MODULE -1

MATHEMATICS (Descriptive Part)

Part 04

** Discuss two common Errors of logarithm .

** Write down the main steps for solving exponential and logarithmic equation.
Solving Exponential Equations:

There is a three-step process to follow when solving these types of

Equations as exponential or logarithmic equation so far:

1. Isolate the exponential expression on one side of the equation.

2. Take the logarithm of each side, then use the Laws of Logarithms to “bring down the
exponent”.

3. Solve for the variable.

Solving Logarithmic Equations :

 This process is very similar to the one for solving exponential equations. However, these
equations have the log function of some variable or value already in them. So, we proceed a little
differently:

1. Isolate the logarithmic term on one side of the equation; you may first need to condense
logarithmic terms, writing them as one expression.

2. Write the equation in exponential form (or raise the base to each side of the equation).

3. Solve for the variable.

** Write down the methods/procedure of solving quadratic equation :

** What do you mean by Radian ?/ What are different measuring system of

angle ?

Sexagesimal System:

In Sexagesimal System, an angle is measured in degrees, minutes and seconds. A complete

rotation describes 360°. In this system, a right angle is divided into 90 equal parts and each such part is
called a Degree (1°); a degree is divided into 60 equal parts and each such part is called a Sexagesimal
Minute (1’) and a minute is further sub-divided into 60 equal parts, each of which is called a
Sexagesimal Second (1’’). In short,

1 right angle = 90 degrees (or 90°)

1 degree (or 1°) = 60 minutes ( or 60’)

and 1 minute ( or 1’ ) = 60 seconds ( or 60’’).

Circular System:

In this System, an angle is measured in radians. In higher mathematics angles are usually
measured in circular system. In this system a radian is considered as the unit for the measurement of
angles.

A system where angular measurement is more important Radian is used.

Definition of Radian:
 A radian is an angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc whose length is equal to the
radius.

That is in any circle, the angle subtended at its centre by an arc of the circle whose length is
equal to the radius of the circle is called a radian.

It is denoted by 1c. Generally the symbol “c” is omitted. π radian = 180o, 1 radian = 57o
17' 45''

Centesimal System:

In Centesimal System, an angle is measured in grades, minutes and seconds. In this system, a right
angle is divided into 100

equal parts and each such part is called a Grade (1g); again, a grade is divided into 100 equal parts and each
such part is called a Centesimal Minute (1‵) ; and a minute is further sub-divided into 100 equal parts, each of
which is called a Centesimal Second (1‶). In short,

1 right angle = 100 grades (or, 100g)

1 grade ( or 1g) = 100 minutes (or, 100‵)
and 1 minute (or 1‵) = 100 seconds ( or, 100‶)

** Discuss what is a system of Equation and quadratic linear equation

A system of equations is a set of two or more equations. The system is consistent

if there exists at least one common solution in the set of real numbers. The solution
set of a consistent system of equations can be found using a graphic method
or an algebraic method.

A system that consists of a quadratic function whose graph is a parabola and a

linear function whose graph is a straight line is a quadratic-linear system in two
variables. In the set of real numbers, a quadratic-linear system may have two
solutions, one solution, or no solutions. Each solution can be written as the coordinates
of the points of intersection of the graph of the parabola and the graph
of the line.

** How does graphing calculator works / functions for complex number ?

The TI family of graphing calculators can use complex numbers.

To change your calculator to work with complex numbers, press , scroll down to the row
that lists REAL, select a 1+ bi, and then press Enter Your calculator will now
evaluate complex numbers. For example, with your calculator in a 1+ bi mode,
write 6 + root over of -9 as complex number in terms of i.

** What do you mean by conjugate number ? What is a Complex Conjugate? /

How do you get conjugate of a complex number ?
A conjugate in Mathematics is formed by changing the sign of one of the terms in a binomial. For
example, if the binomial number is a + b, the conjugate of this number will be formed by changing the
sign of either of the terms. If we change the sign of b, the conjugate formed will be a – b. Therefore, in
mathematics, a + b and a – b are both conjugates of each other.
The conjugate of a complex number represents the reflection of that complex number about the
horizontal axis (real axis) on Argand’s plane.

A complex conjugate or a conjugate of a complex number is also defined as another complex number
with the same real part as the original number and the opposite sign of the imaginary part, keeping its
magnitude the same, i.e ‘i’ of the original complex number changes to ‘-i’ in its conjugate.

The conjugate of a complex number is used to rationalize the complex number which makes solving
problems quite easy.

The conjugate of a complex number is used to rationalize the complex number which makes solving
problems quite easy.

A complex number is a number with both a real part and an imaginary part.
Let i be the square root of -1. Then, a typical complex number is written in the
form a + bi where a and b are real numbers. In this case, a is the real part and bi is the imaginary part.
Here a can equal zero, so the complex number can just be of the form bi. Some examples of complex
numbers include 1 + 2i, 3 - 4i, and 5i. In order to be a complex number, it must contain a part of i.
Otherwise, the number is entirely real.
The conjugate of a complex number is found in the same way that the conjugate of a number is
found. In order to take the conjugate of a complex number, all that is necessary is to flip the sign of the
imaginary part, which means to multiply the imaginary part by -1. So, if the complex number is a + bi,
then its conjugate is a – bi