Campbell 796

F6 Biology Sem 2 Chapter 7 Gas Exchange WTKhoo

7.1 Gaseous exchange in humans

a. Structure of human respiratory system
b. Microscopic structure of the wall of an alveolus
c. Structure of haemoglobin
d. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood
e. Oxygen dissociation curves of haemoglobin, myoglobin and foetal
f. haemoglobin
g. Bohr effect and oxygen dissociation curve

7.2 Breathing cycle

a. Control of breathing mechanism, including the role of chemoreceptor
b. Tidal volume, vital capacity, total lung capacity, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume and
residual volume

7.3 Gaseous exchange in plants

a. Structure and functions of stomata
b. Mechanism of opening and closing of stomata based on potassium ion accumulation hypothesis.

Introduction:
1. During aerobic respiration, cells require a continuous supply of O2 and need to remove CO2.
To enable this, organisms have developed gas exchange surface where respiratory gases are
exchanged between living cells and the environment.
2. Some organisms such as protozoa, cnidarians, tapeworms and some annelids have a very high
_______ and short __________ for rapid diffusion. Gaseous exchange takes place by passive
diffusion across the cell membrane or the body surface.
3. For large organisms such as mammals have a low TSA/V ratio. The skin is usually
impermeable to gases and the bulk of body cells are deep into the inner part of the body. Hence,
mammals need specialised respiratory system for the movement of respiratory gases to and from
these cells.

7.1 Gaseous Exchange in Humans

1. In mammals, gaseous exchange takes place in the lungs.
2. In human, the air inhaled will pass through the nasal passage, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli to reach the respiratory surface shown in table 7.1 below.
Structure Function
Nose




Nasal Cavity



Pharynx


 







__________

