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All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by
any means without the prior permission of Arab Center for Scientific Research
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‫ﺍاﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑ ﻥن ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭوﺍا ﺮ ﺔ ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫‪  ‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﺘﻮﻥن ﻓﺮ ﺪﻣﺎﻥن‬

‫‪Economic Freedom and Political‬‬

‫‪Freedom‬‬

‫‪Milton Friedman‬‬
‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
 ‫ً‬
‫ﺇإﻧﻪﮫ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﻛﺜ ﺍا ﺑﺄﻥن ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭو ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩد ﺃأﻣﺮﺍاﻥن ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻼﻥن ﻭوﻻ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻷﺣﺪ ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻵﺧﺮ؛ ﻭوﺃأﻥن ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ ﺍاﻟﻔﺮﺩدﻳﺔ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑ ﻨﻤﺎ ﺃأﻥن ﺍاﻟﺮﻓﺎ ﻴﺔ ﺍاﳌﺎﺩدﻳﺔ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃأﻱي ﻧﻮﻉع ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺇإ ﺃأﻱي ﻧﻮﻉع ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭو ﺄﻧﻪﮫ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﳌﻤﻜﻦ ّ‬
‫ﺿﻢ ّ‬
‫ﻭوﺍاﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍاﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﻭو ﻟ ﺬﻩ ﺍاﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓة ﻮ ﺍاﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉع ﻋﻦ “ ﺷ ﺍاﻛﻴﺔ ﺍاﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍاﻃﻴﺔ”‪  ‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫ﺍاﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺪﻳﻨﻮﻥن ﺍاﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺫذﺍاﺗﻪﮫ ﺍاﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩد ﺍاﻟ ﺗﻔﺮﺿ ﺎ “ ‪  ‬ﺷ ﺍاﻛﻴﺔ ﺍاﻟﺪﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭر ﺔ”‪  ‬ﻋ‬
‫ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ ﺍاﻟﻔﺮﺩدﻳﺔ ﺭرﻭوﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭوﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺆﻻﺀء ﺍاﳌﺆﻣﻨ ﻥن ﺑﺄﻧﻪﮫ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺃأﻥن ﺗﻘﻮﻡم ﺩدﻭوﻟﺔ ﺑ ﺒ‬
‫ﺍا ﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ ﺍاﻟﺮﻭوﺳﻴﺔ ﻭو ﺍاﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺫذﺍاﺗﻪﮫ ﺿﻤﺎﻥن ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ ﺍاﻟﻔﺮﺩدﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝل ﺗﻠﻚ ﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪  .‬ﺇإﻥن ﺍاﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓة ﺍاﻟ ﻳ ﻨﺎﻭوﻟ ﺎ ﺬﺍا ﺍاﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺃأﻥن ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍاﻟﺮﺅؤ ﺔ ﻣﻀﻠﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺄﻥن ﻨﺎﻙك ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺟﻮ ﺮ ﺔ ﺑ ﻥن ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭو ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩد ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺃأﻧﻪﮫ ﺑﺎﻹﻣ ﺎﻥن‬
‫ﺍا ﻤﻊ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑ ﻥن ﺃأﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭوﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩدﺓة ﺩدﻭوﻥن ﻏ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭوﺃأﻧﻪﮫ ﻋ ﻭوﺟﻪﮫ ﺍا ﺼﻮﺹص‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍاﺷ ﺍا ّﻲ ﺃأﻥن ﻳ ﻮﻥن ﺍاﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺫذﺍاﺗﻪﮫ ﺩدﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍاﻃﻴﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻔ ﻮﻡم ﺿﻤﺎﻥن ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍاﻟﻔﺮﺩدﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩدﻭوﺟﺎ ﺗﺄﺳ ﺲ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ّ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﺣﺮ؛ ﻓﻤﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥن‬ ‫ﺇإﻥن ‪  ‬ﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍا ﻣﺰ‬
‫ﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ ﺑﺬﺍا ﺎ ﺟﺰﺀء ﻣﻦ ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ ﺑﻤﻔ ﻮﻣ ﺎ ﻭوﺳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺪﻑف ﺎ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺤﺪ ﺫذﺍا ﺎ‪  .‬ﺃأﻣﺎ ﺍاﳌﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍاﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥن ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻭوﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻻ ﺴﺘﻐ ﻋ ﺎ‬
‫ﺳ ﻴﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍا ‪  ‬ﺮ ﺔ ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﺇإﻥن ﺃأﻭو ﺗﻠﻚ ﺩدﻭوﺍاﺭرﻟ ﺮ ﺔ ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﺍا ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ﻷﻥن ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻜﺮ ﻦ ﻋ ﻭوﺟﻪﮫ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻞ ﻗﻮﻱي ﻟﻌﺪﻡم ﺍاﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭر ﺬﻩ ﺍاﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﻟ ﺮ ﺔ ﻋ ﺃأ ﺎ ﻣ ّﻤﺔ؛ ﻓ ﻢ ﻳ ﻋﻮﻥن ﺇإ‬ ‫ﺍا ﺼﻮﺹص ٌ‬
‫ﺍاﻟﺘﻌﺒ ﻋﻦ ﺍاﺯزﺩدﺭرﺍا ﻢ ﳌﺎ ﻌﺘ ﻭوﻧﻪﮫ ﻣﻈﺎ ﺮ ّ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩدﻳﺔ ﻟ ﻴﺎﺓة‪ ،‬ﻭوﺇإ ﺍاﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭر ﺳﻌ ﻢ ﻭوﺭرﺍاﺀء ﻗﻴﻤ ﻢ‬
‫ً‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺎ‪  .‬‬
‫‪  ‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻟﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍاﳌﺰﻋﻮﻣﺔ ﻋ ﺃأﻧﻪﮫ ﻋ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯى ﺃأﻋ ﻣﻦ ﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭوﻋ ﺃأﻧﻪﮫ ﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﺍا ﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻭوﻟﻜﻨﻪﮫ ﳌﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﻮﺍاﻃ ﺍاﻟﺪﻭوﻟﺔ—ﻭوﺇإﻥن ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺫذﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻜﺮ ﻦ—ﻓﺈﻥن ﻤﻴﺔ ﺍاﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓة ﻟ ﺮ ﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ ﻋ ﻗﻞ ﺑﻤﺜﻞ ﺃأ ﻤﻴ ﺎ ﻏ ﺍاﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓة ﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﳌﻮﺍاﻃﻦ ﺍاﻟ ﻳﻄﺎ ﻲ ﺍاﻟﺬﻱي ﻟﻢ ﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻪﮫ ﻌﺪ ﺍا ﺮﺏب ﺍاﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍاﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﺀء ﺇإﺟﺎﺯزﺗﻪﮫ‬
‫ﺍاﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕت ﺍاﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓة ﺴ ﺐ ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋ ﺍاﻟﺼﺮﻑف ﻭوﺗﺤﻮ ﻞ ﺍاﻟﻌﻤﻼﺕت ﺟﻨ ﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺠﺮ ﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮ ﺔ ﺃأﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍاﳌﻮﺍاﻃﻦ ﻣﺮ ﻲ ﺍاﻟﺬﻱي ُﺣﺮﻡم ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﺻﺘﻪﮫ ﻗﻀﺎﺀء ﻋﻄﻠﺘﻪﮫ‬
‫ً‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﺭرﻭوﺳﻴﺎ ﺴ ﺐ ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺋﻪﮫ ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪  .‬ﻓﺎ ﺎﻟﺔ ﻭو ﺎﻧﺖ ﺍاﻟﻈﺎ ﺮ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪﺍا ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺎ ﻟ ﺮ ﺔ‬
‫ً‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﺑ ﻨﻤﺎ ﺎﻧﺖ ﺍاﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪﺍا ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﻟ ﺎ؛ ﻭوﻣﻊ ﺫذﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪﮫ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﺮﻕق ﺟﻮ ﺮﻱي ﺑ ﻥن ﻠﺘ ﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
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 ‫ﺇإﻥن ﺍاﳌﻮﺍاﻃﻦ ﻣﺮ ﻲ ﺍاﻟﺬﻱي ﻳﺠ ﻩ ﺍاﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻋ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﺭرﺏب ‪  %10‬ﻣﻦ ﺩدﺧﻠﻪﮫ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃأﺟﻞ ﺷﺮﺍاﺀء ﻧﻮﻉع ﻣﻌ ﻥن ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﻮﺩد ﺍاﻟﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺍاﻟﺬﻱي ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪﮫ ﺍا ‪  ‬ﻮﻣﺔ؛ ﻓﺈﻧﻪﮫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺠﺮ ﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪﺭر‬
‫ﺫذﺍاﺗﻪﮫ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮ ﺘﻪﮫ ﺍاﻟ ﺼﻴﺔ‪  .‬ﺇإﻥن ﺷﺪﺓة ﺍاﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭر ﺬﺍا ﺍاﻟﺘﺠﺮ ﺪ ﻭوﻣﻘﺪﺍاﺭرﺷ ﻪﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺮ ﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺍاﻟﺪﻳ ﻴﺔ—ﻭوﺍاﻟ ﺳﻴﻌﺘ ﺎ ﺍا ﻤﻴﻊ ﻛﺤﺮ ﺔ “ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ”‪  ‬ﺃأﻭو “ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ”‪  ‬ﺑﺪﻻ ﻋﻦ ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ—ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝل ﺣﺪﺙث ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺰﺍاﺭر ﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﺃأﻣ ﺶ؛ ﻓﻌ ﺃأﺳﺎﺱس ﺍاﳌﺒﺪﺃأ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻋﺘ ﺕت‬
‫ﺬﻩ ﺍا ﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍاﻟ ﺍاﻣﺞ ﺍاﻟﻔﻴﺪﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺒﺎﺭر ﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ ﺎﻧ ﺎﻙك ﺮ ﻢ ﺍاﻟ ﺼﻴﺔ ﺍاﻟﻔﺮﺩدﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭوﺭرﻓﻀﻮﺍا ﺩدﻓﻊ ﺍاﻟﻀﺮﺍاﺋﺐ ﺃأﻭو ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕت؛ ﻭوﻧ ﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻢ ﺑﻴﻊ ﻌﺾ ﻣﻮﺍاﺷ ﻢ ﻣﺰﺍاﺩد ﻋﻠ ّ‬
‫ﻴﺢ ﺑﺄﻥن ﺃأﻋﺪﺍاﺩد ﺍاﳌﻮﺍاﻃﻨ ﻥن ﺍاﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍاﺳﺘﺤﻘﺎﻗﺎﺕت ﺿﺮﺍاﺋﺐ ﺍاﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥن ﺟﺘﻤﺎ ّ‪   .  ‬ﺇإﻧﻪﮫ‬
‫ﻌﺘ ﻭوﻥن ﺿﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ ﺟﺒﺎﺭرﻱي ﻛﺘﺠﺮ ﺪ ﻟ ﺮ ﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗ ﻮﻥن ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ؛ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍاﳌﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺮ ﺔ ﻻ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺃأﺑﺪﺍا‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻑف ‪  ‬‬ ‫ﻳﺤ‬
‫ﺇإﻥن ﺍاﳌﻮﺍاﻃﻦ ﻣﺮ ﻲ ﺍاﻟﺬﻱي ﻻ ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻚ—ﺿﻤﻦ ﺸﺮ ﻌﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕت—ﺣﺮﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍاﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭرﻩ ﺍا ﺎﺹص ﺇإﻻ ﺇإﺫذﺍا ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ؛ ﻮ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺎﻕق ﺑﺎﳌ ﻨﺔ ﺍاﻟ‬
‫ﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪﮫ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﺀء ﺃأﺳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮ ﺘﻪﮫ‪  .‬ﻭوﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍاﻟ ﺺ ﺍاﻟﺬﻱي ﻳﺮ ﺪ ﺍاﺳ ﺒﺪﺍاﻝل‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺑﻀﺎ ﻌﻪﮫ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺳﻮ ﺴﺮ ﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻟﻜﻨﻪﮫ ُﻳﻤﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺫذﻟﻚ ﺴ ﺐ ﺣﺼﺔ ﺴ ﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ( ﻮﺗﺎ(‪  .‬ﻭو ﻜﺬﺍا‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺃأﻳﻀﺎ ﺍاﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮﺭرﻧﻴﺎ ﺍاﻟﺬﻱي ﻗﺪ ﺯز ّﺝج ﺑﻪﮫ ﺍاﻟ ﻦ ﻟﺒﻴﻌﻪﮫ (ﺃأﻟ ﺎ ﺳﻴﻠ ﺭر(‪  ‬ﺴﻌﺮ ﺃأﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺫذﺍاﻙك ﺍاﻟﺬﻱي ﻓﺮﺿﺘﻪﮫ ﺍا ﺔ ﺍاﻟﺼﺎ ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪﮫ ﺍاﺳﻢ ﻗﻮﺍاﻧ ﻥن “ﺍاﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭرﺓة ﺍاﻟﻌﺎﺩدﻟﺔ”‪  .‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻭوﺃأﻳﻀﺎ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍاﳌﺰﺍاﺭرﻉع ﺍاﻟﺬﻱي ﻻ ﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺯزﺭرﺍاﻋﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍاﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﺍاﻟ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻜﺬﺍا ﺩدﻭوﺍاﻟﻴﻚ‪  .‬ﺇإﻧﻪﮫ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻥن ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ ﻭو ﺤﺪ ﺫذﺍا ﺎ ﺟﺰﺀء ﻣ ﻢ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ ﺑﻤﻔ ﻮﻣ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻟﻮﺍا‬
‫ﺍاﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭر ﺎ ﻭوﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ؛ ﻓﺈﻥن ﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ ﻣ ﻤﺔ ﺴ ﺐ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛ ﺎ ﻋ ﺗﺮﻛ ﺃأﻭو ﺗﻮﺯز ﻊ ﺍاﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ؛ ﻓﺬﺍاﻙك ﺍاﻟﻨﻮﻉع ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡم ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻱي ﺍاﻟﺬﻱي ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ‬
‫ﻊ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ ﺸ ﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭوﺃأﻋ ﺍاﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﻟﺮﺃأﺳﻤﺎ ﺍاﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻷﻧﻪﮫ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﺍاﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍاﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭو ﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃأﺣﺪ ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃأﻥن ﻳﻮﺍاﺯزﻥن ﺧﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇإﻥن ﺍاﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍاﻟﺘﺎﺭر ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺙث ﺑﺼﻮﺕت ﻭوﺍاﺣﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍاﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑ ﻥن ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭوﺍاﻟﺴﻮﻕق‬
‫ﺍا ‪  ‬ﺮﺓة‪   .‬ﻓﻼ ﺃأﻋﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺃأﻱي ﻣﺜﺎﻝل ﺃأﻱي ﻣ ﺎﻥن ﺃأﻭو ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺗﻤ ﺑﻘﺪﺭر ﻛﺒ ﻣﻦ ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ‬

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‫ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺫذﺍاﺗﻪﮫ ﻟﻢ ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡم ﺷ ﺌﺎ ﺷﺒ ﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮﻕق ﺍا ﺮﺓة ﻟﺘﺪﺑ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺸﺎﻃﻪﮫ‬
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‫ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻱي‪.‬‬
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‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد‬ ‫ﻭوﻷﻧﻨﺎ ﻌ ﺶ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺤﺮ ﺔ ﻛﺒ ﺓة ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻤﻴﻞ ﺇإ ﺴﻴﺎﻥن ﻛﻢ ﻮ‬
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‫ﺍاﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻭوﺍا ﺰﺀء ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍاﻟﺬﻱي ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺍاﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪﮫ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ ﺀء ﺷ ﻴﻪﮫ ﺑﺎ ﺮ ﺔ ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻐﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺎﻥن ﺣﺎﻝل ﺍاﻟ ﺸﺮ ﺳ ﺒﺪﺍاﺩد ﻭوﺍاﻟﻌﺒﻮﺩدﻳﺔ ﻭوﺍاﻟﺸﻘﺎﺀء؛ ﺇإﻻ ﺃأﻧﻪﮫ ﻗﺪ ﺃأﺑﺮﺯز ﺍاﻟﻘﺮﻥن ﺍاﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‬
‫ﻭو ﺪﺍاﻳﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﻘﺮﻥن ﺍاﻟﻌﺸﺮ ﻦ ﺍاﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍاﻟﻐﺮ ﻲ ﺍاﺳﺘ ﻨﺎﺀءﺍاﺕت ﻻﻓﺘﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻨ ﺍاﻟﻌﺎﻡم ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮﺭر‬
‫ﺍاﻟﺘﺎﺭر ؛ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺤﻘﻘﺖ ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺬﻩ ﺍاﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺸ ﻞ ﻭوﺍا ﺑﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍاﻟﺴﻮﻕق ﺍا ﺮﺓة‬
‫ﻭوﺗﻄﻮﺭر ﺍاﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﺮﺃأﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺎﻟﺬﻱي ﺣﻘﻘﺘﻪﮫ ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍاﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭر ﺍاﻟﺬ ﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥن‬
‫ﻭو ﺍاﻟﻌ ﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻟﻠﻌﺼﺮﺍاﻟﺮﻭوﻣﺎ ﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭو ﻘ ﺡح ﺍاﻟﺘﺎﺭر ﺦ ﺑﺄﻥن ﺍاﻟﺮﺃأﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻔﻲ ﻛﺸﺮﻁط ﺃأﺳﺎ ﻟ ﺮ ﺔ ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ؛ ﻟﻜﻨﻪﮫ ﻣﻦ‬
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‫ﺍاﻟﻮﺍا ﺑﺄﻥن ﺫذﻟﻚ ﻟ ﺲ ﺎﻓﻴﺎ؛ ﻓﺈﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺍاﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﻭوﺇإﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍاﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭوﺃأﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺧﻼﻝل ﺍاﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍاﻟﻔ ﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻟﺴﺒﻌ ﻥن ﺳﻨﺔ ﺍاﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭوﺍاﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥن ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍا ﺮﺏب ﺍاﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭو ﻭوﺍاﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭوﺭرﻭوﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﺭر ﺎ‬‫ﺍاﻟﻘﻴﺼﺮ ﺔ ﺍاﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩد ﺍاﻟ ﺳﺒﻘﺖ ﺍا ﺮﺏب ﺍاﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭو ؛ ﺟﻤﻴﻌ ﺎ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕت ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ّ‬
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‫ﺍاﻟﺸ ﻞ ﺍاﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡم‬ ‫ﻋ ﺃأ ﺎ ﺣﺮﺓة ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎ؛ ﻭوﻣﻊ ﺫذﻟﻚ ﺎﻧﺖ ﺍاﳌﺸﺎﺭر ﻊ ﺍا ﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻱي ﻞ ﻣ ﺎ‪  .‬ﻭوﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﻭو ﺸ ﻞ ﻭوﺍا ﺃأﻥن ﺗﺘﻮﺍاﺟﺪ ﺃأﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ ﻭوﺍاﻟ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺱس ﻣﻊ ﺃأﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻏ ﺣﺮﺓة‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭرﺃأﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍاﳌﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﺴﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍاﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺎﻥن ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍاﻃﻨ ﻥن ﺣﺮ ﺔ ﺃأﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺆﻻﺀء‬ ‫ﺣ‬
‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺔ ﺩدﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭر ﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻛﺮﻭوﺳﻴﺎ ﺃأﻭو ﺃأﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍاﻟﻨﺎﺯز ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭوﺍاﻟ ﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﺑ ﻥن ﺍاﻟﺪﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭر ﺔ‬
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‫ﺭرﻭوﺳﻴﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍا ﻜﻢ ﺍاﻟﻘﻴﺼﺮﻱي ﺎﻥن ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ ﻭوﺍاﻟﺪﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭر ﺔ ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪   .‬ﺣ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍاﳌﻮﺍاﻃﻨ ﻥن ﻌﺾ ﺣﻮﺍاﻝل ﻐﻴ ﻭوﻇﺎﺋﻔ ﻢ ﺩدﻭوﻥن ﺃأﺧﺬ ﺗﺼﺮ ﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻭوﻓﺮﺕت ﺍاﻟﺮﺃأﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭوﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺍاﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍا ﺎﺻﺔ ﻌﺾ ﺍاﻟﻜﺒﺢ ﻋ ﺍاﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍاﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭوﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇإﻥن ﺍاﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑ ﻥن ﺍا ﺮ ﺘ ﻥن ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭو ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓة ﻭوﻟ ﺴﺖ ﺑﺄﻱي ﺷ ﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺷ ﺎﻝل ﺃأﺣﺎﺩدﻳﺔ ﺍا ﺎﻧﺐ؛ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺑﺪﺍاﻳﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﻘﺮﻥن ﺍاﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺎﻥن ﻟﺒ ﺜﺎﻡم ﻭوﺍاﻟﺮﺍاﺩدﻳ ﺎﻟﻴ ﻥن‬
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‫ﺍاﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻴ ﻥن ﻣﻴﻼ ﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭر ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭوﻗﺪ ﺁآﻣﻨﻮﺍا ﺑﺄﻧﻪﮫ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﻛﺒﺢ ﺍاﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍاﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮ ﻖ ﺍاﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩد ﺍاﻟ ﺗﻔﺮﺽض ﻋﻠ ﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺄﻧﻪﮫ ﺇإﻥن ﺃأﻋﻄﻰ ﺻﻼﺡح‬

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 ‫ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍاﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺣﻖ ﺍاﻟﺘﺼﻮ ﺖ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻮﺍا ﻣﺎ ﺻﺎ ﻢ ﻭوﺍاﻟﺬﻱي ﺎﻥن ﺍاﻟﺘﺼﻮ ﺖ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡم ﺍاﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ )ﻣﺒﺪﺃأ ﻳﻘﺎﻭوﻡم ﺍاﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺍا ﻮﻣﻲ ﺍاﻟﺸﺆﻭوﻥن ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ ﺇإﻻ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻣﺎ ﻳ ﻮﻥن‬
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‫ﺫذﻟﻚ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭر ﺎ ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭوﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍاﻟ ﺼﻴﺔ(‪  .‬ﻭو ﺘﺄﻣﻞ ﺣﺪﺍاﺙث ﺍاﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺃأﺣﺪ ﺍاﻟﻘﻮﻝل ﺑﺄ ﻢ ﻗﺪ ﺎﻧﻮﺍا ﻣﺨﻄﺌ ﻥن ﺫذﻟﻚ‪  .‬ﻭوﻟﻘﺪ ﺎﻧﺖ ﻨﺎﻙك ﺇإﺟﺮﺍاﺀءﺍاﺕت ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻼﺡح‬
‫ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎ ﻭوﺍاﻟﺬﻱي ﺭرﺍاﻓﻘﻪﮫ ﺇإﺻﻼﺡح ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻱي ﺗﻮﺟﻪﮫ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﺪﻡم ﺍاﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ‪  .‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ ﺯز ﺎﺩدﺓة ﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺭرﻓﺎ ﻴﺔ ﺍاﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍاﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭوﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﻊ ﺬﺍا ﺍاﻟﺘﻐﻴ‬
‫ﺇإﻥن ﺍاﻧﺘﺼﺎﺭر ﺍاﻟﻠﻴ ﺗﺎﺭر ﺔ ﺍاﻟﺒ ﺜﻤﺎﻳ ﻴﺔ ﺑﺮ ﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍاﻟﻘﺮﻥن ﺍاﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺗﺒﻌﻪﮫ ﺭرﺩدﺓة ﻓﻌﻞ ﻧﺤﻮ‬
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‫ﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺯز ﺎﺩدﺓة ﺍاﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺍا ﻮﻣﻲ ﺍاﻟﺸﺆﻭوﻥن ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ‪  .‬ﻭوﻗﺪ ﺴﺎﺭرﻋﺖ ﺬﻩ ﺍاﻟ ﻋﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍا‬
‫)ﻣﺒﺪﺃأ ﺍاﺷ ﺍا ﻲ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓة ﺍاﻟﺪﻭوﻟﺔ—ﺃأﻭو ﺍاﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻛ ّ‪  ‬ﻞ—ﻋ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻭوﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻧﺘﺎﺝج ﺃأﻭو‬
‫ﺍاﻟ ﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕت ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ(‪  ‬ﺸ ﻞ ﻛﺒ ﺑﺮ ﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭوﻏ ﺎ ﺧﻼﻝل ﺍا ﺮ ﻥن ﺍاﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺘ ﻥن‪ ،‬ﻭوﺃأﺻﺒﺤﺖ‬
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‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺔ ﺍاﻟﺮﻓﺎﻩ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻋﻦ ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ ﺍاﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍاﳌﻤ ﺓة ﻟﻠﺪﻭوﻝل ﺍاﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍاﻃﻴﺔ‪  .‬ﻭو ﺈﺩدﺭرﺍاﻙك ﺍا ﻄﺮ ﺍاﻟﻀﻤ ﻋ‬
‫ﺍاﻟﻔﺮﺩدﺍاﻧﻴﺔ )ﻧﻈﺮ ﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﺩدﻱي ﺑﺄﻥن ﺍاﳌﺒﺎﺩدﺭرﺓة ﻭوﺍاﳌﺼﺎ ﺍاﻟﻔﺮﺩدﻳﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃأﻻ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓة ﺍا ﻮﻣﺔ ﺃأﻭو‬
‫ﺍاﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺃأﻭو ﺭرﻗﺎﺑ ﻤﺎ( ‪  ‬ﺧ ﺍاﳌﻔﻜﺮﻭوﻥن ﺍاﳌﻨﺤﺪﺭرﻭوﻥن ﻋﻦ ﺍاﻟﺮﺍاﺩدﻳ ﺎﻟﻴ ﻥن ﺍاﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻴ ﻥن—ﻋ ﺳ ﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻭوﻣ ﺱس ﻭو ﺎﻳﻚ ﻭوﺳﺎﻳﻤ —ﺑﺄﻥن ﺍاﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡم ﺍاﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓة ﺍاﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺔ ﻋ‬ ‫ﺍاﻟﺬﻛﺮ‪   :‬ﺩدﺍا‬
‫ﺍاﻟ ﺸﺎﻁط ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻱي ﺳﻮﻑف ﻳﺜ ﺖ ﺍاﻟﻄﺮ ﻖ ﺇإ ﺍاﻟﺮﻕق ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃأﻃﻠﻖ ﺎﻳﻚ ﻋ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻪﮫ ﺍاﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬ ﻟ ﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍاﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭوﻟﻘﺪ ﺎﻥن ﺗﺮﻛ ﻢ ﻋ ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ ﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃأﻇ ﺮﺕت ﺣﺪﺍاﺙث ﻣﻨﺬ ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍا ﺮﺏب ﺍاﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍاﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓة ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑ ﻥن‬
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‫ﺍا ﺮ ﺘ ﻥن ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ ﻭوﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃأﻥن ﺍاﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻱي ﺍا ﻤﺎ ّ ﻗﺪ ﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﻓﻌﻼ‬
‫ﻗﻞ ﻟﻢ ﻳ ﺘﻪﮫ ﻣﺮ ﺑﻘﻤﻊ ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ ﺑﻞ ّ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻝل‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ ﺍاﻟﻔﺮﺩدﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪﮫ ﻌﺾ ﺍاﻟﺪﻭوﻝل ﻋ‬
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‫ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ ﻓ ﺎ‪   .‬ﻭوﺗﻘﺪﻡم ﺑﺮ ﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﺮﺓة ﺃأﺧﺮﻯى ﺍاﳌﺜﺎﻝل ﺑﺮﺯز ﻋ ﺫذﻟﻚ‪   :‬ﻭوﻟﺮ ﻤﺎ ﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﺍاﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝل ﻓ ﺎ ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡم “ﺿﺒﻂ ﻟ ﺍاﻣﺎﺕت”‪  ‬ﺍاﻟﺬﻱي ﻭوﺟﺪ ﺣﺰﺏب ّ‬
‫ﺍاﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝل ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻟﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻱي‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺿﻪﮫ—ﻋ ﺍاﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﳌﺨﺎﻭوﻑف ﺍاﻟﻜﺒ ﺓة—ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻪﮫ ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ‪  .‬ﻭوﺇإﻥن ﺎﻥن ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ‬
‫ً‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﺸ ﻞ ﺍاﻟ ﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺬﺍا ﺍاﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺗﻮﺯز ﻌﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺎ ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻋ ﺍاﳌ ﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮ ﺍاﻟﺬﻱي‬
‫ً ً‬
‫ﺎﻥن ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭرﺿﺎ ﺟﺪﺍا ﻣﻊ ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ ﺍاﻟ ﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺃأﻧﻪﮫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ ﻋ ﻋﺪﺩد ﻻ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍا ﺎﻻﺕت‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﻢ ﺇإﻟﻐﺎﺅؤﻩ ﻌﺪ ﺃأﻥن ﺎﻥن ﺳﺎﺭرﻱي ﺍاﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝل ﳌﺪﺓة ﻗﺼ ﺓة ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭوﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﺩد ﺇإﻟﻐﺎﺅؤﻩ ﺬﺍا‬
‫ﻧﻘﻠﺔ ﻭوﺍا ﺔ ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ ﺗﻤ ﺕت ﺑﺎﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩد ﺃأﻗﻞ ﻋ “ﺍا ﻄﻂ”‪  ‬ﻭو”ﺍاﻟ ﺍاﻣﺞ”‪  ‬ﺍاﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺔ‬

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‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝل ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺍاﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭوﻋﻦ ﻃﺮ ﻖ ﺯز ﺎﺩدﺓة ﺍاﻟ ﻛ ﻋ ﺍاﻟﺴﻮﻕق ﺍا ﺎﺻﺔ‪  .‬ﻭوﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻮﻝل ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪﮫ ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍاﻟﺪﻭوﻝل ﺍاﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍاﻃﻴﺔ ﺧﺮﻯى‪.  ‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺙث ّ‬

‫ﺇإﻥن ﺍاﻟﺘﻔﺴ ﻗﺮﺏب ﻟ ﺬﻩ ﺍاﻟﻨﻘﻼﺕت ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ ﻮ ﺍاﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡح ﺍاﳌﺤﺪﻭوﺩد‬

‫ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍاﳌﺮﻛﺰﻱي ﺃأﻭو ﻓﺸﻠﻪﮫ ﺍاﻟ ﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺪﺍاﻑف ﺍاﳌﻌﻠﻨﺔ‪  .‬ﻭوﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃأﺧﺮﻯى ﻓﺈﻥن ﺬﺍا‬
‫ﻗﻞ—ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎﻣ ﻥن ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺍاﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﺍاﻟﺬﻱي ﻌﺰﻯى ﺫذﺍاﺗﻪﮫ—ﻟﺪﺭرﺟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻋ‬
‫ً‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﺍاﳌﺮﻛﺰﻱي ﻭوﻻ ﻌﺪﺍاﻡم ﺍاﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﻣﺘﺎ ﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻭوﻃﺌﺎ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍا ﻋ ﺍا ﻘﻮﻕق‬
‫ً‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﺗﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍا ﺎﺻﺔ ﺍاﳌﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‪   .‬ﻭوﻣﻦ ﺍاﳌﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺃأﻥن ﺗ ﻮﻥن ﺬﻩ ﺍاﻟﻨﻘﻠﺔ ﻣﺠﺮﺩد ﺻﺪﻋﺎ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺎ‬
‫ﺍا ﻤﺎ ّ ﻟ ﺬﺍا ﺍاﻟﻘﺮﻥن؛ ﻭوﺣ ﺇإﻥن ﺎﻥن ﻛﺬﻟﻚ؛ ﻓﺈﻧﻪﮫ ﻳﻮ ﺍاﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍاﻟﻮﻃﻴﺪﺓة ﺑ ﻥن ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭو ﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺎﻑف‪ ،‬ﻭوﻟﺮﻤﺎ ﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺻﺪﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺇإﻥن ﺍاﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍاﻟﺘﺎﺭر ﻟﻮﺣﺪﻩ ﻟﻦ ﻳ ﻮﻥن ﻣﻘﻨﻌﺎ ﺸ ﻞ ٍ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻀﺔ ﺑﺄﻥن ﺣﺪﺙث ﺍاﻧ ﺸﺎﺭر ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ ﺍاﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺫذﺍاﺗﻪﮫ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍاﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﺮﺃأﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭوﺍاﻟﺴﻮﻕق‬
‫ﺍا ﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻤﺎﺫذﺍا ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃأﻥن ﺗ ﻮﻥن ﻨﺎﻙك ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴ ﻤﺎ؟ ﻭوﻣﺎ ﺍاﻟﺮﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺍاﳌﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﺑ ﻥن ﺍا ﺮ ﺎﺕت‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺬﻩ ﺍاﻟ ﺴﺎﺅؤﻻﺕت ﺳﻮﻑف ﻧﻤﻌﻦ ﺍاﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺃأﻭوﻻ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ ﻭوﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ؟ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝل ﺍاﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫ﺍاﻟﺴﻮﻕق ﻛﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟ ﺮ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭوﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺳﻨ ﻨﺎﻭوﻝل ﺍاﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻏ ﺍاﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓة ﺑ ﻥن ﺃأﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍاﻟﺴﻮﻕق‬
‫ﻭوﺍا ﺮ ﺔ ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭوﻛﻨ ﻴﺠﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮ ﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﺘ ﻮﻥن ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇإ ﻣﻮﺟﺰ ﻟﻸﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍاﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺎ ﺮ ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻠﻴ ﺍاﻟﻴ ﻥن؛ ﺇإﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﺨﺬ ﺣﺮ ﺔ ﺍاﻟﻔﺮﺩد ﺃأﻭو ﺭر ﻤﺎ ﺍاﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻛ ﺪﻑف ﺎ ﻲ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍا ﻜﻢ ﻋ‬
‫ﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪   .‬ﺇإﻥن ﻟ ﺮ ﺔ ﻛﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺬﺍا ﺍاﳌﻔ ﻮﻡم ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺍاﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩدﻟﺔ ﺑ ﻥن‬
‫ً‬ ‫ﺍاﻟﻨﺎﺱس‪ ،‬ﻭوﻟ ﺲ ﻟ ﺎ ّ‬
‫ﺃأﻱي ﻣﻌ ً ﻣ ﻤﺎ ﺎﻥن ﻟﺮﻭو ﺴﻮﻥن ﻛﺮﻭوﺯزﻭو ﻋ ﺟﺰ ﺮﺓة ﻣﻌﺰﻭوﻟﺔ—ﻣﻦ ﺩدﻭوﻥن ﻏﻼﻣﻪﮫ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍاﻳﺪﻱي—ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃأﻥن ﻛﺮﻭوﺯزﻭو ﻋ ﺟﺰ ﺮﺗﻪﮫ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻠـ “ﺍاﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﺪ”‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻤﺘﻠﻚ “ﺳﻠﻄﺔ”‪  ‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﺓة‪،‬‬
‫ﻭوﻟﺪﻳﻪﮫ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﺪﺩد ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﻣﻦ ﺍا ﻴﺎﺭرﺍاﺕت‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺸ ﻠﺔ ﺍا ﺮ ﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻔ ﻮﻡم ﺍاﻟﺬﻱي‬
‫ﻌﻨﻴﻪﮫ ﺑﻨﻘﺎﺷﻨﺎ ﺬﺍا ‪ .‬ﻭو ﺸ ﻞ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻟ ﺲ ﻟ ﺮ ﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪﮫ ﺍاﳌﺮﺀء‬
‫ً‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﺪﻓﺎ ﺃأﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪  ‬‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺮ ﺘﻪﮫ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻟ ﺴﺖ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺃأﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟ ﺎﻓﺔ ﺍا ﻮﺍاﻧﺐ‪   .‬ﻭو ﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ؛ ﻓﺈﻥن‬
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‫ﻟﻠﻠﻴ ﺍا ﻮ ﺗﺮﻙك ﺍاﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩد ﻟﻴﺘﺼﺎﺭرﻉع ﻣﻌ ﺎ‪  .‬ﺇإﻥن ﺍاﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﺍاﻟ ّﺎﻣﺔ “ ‪  ‬‬
‫ﺣﻘﺎ”‪  ‬‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍاﻟ ﺗﻮﺍاﺟﻪﮫ ﺍاﻟﻔﺮﺩد ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ّ‪  ‬‬
‫ﺣﺮ‪  :‬ﻣﺎ ﺍاﻟﺬﻱي ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪﮫ ﺃأﻥن ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪﮫ ﺑﺤﺮ ﺘﻪﮫ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺎﻟﺘﺎ ﻓﺈﻥن‬
‫ﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﺎﻥن ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺳﻴﺆﻛﺪ ﺍاﻟﻠﻴ ﺍا ﻋﻠ ﺎ‪  :‬ﺍاﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍاﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕت ﺑ ﻥن ﺍاﻟﻨﺎﺱس‪،‬‬

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