NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY (NUST)

School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME)

Design and Analysis of Pedestrian Overhead Bridge

(Mechanics of Materials II Class Project – Fall 2023)
(Dr Abdul Munem Khan and Dr Sadaqat Ali)
Submission Date: 13 Dec 2023

NUST students and Staff and residents living nearby NUST have to cross Srinagar Highway
multiple of times daily for their various activities. In the absence of any Pedestrian Overhead
Bridge (POB), a lot of difficulty was being faced by the residents and students in crossing the
Srinagar Highway. NUST management approached CDA and requested for construction of
pedestrian crossing bridge which can serve NUST and Sector H-13 on southern side of
Srinagar highway, and Sector G-13 on the northern side of the Srinagar highway. CDA in
principal agreed to the request, however asked NUST to design and analyze such a bridge.
SMME was tasked to prepare the design and analysis thru student project.

Pictures of some already existing Pedestrian Crossing Bridges in the city

Problem Description
The main users of POB will be pedestrians; however, it should be able to serve motor cyclists
also. Thus in addition to the main bridge, there shall be stairs for pedestrians and ramp for
motorcyclist on both sides of the bridge. Designing of foundation for POB is not part of this
task.

The main specifications of the POB are as follows;

Span: The span of the bridge should be the width of entire Srinagar highway plus 3 m
additional space on both sides.
Height of POB: 5m
Width of walkway: 2.0 m
Weather protection: Protection against rain be there
Deflection of POB: Not more than 100 mm at any point on the bridge

The specifications of the stairs for pedestrians are as follows;

Width: 1.5 m
Rise of each step: 15010 mm, same for all steps
No of landings: Preferably 3
Mechanics of Materials II Class Project 1
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY (NUST)
School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME)

Entry points: Possibility of two entry points to the main overhead bridge for the
pedestrian be explored
Weather protection: Protection against rain be there

The specifications of the ramp for motorcyclists are as follows;

Width: 1m
Angle of ramp with ground: Not more than 15 degrees
No of 180o Turns: 1 (Possibility of spiral ramp can also be looked into.)

Safety of the user of the POB is of prime concern in this design. The other important factor is
the cost. Your goal as design and analysis engineer is to ensure the safety of users while
keeping the cost as low as possible without compromising on the aesthetics of the POB. Use
appropriate safety factors in your design calculations and provide a justification. Perform the
structural design and analysis of the POB for the following conditions.
1. The maximum number of pedestrian present at one time on the bridge is 250, or there
are maximum of 100 motorcyclist (motorcycle and the rider) present on the bridge at a
time. This is in addition to the weight of the POB. Various combination of
pedestrians and motorcyclists may also be explored.
2. The columns should be safe against buckling.
3. The POB structure should be safe against a wind speed of 100 km per hour.
4. Design and analyze the POB (above the foundations) using standard beam sections.
Calculate stresses, draw bending moment and shear force diagrams and justify your
selection of cross-section. Also, find out the reaction forces of different supports.
Determine torsional stresses in each member induced under various conditions
considered by you.
5. All calculations must be performed using one ferrous and one non-ferrous metal and
the best design should be clearly mentioned at the end.
6. All strength calculations must be done using analytical methods. Use of finite element
method is not allowed.

Design Objective
The objective is to design and analyze POB (above the foundations) with lowest possible weight
and cost meeting all the design requirement stated above. Structural integrity and stability of
POB is of prime concern.

Mechanics of Materials II Class Project 2

 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY (NUST)
School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME)

General Requirements
Project Report Format
The project report should be clear and neat with correct grammar and spelling. Adequate margins
should be used. It should be concise and well-illustrated. Body text should be typed in 12 pt.
Times New Roman font. Use one side of 8.5 x 11or A4 size paper only. The report should be
compiled in the order of the sections given below, pages numbered and bound by a report cover.
Submit the report on or before the deadline.

Cover Sheet
The report must have a cover sheet with names of all group members.

Report Organization
The report should have following elements:

1. Introduction
A section providing brief introduction to the design problem and explaining what is
covered in the following sections of the report.

2. Methods
This section summarizes in narrative form your design process: your plan or strategy,
approach to solving problems or overcoming obstacles, considerations to achieve
function as well as form, technical research done, engineering methods used, and
in particular, creative ideas and significant ideas discarded. It addresses key design
issues such as safety, standards, material selection, and environmental impact. Keep it
less than a page and tie it to other sections, Section 3 in particular.

3. Drawings, Parts List and Bill of Materials

These communicate and summarizes the design. Drawings must be to the scale and
must include (a) rendering of your design (b) an isometric assembly view with
components called out and correlated by number or part name with the part list (c)
details to clarify components connections and joints and (d) any other details as
necessary. Use professional conventions. Include all dimensions. Do not draw
details of standard off-the- shelf parts like nuts, bolts, rivets, washers, etc. Just specify
the off-the-shelf parts in the bill of material and call them out in the drawings. The bill
of materials lists (a) structural parts/sub-assemblies/assemblies and their material, sizes
and amounts and (b) off-the- shelf parts. It may include weight and cost or they can be
given in a separate table.

4. Assumptions
Provide a list of numbered assumptions made during the design process and justify each
assumption. Cite the assumptions where used by number. Assumptions should be
used sparingly and when absolutely necessary for the design.

Mechanics of Materials II Class Project 3

 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY (NUST)
School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME)

5. Data Section
This section provides a single place to put basic data that is applicable throughout the
report. It should include the following

a. Materials Data Table

Displays properties, their allowable values and sources. Below the table, provide
sample calculations for the allowable values

b. Loads Data
This includes loads that the structure must bear. If applicable, calculate dynamic load
factors.

c. Other Data
Any other data e.g. loads given in standards, etc.

6. Calculations
For each component, show its location within the structure and consider possible loading
scenarios, which may include but are not limited to the following;
a. Loading due to pedestrian and / or motorcyclists, weight of POB, wind, etc.
b. Buckling of columns
c. Thermal loads
d. Any other load considered important
Consider various candidate designs. Construct a model for each loading scenario. For
each model, draw a free-body diagram and do analysis. Then make a decision. The
model displays either the component removed from the structure or the structure itself,
with supports. Free-body diagrams must be drawn even in simple circumstances.
Analysis is used to determine dimensions or check critical stresses and deformations.
The decision sets final nominal dimensions and other conclusions; if it is not obvious,
give reasons for it. Sets of calculations should follow a logical sequence. Avoid over-
design. Seek a “tight” design near the feasibility limit. Design formulas transformed
from conventional analysis formulas should be developed.
All design calculations be done using Mathcad, it is preferred software for this project.
Mathcad is an engineering notebook software by PTC. A 30-day trial version of the
software can be downloaded from PTC website. Calculations can be copy / pasted from
Mathcad worksheet in the MS Word report. Matlab or MS Excel may also be used.

7. References
This section provides a bibliography of books, papers, websites, etc. sources. Cite each
where used in the body of the report and list its details in this section. Use a “Numbered”
format. You are encouraged to use a citation software such as Mendeley or Zotero which
are freely available. A trial version of endnote can also be used for 30 days.

Mechanics of Materials II Class Project 4

 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY (NUST)
School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME)

Example of book reference [1]:

1. Da Silva, L.F.M. and R.D.S.G. Campilho, Advances in Numerical Modelling of Adhesive
Joints. 2012: Springer.

Example of journal paper reference [2]

2. Mubashar, A., I.A. Ashcroft, and A.D. Crocombe, Modelling Damage and Failure in
Adhesive Joints Using A Combined XFEM-Cohesive Element Methodology. The Journal
of Adhesion, 2014. 90(8): p. 682-697.
8. Plagiarism Report
Attach plagiarism report obtained from “Turnitin”. Overall match percentage should be
less than 15% and matching percentage of a single source should not be more than 5%. A
project report without the plagiarism report would not be considered.

9. Group Size
This is a group project. The group should consists of four students. You are free to
form your own group. However, the group members should be from the same section.
CR is to forward the details of groups by 25 September 2023 on MS Teams.

Resources
Following may be useful during the analysis and design phase.
1. Mechanics of Materials by R. C. Hibbeler.
2. Roark's formulas for stress and strain by Warren C. Young & Richard G. Budynas
3. Peterson's stress concentration factors by Walter D. Pilkey & Deborah F. Pilkey
4. Formulas for stress, strain, and structural matrices by Walter D. Pilkey
5. ASM Handbook Vol 2 - Properties and selection: Nonferrous alloys and special purpose
materials
6. Materials selection in mechanical design by Michael F. Ashby
7. Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structures MIL-HDBK-5J

Submission Requirement
Submit the following before the project end date:
1. Hardcopy of the project report prepared according to the requirements laid out in the
previous section. Turnitin report must be attached with the report.
2. Softcopy of the project report on MS Teams.
3. Turnitin report of the project on MS Teams.
4. Mathcad worksheet with all calculations on MS Teams. You may use any other software
eg Matlab or MS Excel.
Mechanics of Materials II Class Project 5