood products is
based on chemical and physical means that have an effect on different
stages of ignition and burning, for example:

• heat induced changes of the internal structure of wood in molecular

level;
• physical and chemical processes of compounds produced in these
changes, both inside the wood and in the gases formed above it;
• transfer of heat in a wood product;
• transfer of oxygen into reaction areas.
 WOOD REACTION TO FIRE
A N D H U M I D I T Y,
B-Little fuel and very low contribution to the
re, but they cause ashover. Among them
we can nd materials and products such as
gypsum boards and some woods with re
Materials and products protection.

can be classified into 7 C-Fuel, causes ashover at 10 minutes.

different Euroclasses Among them we can nd materials and
products such as phenolic foam, or gypsum
according to the way they boards with thicker surface coatings.

react to fire. D-Fuel, causes ashover before 10 minutes.

Among them we can nd materials and
A1-It does not fuel and does not contribute to
wood products without protection, varying
the re. Among them we can nd concrete,
their reaction according to their thickness
glass, steel, natural stone, bricks, and
and density.
ceramic materials and products.
E-Fuel, causes ashover before 2 minutes.
A2-Little fuel and very low contribution to the
Among them we can nd materials and
re, without causing ashover. Among them
products such as low density breboard, or
we can nd materials and products similar to
plastic composite insulation systems.
the Euroclass A1, but with a small percentage
of organic components.
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WOODEN ARCHITECTURAL
E X A M P L E S - CONSTRUCTION

The Haut, the Netherlands’ tallest wooden residential building. Arup

WOODEN ARCHITECTURAL
E X A M P L E S - CONSTRUCTION

The Haut, the Netherlands’ tallest wooden residential building. Arup

WOODEN ARCHITECTURAL
E X A M P L E S - FA C A D E S

The Sleeve House utilises Accoya® in contemporary design

WOODEN ARCHITECTURAL
E X A M P L E S - EXTERIOR
Research Pavilion 2013/14 by University of Stuttgart
When the team from the University of Stuttgart created the Landesgartenschau
Exhibition Hall, they claimed it to be the first building to have its main structure
entirely made out of plywood panels created by robots.
WOODEN ARCHITECTURAL
E X A M P L E S - EXTERIOR

Shinola pavilion by Giles Miller

For this year's Clerkenwell Design Week,
London designer Giles Miller created a
pavilion made from 8,000 lightning-bolt-
shaped pieces of plywood. The black-painted
shingles were placed by hand onto the
structure, with each angled specifically to
control the amount of light that entered the
pavilion.
WOODEN ARCHITECTURAL
E X A M P L E S - INTERIOR
WOODEN ARCHITECTURAL
E X A M P L E S - INTERIOR
WOODEN ARCHITECTURAL
E X A M P L E S - INTERIOR
WOODEN ARCHITECTURAL
E X A M P L E S - INTERIOR