BORCE, ROD REYNON

1. The fetal position and head must move in a specific way to allow for and ensure the fetus's passage through the birth canal. These movements are known as the cardinal movements of labor,
also known as the mechanics of labor. These motions, which might be passive or adaptive, serve to prevent problems. Both the mother and the kid may be in danger of dying as a result of
complications brought on by an incorrect fetal position during labor.

2. BARRIER HOW IT IS USE ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE SIDE EFFECTS CONTRAINDICATIONS

METHODS
OF
CONTRACE
PTION
Condoms Internal condom — The internal (female) condom a reliable method of preventing May disrupt spontaneity latex can trigger an allergy in Sensitivity to latex
is worn inside the vagina to prevent semen from pregnancy and protecting both during sex. Can reduce any of the partners. It may
entering. partners from STIs, including sensitivity. Some men lead to rash, hives and a
External (male) condoms are a thin, flexible chlamydia, gonorrhoea and HIV cannot maintain an erection runny nose.
sheath or cover that is placed over the erect penis when using a condom.
to prevent semen from entering the partner's body
during sexual intercourse.

DIAPHRAG The diaphragm or cervical cap is placed over the The cervical cap is smaller than it's not as effective as other irritation of the vagina and allergy/sensitivity to
M/ cervix before sex. It prevents pregnancy by killing the diaphragm and can be left in types of contraception, and surrounding skin or an silicone or spermicides;
CERVICAL sperm with spermicide place longer. The cervical cap it depends on you allergic reaction. problems with the pelvic
CAP can be worn up to 72 hours, and remembering to use it and strong odors or vaginal floor muscles (uterine
the diaphragm can be used up to using it correctly. it does discharge if the cap is left in prolapse, cystocele,
30 hours not provide reliable too long. rectocele, or poor vaginal
protection against STIs. an allergic raction to the tone); difficulty with the
material in the cap (this is insertion process; or
rare) frequent urinary tract
changes in the cervix because infections.
of irritation.

M8769Contra This is a thick plastic foam disc. It fits inside the It doesn't have any hormones. It The sponge doesn't prevent It can cause irritation that's allergic or sensitive to
ceptive vagina and covers the cervix. It also releases a doesn't affect breastfeeding. You pregnancy as well as IUDs unpleasant and may even spermicide, sulfites, or
sponge. spermicide. A woman wets the sponge and then can have sex more than once in a or hormonal forms of birth increase your risk for HIV polyurethane.
inserts it into her vagina. She is then protected 24-hour period without having control. It prevents and other STDs.
against pregnancy for the next 24 hours, even if to replace it. Your partner doesn't pregnancy only if you use it
 she has sex more than once. have to be involved in using it.
Spermicide. This is a substance that kills sperm. You can buy Anyone can buy spermicides;
it as jelly, foam, cream, suppository, and film. The you don't need a prescription.
most common spermicide is called nonoxynol-9. Spermicides don't contain
Most spermicides come with an applicator, which hormones, so they are good for
is filled and put in the vagina about 15 minutes women who can't use hormonal
before sex. methods of birth control. Vaginal
spermicides give you extra
lubrication.
every time you have
intercourse. The sponge
doesn't protect against
sexually transmitted
infections (STIs), such as
herpes or HIV.
 It has to be used
correctly and
according to the
instructions on the
label.
 It has to be reapplied
each time you have
sex.
 It doesn't protect
against sexually
transmitted infections
(STIs).
 It may cause irritation
and pain.
 Cloudy or bloody urine. Hypersensitivity to prodct
 increased frequency of
urination.
 pain in the bladder or
lower abdomen.
 thick, white, or curd-
like vaginal discharge—
with use of cervical
caps or diaphragms
only.
 vaginal irritation,
redness, rash, dryness,
or whitish discharge.

3. Surgical procedures for family planning include tubal ligation for female sterilization and vasectomy for male sterilization. Before either are performed, potential recipients should be carefully
selected and counseled. In addition tubectomy is also surgical method of female contraception where the patient's Fallopian tubes or the Oviducts are clamped or cut off thereby eliminating any
chances of a pregnancy.

4. NEWBORN REFLEXES
1. Blink Reflex

Blink reflex is the rapid eye closure exhibited by newborns upon coming of objects near it. Similar with adults, this reflex serves a protective function against hurting the eye. It can be elicited by
shining a strong light (e.g. flashlight, otoscope light, etc.) on the eyes. Blink reflex can also be elicited by a sudden movement of an object towards the eye. This is important in assessing newborns’
visual attentiveness.

2. Rooting Reflex

Brushing the cheek or stroking near the mouth of the newborn will cause the head of the newborn to turn to that direction. This reflex is called rooting reflex, which helps the baby find the source of
food. For an instance, during breastfeeding, when the mother allows her breast to brush the cheek of the newborn, this allows the newborn to turn to its direction and begin sucking.
3. Sucking Reflex

Touching the newborn’s lips causes the baby to make sucking motions. Like rooting reflex, sucking reflex helps the baby find food. For an instance, when the lips of the baby touch the mother’s
breast or a bottle, the baby would begin sucking and so food is taken in.

4. Extrusion Reflex

Until four months of age, any food placed on the anterior portion of the tongue of babies will be expelled by them. This serves a protective function by preventing the baby from swallowing
substances that are toxic or poisonous. This is also the reason why complementary feeding or introduction of solid food is done at about six months of age.

5. Palmar Grasp Reflex

Objects placed on newborns’ palms will be grasped by newborns. They tend to close their fingers on these objects and sometimes their grasps are so strong that they can be momentarily raised
from supine position through this reflex. Palmar grasp reflex disappears between six weeks to three months.

6. Walk-in-Place Reflex

If newborns are held in a vertical position with their feet touching a hard solid surface, newborns will take few, alternating steps. This can last until three months of age, the time where they start to
bear a good portion of their weight without being hindered by this reflex.

An almost similar reflex to this is called placing reflex. However, the major difference lies in the manner of eliciting it. The anterior surface of the newborn’s lower leg is made to touch the edge of
a bassinet or a table. Then, the newborn makes few lifting motions as if to step onto the table.

7. Tonic Neck Reflex

Turning a newborn’s head to one side will cause the extremities to on that side extends while the opposite extremities contracts or flexes. This is also called boxer of fencing reflex because of the
position of the newborn. Of all reflexes, this is the one which appears to have no function. However, it is being linked to eye stimulation and handedness. This disappears between 8-12 weeks.

8. Moro Reflex

There are many ways to elicit Moro reflex. However, the most common method used is the “drop method” wherein the nurse lifts the baby completely off the bed while supporting the head and the
neck, and then the nurse lowers the baby rapidly till there is only 4-8 inches between the baby and the bed. It is important to note that while doing this, the baby is kept in supine position. Complete
Moro reflex involves bilateral abduction of arms, extension of forearms, and full opening of hands. This is then followed by slow return of hands towards the midline and then followed by curling of
the fingers.

9. Babinski Reflex
When the nurse strokes the sole of the foot in an inverted “J” curve from the heel upward, the newborn’s toes fan. It is only in newborns that positive Babinski reflex is considered normal. It
normally disappears after the 3rd month.

10. Reflexes of spinal cord integrity

There are three reflexes to test spinal cord integrity of newborns. First on the list is magnet reflex, which can be elicited by applying pressure on the soles of the foot of newborns lying in supine
position. As a response, the newborns would push back against the pressure.

The second reflex to test spinal cord integrity is called crossed extension reflex. This is exhibited by the newborn in supine position by raising his other leg and extending it when the other leg is
extended and, the sole of that foot is irritated or rubbed by a sharp object (e.g. thumbnail). This is like the act of the newborn trying to push the hand away that irritates the other leg.