V1 + V1 -

+ -
4 4

I1 = 2A I1 = -2A

V1   I 1 R V1   I 1 R
V1   2 A 4   V1    2 A 4  
V1   8 v V1   8 v

Prepared by Ricky Choi Elec2420 Fall‘18-19 Tutorial-2 (ver 1) 10

Series
R1

Req
R2

R3 Req  R1  R 2  R3

Parallel
Req

R3 R2 R1
1 1 1 1
  
Req R1 R 2 R3
Prepared by Ricky Choi Elec2420 Fall‘18-19 Tutorial-2 (ver 1) 11
 R1

R9 R2 R5

R3 R10 R6

R4 R7

R8

R 2, R9  Series R 2, R5  None R5, R7  None R1, R8  Parallel

R 4, R7  None R 6, R7  None R3, R10  Parallel R3, R8  None

Prepared by Ricky Choi Elec2420 Fall‘18-19 Tutorial-2 (ver 1) 12

 • Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

-- at any nodes
I=0 OR  I in   I out
-- conservation of charge

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

 V=0
-- at any closed loop
-- conservation of energy

Prepared by Ricky Choi Elec2420 Fall‘18-19 Tutorial-2 (ver 1) 13

 - V2 +
+
V1  ?
V1

- V2  ?

I1 I1  ?

+
-
V  IR
I 0
V  0

Prepared by Ricky Choi Elec2420 Fall‘18-19 Tutorial-2 (ver 1) 14

 i1 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
i2
i4
i3
Case I

I in  I out
i1 + i2 = i3 + i4
in out

Case II

I=0 i1 + i2 + (-1)i3 + (-1)i4 = 0

Case III

(-1)i1 + (-1)i2 + i3 + i4 = 0
Prepared by Ricky Choi Elec2420 Fall‘18-19 Tutorial-2 (ver 1) 15
Ex.
i1
I in  I out

i2
i4 i1 + i2 + i3 + i4 = ?
i3
in out

i1 + i2 + i3 + i4 = 0

(+3) + (+2) + (-4) + (-1) = 0

(-3) + (-2) + (+4) + (+1) = 0

Prepared by Ricky Choi Elec2420 Fall‘18-19 Tutorial-2 (ver 1) 16

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

+ -
V 0

V1 + V1  V 2  0
- RL V2
-
+ +ve -ve
V1 = (+ve or -ve) ?
V2 = (+ve or -ve) ? -ve +ve

- - V 0
V1 + V2 (  1)V1  V 2  0
- RL
+ +
V1 = (+ve or -ve) ? -ve +ve

V2 = (+ve or -ve) ? -ve +ve

Prepared by Ricky Choi Elec2420 Fall‘18-19 Tutorial-2 (ver 1) 17

 - V3 +

#1
V2 V4
+ - + -

- +
#2
+ V5
V1 -
-
+
- V6 +
+ V7 -
#1   V1    V 3    V 4    V    V   0
5 6

#2   V1    V 2    V 4    V 7    V 6   0

Prepared by Ricky Choi Elec2420 Fall‘18-19 Tutorial-2 (ver 1) 18

Ex. V2
- V2 + -
+

-
+ 6 6 -
I - I
I V I
V1 24 v 3 24 v V3
2 V1 2
+ + +
- - +
+ -

V 0 V 0
V1  V 2  V 3  0  V    V   V
1 2 3 0
 24  0    I 6    I 2   0   0  24    I 6    I 2   0
24  8 I 24  8 I
I 3 I 3

Prepared by Ricky Choi Elec2420 Fall‘18-19 Tutorial-2 (ver 1) 19

 Useful Equations
Voltage Divider Circuit

R1 Using KVL
+
R2
Vin + R2 Vout
V out  V in
- R1  R 2
-

Current Divider Circuit

Using KCL

R1
Iin
R1
R2 I out  I in
Iout
R1  R 2

Prepared by Ricky Choi Elec2420 Fall‘18-19 Tutorial-2 (ver 1) 20

 Voltage Divider Circuit
R1 Using KVL
+
R2
Vin + R2 Vout
V out  V in
- R1  R 2
-

+ V1 - V 0
R1
+ Vin  V1  V 2  0
I
Vin + R2 V2 V 2  Vin  V1
-
-
V 2  Vin  I  R 1
 Vin 
V 2  Vin    R 1
 R1  R 2 
 R2 
V 2    Vin
 R1  R 2 
Prepared by Ricky Choi Elec2420 Fall‘18-19 Tutorial-2 (ver 1) 21
 + V1 -
R1
+ V 2  Vin  V1
I
Vin + R2 V2 V 2  Vin  I  R 1
-
-

+ V1 -
R1
V1  I  R1
I

Prepared by Ricky Choi Elec2420 Fall‘18-19 Tutorial-2 (ver 1) 22

 + V1 -
R1 V 2  Vin  I  R 1
+
I  Vin 
Vin + V 2  Vin    R 1
- R2 V2
 R1  R 2 
-

V 2  I  R1  R 2 
R1 + R2 +
R1
I + V2
Vin + I
Vin + - - V in
- R2
V2 I 
- R1  R 2

Prepared by Ricky Choi Elec2420 Fall‘18-19 Tutorial-2 (ver 1) 23

Current Divider Circuit Using KCL

R1 R1
Iin R2 I out  I in
Iout R1  R 2

Iout = ?
Iin
R1
R2 I 0
I1 Iout I    I    I  
in 1 out
0
I out  R 2 
I    
in    I out   0
 R1 
I 1  R 1  I out  R 2
R1
I out  R 2 I out  I in
I1  R1  R 2
R1
Prepared by Ricky Choi Elec2420 Fall‘18-19 Tutorial-2 (ver 1) 24
 R1 I 1  R 1  I out  R 2
Iin R2
I1 Iout I out  R 2
I1 
R1

+
R1
+ V1  V 2
V1 R2
V2 I 1  R 1  I out  R 2
I1 - Iout
-
I out  R 2
I1 
R1
V1  I 1  R 1 V 2  I out  R 2

Prepared by Ricky Choi Elec2420 Fall‘18-19 Tutorial-2 (ver 1) 25

Current Direction I
A Direction of I = ?
10v
+
- 1 I

A
B
I
I I
+
+ + A A
+

?
A 10v
10v
+
+ - 1
- 1
- - -
- B B
B Energy Source Absorb Energy
Deliver Energy / Energy Dissipated
Prepared by Ricky Choi Elec2420 Fall‘18-19 Tutorial-2 (ver 1) 26
 I I
Direction of I = ?
A A
10v 10v
+ + I
- 1 - 1
A

B B

I I

A A
10v 10v
+ +
- -

B B

Prepared by Ricky Choi Elec2420 Fall‘18-19 Tutorial-2 (ver 1) 27

 Absorbing / Delivering Power ? Can not be determined.
I1
V1
+ P1   V1 I 1
-
+ve  Absorbing Power
-ve  Delivering Power

Absorbing / Delivering Power ? Can not be determined.

V2 P2   V 2 I 2
+
-
I2

Prepared by Ricky Choi Elec2420 Fall‘18-19 Tutorial-2 (ver 1) 28