CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering and Architecture

Chemical Engineering Department

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
LABORATORY 1
(CHELAB1) 2nd Sem
FINAL LABORATORY REPORT
Experiment # X
Experiment Title

Group No. Section 3A

NAME SIGNATURE Criteria Score

1. Corpuz, Angelica R. Abstract (10%)
2. dela Cruz, Juan A. Intro (10%)
3. Retain format, Hide cell if
Methodology (15%)
necessary
4. Surname, Given Name MI. Results | Disc. (45%)

5. Style | Grammar (20%)

Total (100%)

XX September 202X XX May 2023

Date of performance Date of Submission
 Engr. Angelica R. Corpuz
Instructor
Complete Experiment Title Maximum of Two Lines
(Times New Roman, 20-pt, bold, each word is capitalized)
Juan A. dela Cruz, Co-author complete name, Co-author complete name
(Times New Roman, 11 pt, plain text)
Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, Cagayan State University,
Carig Sur Tuguegarao City 3500, Philippines (9 pt, italics)

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

SY 2022–2023 | 2nd Sem
CHELAB1 3A
Final Laboratory Report
Experiment # X
Date Performed: April XX, 2023
Date Submitted: May XX, 2023
Keywords
Buoyancy, Surface Tension, Systems of
Equations
This is the format for the preparation of the LBYCH2C Final Report. Please follow
this template strictly. This document can be used as a template for your preparation.
Use “Lab Report – Abstract” style for abstract text. A list of predefined styles is
given at the end of this document. The abstract should be a single paragraph
describing the background, objectives, explains and summarizes the results of the
experiment and should be between 150-200 words only. Use Times New Roman,
10 pt. . For the keywords, list a maximum of 4-5 phrases. All small letters,
separated by a comma and ends with a period. Use Times New Roman, 8 pt, italic
for the keywords. Maximum of 8 pages for LFR.

I. INTRODUCTION
Size reduction is an action that uses external force to reduce the size of a larger particle to a smaller one of the desired
sizes and shape. Impact, compression, shear, and attrition are the most common mechanisms associated with size reduction.
The ball mill is one tool for reducing particle size. A sort of grinder that creates fine powder from material is the ball mill.
Grinding happens when large, dense material balls strike and compress the material being milled. The constant collision
reduces the raw material's particle size. The size and weight of the ball, as well as the movement of the mill, determine the
size of the finished product. Sieve analysis is a method for determining a powder's particle size distribution. This process
involves splitting a powder sample into discrete size ranges by sifting it through a stack of wire mesh sieves. The sieve stack
is vibrated for a set amount of time using a sieve shaker. When they fall through the sieves, vibration causes irregularly
formed particles to reorient themselves.
The aim of the experiment are to determine the energy requirements, Rittinger’s Number and crushing efficiency for a
jaw crusher and ball mill and to prepare a differential and cumulative screen analysis using standard Tyler screens. To be
able to calculate the energy/power and rittingers' number, we must first comprehend the concept and laws underlying it.
Rittinger’s. Kick’s and Bond’s law are use on this experiment.
In able to get a better results with fine grinding where there is a much larger increase in surface area Ritttinger’s law
was use- it a crushing law proposed by Rittinger in 1867 states that the work required in crushing is proportional to the new
surface created. This law which is really no more than a hypothesis, is equivalent to the statement that the crush efficiency is
constant and, for a given machine and feed material, is independent of the sizes of feed and product. Kick’s law was also use
in the experiment which states that the work required for crushing a given mass of material is constant for the same
reduction ratio, that is, the ratio of the initial particle size to the final particle size. Kick’s law gives reasonably good results
for coarse grinding in which there is a relatively small increase in surface area per unit mass. Bond’s law states that energy
used for size reduction is proportional to the new cracks length and it is intermediate between the Rittinger’s and Kick’s
laws.

II. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Materials
 In this experiments the materials that were used are the following:
1. Dry Gravel
2. Aluminum Pans
3. Analytical Balance and
4. Tyler Standard Mesh

2.2 Equipment
Screening and size reduction equipment is machinery that crushes, grinds and screened materials to reduce their size.
The equipment typically falls into three main types: screener, crushers, and grinding mills. In this experiment the
following equipment were used:
Jaw Crusher that was shown in figure 1 is used for coarse and preliminary size reduction on a laboratory scale of
medium-hard, tough and brittle material. It is fixed or mobile machine used in mines, quarries and certain other
applications that crushes rocks by trapping them in between a fixed steel plate and a pivoting, oscillating steel plate,
which moves backwards and forwards, being operated by a revolving flywheel mounted on an eccentric shaft.

Figure 1. Side View of Actual Laboratory Size Reduction Apparatus

Sieve shaker and mesh screens were used as screening apparatus. Machine sieving is performed by stacking sieves
in ascending order of aperture size and placing the powder on the top (coarsest aperture) sieve. A closed pan, a
receiver, is placed at the bottom of the stack to collect the fines and a lid is placed at the top to prevent loss of powder.
A stack usually consists of five or six sieves in a root two progression of aperture size. The stack of sieves is clamped
on to a test sieve shaker that is vibrated for a fixed time and the residual weight of powder on each sieve is
determined. With machine sieving, sieve motion should minimize the risk of aperture blockage and preferably include
a jolting action to remove particles that are wedged in the sieve mesh. Mesh screens are made of a thin textile material
with many small holes in it - comparable to a fishnet. It is suitable for front projections as well as rear projections. An
actual laboratory screening apparatus was shown in figure 2. A complete set of standard Tyler screen series composed
of the following screens: 200, 150, 100, 65, 48, 35, 28, 20, 14, 10, 8, 6, 4, and 3 mesh with a cover and pan were used
in this experiment.
 SCREENS

SIEVE SHAKER

Figure 2. Actual Laboratory Screening Apparatus

Ball mill is a device used to reduce the particle size of materials, bodies or glazes. A ball mill is simply a container
that is filled with pebbles (either of porcelain or stones e.g. Flint) into which a charge (powder or slurry) is put and
that is then mechanically rotated to cause the tumbling pebbles to crush particles that happen between them. Ball
mills can be continuous or periodic, they can be small or gigantic, low-speed or high-speed rotated or vibrated or
both. For maximum efficiency, a ball mill should be made of, or lined with, a porcelain or other very hard surface
(so grinding also occurs between the wall and the balls), and the balls should be of a range of sizes (to maximize
points of contact), the mill should have the correct quantity of balls, the slurry should be the right viscosity and the
charge should be an optimal amount (overcharging reduces efficiency). Various compromises are often made (for
example rubber lined mills to reduce wear and noise).

Figure 3. Porcelain Ball Mill

2.2 Experimental Procedure

1) Collect and weigh about 1 kg of gravel practically with uniform particle size from 1.0 to
2.25 cm in diameter.
2) Weigh small amounts of the collected gravel and put them in a jaw crusher. Take note of the time and the torque or
force created by the jaw crusher. Collect the product and subject to screen analysis. Determine the speed of the
motor and the speed of the wheel connected to the jaw crusher.
3) The screen analysis should be arranged according to the mesh number from the lower mesh number to the higher
ones. Clean the screens before using it. Divide the screens into three before subjecting to the shaker. Make sure
that the time for the screen analysis is uniform for all of the runs.
4) Weigh the contents of each of the pans and arrange them again according to the mesh number.
5) Collect all of the samples and place them in the ball mill. Mill the gravel for 40 minutes. Measure the inner
diameter of the mill and the diameter of the balls. Record the speed of the rotation and the power of the motor.
 6) Subject the product to screen analysis and weigh the contents of each of the pans. Repeat steps 3 to 6 at least
twice.
7) For the impact test, obtain sample of the gravel and approximate its surface area. Place it inside the impact tester.
Taking note of the height, drop the load inside the cylinder. Measure or estimate the area of each piece of gravel
and determine the total area. Also, note the weight of the load that was dropped. From these information, you can
estimate roughly the energy used in creating the new surface.

III. RESULTS & DISCUSSION

Data is summarized and presented clearly in this section. Justification of errors incurred should be included as well. In
cases where the error is significant, authors should explain disparity of values with the expected values. Authors may use
similar studies as evidences/justification. Raw data SHOULD BE PLACED IN THE APPENDICES section and not here.
Results and discussion section should contain figures and relevant worked tables and their discussion.
2.3 Tables
For tables, table number and its caption should be on top of the table and left-aligned as shown. The table caption
should be Times New Roman, 9 pt size and plain text. Table must be labeled in sequence starting from Table 1, Table
2, Table 3, and so on. The data on the table should not be smaller than 8 pt size. Use “Lab Report – Table Caption”
for the figure caption; the number is automatically generated. Do not leave the table cut between pages; put the table on
the next page. If the table is too long, divide it into two and put “Table X (continuation)”, same font style with “Lab
Report – Table Caption” but italicized.
Cite tables in the text as follows: The variation of the activation energy of the catalyzed reactions is shown in Table
1. As shown in Table 1, the activation energy decreases as the loading of the catalyst was increased from 5 wt% to 15
wt%.

Table 1. Activation energies of the catalyzed reaction

Loading (wt%)
5% 10% 15%
Catalyst Activation energy (kJmol–1)
K2CO3 107.2 101.8 95.3
FeSO4 138.7 131.1 130.9

a. Subheading
Equation in the main body should be prepared using MathType, Equation Editor or other equation software. For
equation editor, at the end of the equation but within the equation editor environment, type #(Eqn. number) to insert the
equation number.
2
1 dX
=k ( 1−X )3
1−X dt
( 1)
where X = fractional conversion of carbon in the char at any time, k = shrinking-core model constant (h–1) and t =
time of gasification (s). Cite equations in the text as follows: The reaction constant can be calculated using Eq. 1. The
differential form (Eq. 1) of the shrinking-core model can be integrated to yield an expression to be used in the
modeling of the gasification reactor.

IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Whenever possible, the full paper should be checked by all authors prior to submission to eliminate errors that may have
been neglected by the other authors.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This section is where you might want to acknowledge anyone. (this section is optional)

REFERENCES

[1] Chemical Technical Technology and Unit Operation Laboratory, University Technology MARA

[2] Gazi University Chemical Engineering Department Che482 Chemical Engineering Laboratory III
Minimum of 5 references. The following template in listing the references was based from the template given by the
organizers of RSCE 2015. Number the citations consecutively using a square backet (e.g. [1], [2], [3] and so on). Cite
references in the main body as [1] rather than “Ref. [3]” or “reference [3]” except at the beginning of a statement: “Song et
al [4] uses a fluidized-bed gasifiers”. If a citation refers to several references, include them in one pair of square bracket
(e.g. The use of ionic liquids has been studied extensively by numerous authors [1-3,7, 10-11].
For three authors or more, use et al. References that have not been published officially must be cited as “unpublished”.
Papers that have been accepted for publication should be cited as “in press”.
For various types of references see the examples below. No need to identify type of reference.
Proceeding Papers
[1] Brook, W.J. Modeling Design and Control of Flexible Manipulator Arms: A Tutorial Review. Proceedings 29th IEEE
Conference On Decision and Control, San Francisco, CA, 1990, pp. 500-506.
Journal Papers
[2] Ishida, M. and Wen, C.Y. Effectiveness factors and instability in solid-gas reactions, Chemical Engineering Science
23, 1968, 125-137.
[3] Bungay, V.C. and Song, B.H. 알칼리금속염과 철황산염을 촉매로 한 갈탄의 CO2 가스화반응에서기체-고체
반응모델을 적용한 촉매활성의 비교 [Comparison of catalytic activity through gas-solid reaction models in CO 2
gasification of lignite with alkali metal salts and iron sulfate], Journal of Energy Engineering 23(1), 2014, 58-66.
Books
[4] David, F.G., ed. Handbook of applied powder nanotechnology. 3rd ed. New York, Mc-Hraw-Hill, 1999.
[5] dela Cruz, J.C., Mabini, A.L. and Rizal, J.M. The youth of tomorrow. 2nd ed. Manila, Rex Bookstore Inc., 2011.
In press citations
[6] Hughes, K. W., Chin, C.S., Shieh, L.S. and Fang, D.G.M. The utilization of SiO 2 in ash as catalyst to lignite
combustion in a thermobalance reactor. Journal of Catalysis A (in press).
[7] Eggen, F.A. and Schack, R.T. Educational Psychology. 2nd Ed. New-York, Prentice-Hall Inc., 2002, pp. 34-48.
From the internet
[8] Available online at www.dost.gov.ph/en/coal.html

APPENDICES
This section should contain the raw data, photos and pertinent calculations that appear in the results and discussions.
Chemical Engineering Laboratory 1 (CHELAB1) Experiment Title SY 2022-2023

HOW TO USE STYLES IN MS WORD:

1. Select the text you want to format. The selection should be in whole paragraphs (as defined by MS word, a
paragraph is any text that ends with a hard return which is inserted when you press the Enter key)

Figure 4.Sample Text Selection

2. In the Styles group in the Home tab, click to open the styles dialog box. This will contain the predefined styles
for this template. The style enclosed in the blue box

Figure 5.Opening of Style dialog box

Figure 6.Styles Dialog box

3. Select the appropriate style from the list. The predefined styles for this lab report has “ Lab Report - …” in its
name. The format of the selected text will be defined based on the selected style. For the selection in Figure 3, the
format will be “Lab Report – Paragraph”

Carabbaccan, Guzman, Tabao Instructor: Engr. A.R. Corpuz

Chemical Engineering Laboratory 1 (CHELAB1) Experiment Title SY 2022-2023

Table 2. List of Predefined Styles

Component Style
Abstract Text Lab Report – Abstract
Article Information Lab Report – Article Info
Author Lab Report – Author
Affiliation Lab Report - Affiliation
Figure Caption Lab Report – Figure Caption
Table Caption Lab Report – Table Caption
Keywords Lab Report – Keywords
References Lab Report – References
Subheading (e.g. 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, …) Lab Report – Subheading
Paragraph text under subheadings Lab Report – Subparagraph
Experiment/Lab Report Title Lab Report – Title
Unnumbered Headings (e.g. References, Appendix, …) Lab Report – Unnumbered Headings
Paragraph text under headings Lab Report - Paragraph

Carabbaccan, Guzman, Tabao Instructor: Engr. A.R. Corpuz

Chemical Engineering Laboratory 1 (CHELAB1) Experiment Title SY 2022-2023

ADDITIONAL GUIDES FOR THE FINAL LAB REPORT:

1. The guiding structure for the FLR starts with the background of the knowledge to be investigated (Introduction)
then the method on how to find out the knowledge to be investigated (Methods), the results arising from applying
the method (Results and Discussion) and the knowledge arising from the results (Conclusion)
2. There is not specific outline for the FLR aside from following the guiding structure above. It is more of a formal
storytelling that starts with the need for investigation followed by the principles and theories that governs it. Then,
the methods are discussed and most importantly, what information did you get from applying the method. This
information is not only within the context of verifying the theories but also the implication to real-life application
and to industrial use.
3. Lab reports that are too long is discouraged; the shorter, the better. However, note that the important details should
not be compromised.

Carabbaccan, Guzman, Tabao Instructor: Engr. A.R. Corpuz