Gliese 581d

Coordinates: 15h 19m 27s, −07° 43′ 19″

Gliese 581d /ˈɡliːzə/ (often shortened to Gl 581d or GJ

581d) was a candidate extrasolar planet orbiting within
Gliese 581d
the Gliese 581 system, approximately 20.4 light-years
away in the Libra constellation. It was the third planet
claimed in the system and the fourth (in a 4-planet
model) or fifth (in a 5- or 6-planet model) in order from
the star. Multiple subsequent studies found that the
planetary signal in fact originates from stellar activity, Size comparison of Gliese 581d with Earth
and thus the planet does not exist.[4][5] and Neptune.
(Based on selected hypothetical modeled
Though significantly more massive than Earth (at a
minimum mass of 6.98 Earth masses), this Super-Earth compositions)
was the first exoplanet of potentially terrestrial mass Discovery
regarded as orbiting within the habitable zone of its
Discovered by Udry et al.[1]
parent star. Assuming its existence, computer climate
simulations have confirmed the possibility of the Discovery site La Silla Observatory, Chile
existence of surface water and these factors combine to a Discovery date 24 April 2007[1]
relatively high measure of planetary habitability.
Detection Radial velocity
method
History Orbital characteristics
Epoch JD 2451409.762[2]

Discovery Semi-major 0.21847 ± 0.00028 AU

axis (32,683,000 ± 42,000 km)[2]
A team of astronomers led by Stéphane Udry of the Eccentricity 0[2]
Geneva Observatory used the HARPS instrument on the
European Southern Observatory 3.6 meter telescope in Orbital period 66.87 ± 0.13[2] d
(sidereal) 0.183 y
La Silla, Chile, to discover the planet in 2007. Udry's
team employed the radial velocity technique, in which 1600 h
the mass of a planet is determined based on the small Mean anomaly 56 ± 27[2]
perturbations it induces in its parent star's orbit via
Semi-amplitude 1.91 ± 0.22[2]
gravity.[6]
Star Gliese 581[2]
Physical characteristics
Disputed existence
Mass 6.98[3] MEarth
In September 2012, Roman Baluev filtered out the "red
noise" from the Keck data and concluded that this
planet's existence is probable only to 2.2 standard deviations, and thus is uncertain.[7] Earlier that same
year, however, S. S. Vogt (USNO), together with R. P. Butler and N. Haghighipour, published a study that
supported the existence of the planet with a much higher probability;[8] they also pursued a dynamical
analysis of the system. Additional work on Gliese 581 as a four-planet system (thus, including planet d),
demonstrating its long-term orbital stability, was given by Makarov and coauthors.[9]
A study in 2014 concluded that Gliese 581d is "an artifact of stellar activity which, when incompletely
corrected, causes the false detection of planet g."[4][10][11] In 2015, a study by Guillem Anglada-Escudé
and Mikko Tuomi questioned the 2014 work owing to a significant shortcoming in the adopted statistical
method;[12][13][14] however, this study was published along with a rebuttal by the team that published the
2014 refutation.[15] Another 2015 study added support to the conclusion that the radial velocity signal
originates from stellar activity,[16] and a 2016 study provided additional strong evidence for it.[17]

In 2016, E. R. Newton and collaborators pointed out that for early M dwarfs, planets in their habitable
zones may have orbital periods coinciding with the stellar rotation period (or in rare cases, such as Gliese
581d, half of it); this aspect seriously complicates the verification of any such planets.[18]

Evidence based on a 2022 paper confirms previous studies suggesting that the announcement of Gliese
581d stems from a false detection due to stellar activity. This work uses an updated technique correlating
stellar activity to RV signals.[19]

If the planet had existed, Gliese 581d would have constituted the first low-mass planet (including Super-
Earths) identified to be located in a stellar habitable zone outside of the Solar System,[20][21] based on
studies in 2007.

Orbital characteristics
Gliese 581d was thought to orbit Gliese 581 at 0.21847 AU, approximately a fifth of the distance that the
Earth orbits the Sun, though its orbital eccentricity has not been confirmed. There were two models for its
orbit, a circular one like Earth's, and an eccentric one like Mercury's. These are based on the four planet
and six planet model for the Gliese 581 system, respectively. Under the four planet model Gliese 581d
would most probably be in a spin-orbit resonance of 2:1, rotating twice for each orbit of its parent star.
Therefore, the day on Gliese 581d should approximately be 67 Earth days long.[9][22]

The orbital distance places it at the outer limits of the habitable zone, the distance at which it is believed
possible for water to exist on the surface of a planetary body. At the time of its discovery, the planet's orbit
was originally thought to be farther out. However, in late April 2009 the original discovery team revised its
original estimate of the planet's orbital parameters, finding that it orbits closer to its star than originally
determined with an orbital period of 66.87 days. They concluded that the planet is within the habitable zone
where liquid water could exist,[23][24] thus confirming previous studies. Moreover, the data[25] also
suggested that the proposed exoplanet[26] could have at least one[27] or more large oceans.

Physical characteristics
The motion of the parent star indicates a minimum mass for Gliese 581d of 5.6 Earth masses (earlier
analyses gave higher values).[2] Dynamical simulations of the Gliese 581 system assuming that the orbits of
the three planets are coplanar show that the system becomes unstable if the masses of the planets exceed
1.6–2 times the minimum values. Using earlier minimum mass values for Gliese 581d, this implies an upper
mass limit for Gliese 581d of 13.8 Earth masses.[23] The composition of the planet, however, is not known.

Climate and habitability

As the planet is not known to transit from Earth and atmospheric conditions are not observable with current
technology, no atmosphere for the planet has been confirmed to date. As such, all climate predictions for the
planet are based on predicted orbits and computer modelling of theoretical atmospheric conditions.
 Because Gliese 581d was believed to orbit outside the
habitable zone of its star it was originally thought to be too
cold for liquid water to be present. With the 2009 revised orbit,
climate simulations conducted by researchers in France in
2011 indicated possible temperatures suitable for surface water
at sufficient atmospheric pressure.[28] According to Stéphane
Udry, "It could be covered by a 'large and deep ocean'; it is the
first serious ocean planet candidate."[29]

On average, the light that Gliese 581d receives from its star
The habitable zone of Gliese 581
has about 30% of the intensity of light the Earth receives from
compared with our Solar System's
the Sun. By comparison, sunlight on Mars has about 40% of
habitable zone, showing Gliese 581d near
the intensity of that on Earth.[28] That might seem to suggest
the outer edge
that Gliese 581d is too cold to support liquid water and hence
is inhospitable to life. However, an atmospheric greenhouse
effect can significantly raise planetary temperatures. For example, Earth's own mean temperature would be
about −18 °C[30] without any greenhouse gases, ranging from around 100 °C on the day side to −150 °C at
night, much like that found on the Moon. If the atmosphere of Gliese 581d produces a sufficiently large
greenhouse effect, and the planet's geophysics stabilize the CO2 levels (as Earth's does via plate tectonics),
then the surface temperature might permit a liquid water cycle, conceivably allowing the planet to support
life.[31][32][33][34] Calculations by Barnes et al. suggest, however, that tidal heating is too low to keep plate
tectonics active on the planet, unless radiogenic heating is somewhat higher than expected.[35]

Gliese 581d is probably too massive to be made only of rocky material. It may have originally formed on a
more distant orbit as an icy planet that then migrated closer to its star.[20][36]

Hello from Earth

As part of the 2009 National Science Week celebrations in Australia, Cosmos magazine launched a website
called "Hello from Earth" to collect messages for transmission to Gliese 581d. The maximum length of the
messages was 160 characters, and they were restricted to the English language. In total, 25,880 messages
were collected from 195 countries around the world. The messages were transmitted from the DSS-43 70
m radio telescope at the Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex at Tidbinbilla, Australia, on 28
August 2009.[37]

In popular culture
Gliese 581d is the setting for the Doctor Who episode "Smile".[38] It is also shown in Into the Universe
with Stephen Hawking's Episode 3: The Story of Everything, and in Episode 3 and 8 of Season 2 of How
the Universe Works.

See also
Astronomy portal

Space portal

Earth analog
Gliese 667 Cc
 HD 85512 b
Kepler-22b
List of potentially habitable exoplanets

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External links
National Science Week 2009 - Send A Message To Gliese 581d (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20131105213812/http://www.hellofromearth.net/)
Wordsworth, R. D.; et al. (2010). "Is Gliese 581d habitable? Some constraints from radiative-
convective climate modeling". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 522: A22. arXiv:1005.5098 (https://
arxiv.org/abs/1005.5098). Bibcode:2010A&A...522A..22W (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/ab
s/2010A&A...522A..22W). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015053 (https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0
004-6361%2F201015053). S2CID 21253381 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212
53381).

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