cup

Yythfullof bacteria wi 21 minutes Then in how much time this

cap will be completelyfilled
Ans 21 3 3 27 minutes
iii Endosporeformation It found in
is some Gram ave bacteria in
highly unfavourable conditions
EXOSPORIUM

SPORECOAT

I.iens.taga
qq.FIginiggompleg
SPORECYTOPLASM
complex
EDIE
patsy

Lecture4 September10,2022

Endospores areformed in central subterminal or terminal regions

cell one endospore
per cell
The endospore on the
of a
single
to
return offar conditions
gives rise one new bacterial cell
Thus
endosporeformation is considered more of a method
of
PERENNATION rather than
reproduction
Endospores are highly resistant spores and can survive
from
100C to 100 C and this remarkable resistance is due to

i Thick and impermeable

covering
a Ca Dipicolinic acid and PG complex present an cortex
mainly
and some
part in cytoplasm thatprotectsproteinspresentinspore
cytoplasmfromcoagulating at hightemperatures
Dormant state
in state
 chy
PARASEE UAE MMEETHODS OF RECOMMBINATION
Discov Frederick he
I Transformation
by Griffith while was

on Streptococcus or Diplococcuspneumoniae
working 00
00000 RestrainRoughAvirulentEng
SIIstrainSmoothVirulentEng
Smooth
polysagggaride

Live RI Live SII Heatkilled SI LiveRItHeatkilled SI

Mice Mice Mice Mice

e p e C
u n End
Live SII
TheRI bacteria take up somethingfrom dead relatives in surrounding
medium and transformed into othertypes se
get
1944 Avery McLeodMcarty Establishedthat Transforming

principle is DNA
SII RI
Proteins RI
RNA RI
DAA RI SII
DNA DNase RI
thatdestroys
Deoxyribonuclease

area

The
ability of bacteria to take
up Dna of dead relatives
as COMPETENCE which is maximum
 as of
the end
ofgrowthperiod
II Conjugation DiscobyLederberg Tatum while working on

Escherichia coli

E
IM a EPISOME
b Dna Fplasmid

Fbacterium bacterium Hfr Donor Recombinations

Recipients eggnog Highfrequencyof

A ÉxÉ Sterileonmethod B
HfrxÉ fertile ofmethod
In
F F F
CONJUGATIONtube Hfe

Mostly sometimes F
Hfe

P Lo Mao
Ft F Ft e Hfe F
totransfer chromosomeconjugationtubem
entire
persistforatleasttoominutesHowever it
breaksearlyduetoBrownianmotionof partie
solution
entheexternal

In at Exogenote
I E et at E f et pfendoGenote
up
FTXF It SEXDUCTION
r

III Transduction Discovered

by Linder Lederberg while working
 1 ofhag y
A LyticCycle TzTz Tephages Cycle A
B Lysogenic
phages
6
I
I
i
É es
Binaryfission
or an
i i

giggatitis
environmentalstimulusor
internal
geneticinformation
faultydetachment

helpto transfer bacterial

Transduction is a processby which viruses

from onebacterium to another

genes and is offollowingtypes
a GeneralisedTransduction
from one bacterium
Anygene maybetransferred
to anotherthroughthe agency virulent
phages Ta TBity
of
b Specialized Transduction Onlyspecific from one
genes are transferred
bacterium to anotherthrough TemperatephagesAlso Restricted
agency of Ya
Transduction Aplage
a Complete Transduction Transferredbacterial recombination
genes undergo
with new bacterialgenes
d Incomplete orAbortiveTransduction Transferredbacterial to
genesfail
undergo
g
LYSOGENIC CONVERSION The bacteria becomepathogenic
only in company
of a lysogenicvirus e.g Corynebacteriumdiphtheria Olympiads
Clostridium botulinum