Presentation: 01

Name: levitation and maglev train work process.

Nasira khatun Alo
49
levitation and maglev train work process.
Introduction:
Magnetic levitation or magnetic suspension is a technique by which an object
is suspended with no support other than magnetic fields. Magnetic force is
rummage to counteract the effects of the gravitational and any other
accelerations At the dawn of the 21st century, transportation is more vital than
ever. Thus far, the huge demand has been met by relying heavily upon
automobiles and airplanes, but this has placed great strains on our
transportation system that will only continue to grow. The effects of this
pressure include highway congestion, airport overcrowding, heavy usage of
limited oil supplies, and pollution. Promoters of magnetically levitated trains
(Maglev) envision a future in which taking the train means comfortably and
safely bulleting on a cushion of air at over 500 km/hr. The idea behind maglev
has been around for decades, attracting attention with its anticipated speed,
efficiency, and convenience .Past work has led the scientific community to
recognize fundamental designs for using magnetism to levitate and guide a
train. While Germany and Japan have each had working prototypes of maglev
trains for more than a decade, maglev concepts in the U.S. have never gone
beyond the design and proof-of-concept stage even though American efforts
began in the 60’s. However, a recent American concept that has attracted
considerable attention has the potential to revitalize American maglev efforts.
In research publicized several years ago, Dr. Richard Post of the Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory developed a new maglev design that avoids
the major failings of the Japanese and German maglev [4]. This concept,
christened “Induct rack,” is essentially an EDS system using permanent
magnets rather than superconducting magnets.
Maglev EDS and EMS Techniques:
Based on the techniques used for Levitation, two types of Maglev trains are
common represented in Fig, 1. The more intuitive of the two designs is EDS,
which relies upon repulsive forces. In contrast to an EDS system, EMS is
fundamentally unstable.

EDS System: Most of EDS concepts, the maglev vehicles have

superconducting magnets (SCMs) underneath them that interact with a
conducting guide-way. An EDS system is inherently stable since the repulsive
force increases as the gap between vehicle and guide-way decreases Such
stability allows the EDS vehicle to take upon more weight without losing
much levitation and prevents any dangerous sudden losses of levitation . EMS
System: EMS systems are of two types’ repulsion and attraction. The
repulsion system realizable with materials of permeability (µr) less than unity
(diamagnetic material) and with superconductors with (µr = 0). These systems
are naturally stable with small damping ratio. .Attraction type has significant
advantage that it provides attraction force at zero speed but such a system is
inherently unstable. In EMS designs, the bulk of the maglev vehicle rides
above the tracks but a portion of the vehicle on each side wraps around the
guide-way a system of sensors and feedback circuits controls the current in
these electromagnets, carefully maintaining a constant gap between the rails
and the vehicle.
Induct rack and the Concept of Halacha arrays: It’s believe that permanent
magnets would provide too little levitating force to be useful in any maglev
design. The effort around this by employing a special arrangement of
powerful permanent magnets, known as a Halacha array, to create a levitating
force theoretically powerful enough to operate a maglev. In a Halacha array,
high field alloy magnetic bars are arranged such that each bar’s magnetic field
is orientated at a right angle to the adjacent bar represented in Fig,
Just as in an EDS system, levitation is generated by the repulsive interactions
of the Halbach array’s magnetic field with the magnetic field induced in the
conducting guide-way by the moving Halbach array . The Inductrack guide-
way would contain two rows of tightly packed levitation coils, which would
act as the rails. Each of these “rails” would be lined by two Halbach arrays
carried underneath the maglev vehicle: one positioned directly above the
“rail” and one along the inner side of the “rail”. The Halbach arrays above the
coils would provide levitation while the Halbach arrays on the sides would
provide lateral guidance that keeps the train in a fixed position on the track.
Ways to Magnetically Levitate and Mechanism of Maglev Trains: Magnetic
pressure is used to counter act the effects of gravitational forces. Calculated as
in Eq.

Levitation System:
The Levitation systems used Maglev train allow it to glide above the actual
track In the case of air drift or a turn in the railway course causes the train to
lift above the distance needed to stay on track, there is “enhanced current
input into the levitation magnets to increase the magnetic force.
Lateral Guide: Control the train’s ability to actually stay on the track. It
stabilized the movement of the train from moving left and right of the train
track by using the system of electromagnets found in the undercarriage of the
Maglev train. Ensures that the train does not deviate more than 10mm from
the actual train tracks. The opposite’s poles of the guide way cause a repulsive
force on one side of the train while creating an attractive force on the other
side of the train. The location of the electromagnets on the Trans rapid system
is located in a different side of the guide ways. To obtain electromagnetic
suspension, the Trans rapid system uses “the attractive forces between iron-
core electromagnets and ferromagnetic rails. Propulsion System: There are
two types of propulsion systems used in current Maglev trains. The Linear
Induction Motor (LIM) and Linear Synchronous Motor (LSM). Propulsion
occurring in the Linear Induction Motor is caused from the sum of four
individual linear motors. The speeds for Linear Induction Motors is
determined by “the ratio of length of the vehicle magnet system to the length
of the energized block, the sum of the coupling coefficients between vehicle
magnets and the guideway coils, applied voltage, and the current flowing in
the superconducting coils [9].The speed of Maglev trains in Linear
Synchronous motors are determined by the frequency of the alternating
current and the magnetic field directions. Propulsion is created when the
current is in ‘synch’ with the frequency allowing for forward propulsion.

Conclusion:
Hidden force that can’t see by eyes only observe by experimental techniques
name as Magnetic force can lead to done huge achievement as magnetic
suspension maglev result in fastest moving train. The quality of life improved
as a result of the construction of Maglev trains. It have a positive impact on
sustainability. Using superconducting magnets instead of fossil fuels, it’s not
emit greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. it will contribute more to our
society and our planet. Considering everything Maglev has to offer, the
transportation of our future and our children’s future is on very capable tracks.