EXPERIMENT 8

BELT FRICTION

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this experiment, students should be able to,

1. Apply the concept of friction on the belt at different angle of lap and for
various materials. (LOD 1, PLO 1, C3)
2. Perform the investigation related to belt friction for various angle of lap
and different materials. (LOD 4, PLO4, P4)
3. Demonstrate work effectively and cooperate in group to complete the
laboratory task. (LOD 7, PLO 9, A3)

CONTENT

8.1 INTRODUCTION [1&2]

Belts help transmit power over a distance between mechanical rotating parts.
Students may refer to related fundamental course for the fundamentals of
belt functions and calculations. Friction is however a wider subject covered in
many fundamental courses from Statics to Machines. Here is some theory
but a revision on the topics will be helpful in this investigation.

Belt tension in a belt drive system can be expressed in terms of ratio

between tension on the tight side, T 2 and the slack side, T1 of the same belt
when it was operating. Consider a pulley wheel with a belt passing around it
as shown Figure 8.1. In order for the belt to produce torque on the pulley
(whether or not it is rotating), there must be tension in both ends. If this was
not so, the belt would not be pressed against the pulley, and it would slip on
the pulley. The belt depends upon friction between it and the wheel in order
to grip and produce torque.

Figure 8.1: Pulley Wheel, Belt and Tension in Belt [2]

For the belt to produce torque on the wheel, the tension in one end must
be greater than the tension in the other end. Refer to Figure 8.1, let T 2 is
larger than T1 and θ is the angle of lap. Now, Figure 8.2 considers an
elementary length of the belt on wheel. The tension in one end is T and the
other end is T + dT. The angle made by the small length is dθ;

Figure 8.2: Elementary length of the belt on wheel [2]

To relate the belt tensions;

1. First, resolve T radially and tangentially to the wheel as shown in

Figure 8.3.
 Figure 8.3: Resolve T radially and tangentially to the wheel [2]

T1 = T cos (dθ/2), and for small angle θ, thus cos θ = cos 0°= 1

T1=T (8.1.1)

R1 = T sin (dθ/2), and for small angle θ, thus sin θ = 1

R1 = T (dθ/2) (8.1.2)

2. Next, repeat for the other end to resolve T + dT (As shown in Figure
8.4).

Figure 8.4: Repeat Step 1 for the other end to resolve T + dT.[2]

dθ
T 2=( T + dT ) cos =T +dT (8.1 .3)
2
dθ
T 2=( T + dT ) cos =T +dT (8.1 .4)
2

3. Ignoring the product of two small quantities, total reaction force is

R N =R 1+ R 2=Tdθ(8.1 .5)
 4. The resultant tangential force is

T R =T 2 +T 1=dT (8.1 .6)

5. As a summary, two important results we have obtained R N =Tdθ and

T R =dT
6. Now, treat the small piece of belt as a small block about to slip on a
flat surface (as shown in Figure 8.5).

Figure 8.5: Free body diagram of small section of the belt in

contact with the pulley [2]

When the block just about to slip, force TR is equal to friction force, F.
T R =F=μ R N (8.1.7)
dT =μ R N =μTdθ (8.1.8)
dT
=μdθ (8.1 .9)
T
7. Integrating between limits of θ=0 and θ=θ for angle and T = T 1 and T
= T2 for force, thus we get;

ln T 2−ln T 1=μθ(8.1 .10)

T 2 μθ
=e (8.1 .11)
T1

Equation 8.1.11 is the ratio of belt tension and is used ONLY for flat belt
type.

Reminder: T2 (tight) > T1 (slack) in these derivations. Which side of the belt
that is ‘tight’ and ‘slack’ depends on the direction of pulley rotation.
 Thus, at the end of this experiment on belt friction, students should also be
able to
• Simulate belt friction phenomena and the mode of operation of a
belt drive.
• Investigate the following:

o Relationship between the belt forces, coefficient of friction and

arc of contact (Eytelwein’s rope friction equation),
o Coefficients of friction for various materials, and
o Differences between flat belts and V-belts.
• Implement and analyze the required data collectively within the group
and produce good technical report according to the required standard.

8.1.1 Gunt Hamburg TM 220 Belt Friction Apparatus

The Gunt Hamburg, TM 220 Belt Friction Apparatus, shown in Figure

8.6, essentially consists of pulley, column, and base plate. The grey cast iron
pulley (1) has a diameter of 300 mm. It features two V-belt grooves and a
face for a flat belt. One of the V-belt grooves has too large a wedge angle
and is excessively wide to permit demonstration of the behaviour of a poorly
fitting V-belt.

The pulley is ball-bearing mounted and provided with a hand crank (2).
The large centrifugal mass of the pulley helps to achieve uniform rotation and
steady indication of the force measured. For length compensation with
differing arcs of contact, the pulley support (3) can be fixed at various heights
on the column (4). The arc of contact is set by way of a swivel-type belt
holder (5) with locking pin (6) at 15° intervals between 30° and 180°.

The tensile force is measured via two spring balances (7, 8) each with
a range of 100N. A threaded stem (9) with handwheel permits precise
adjustment of the initial belt tension. The amply dimensioned base plate (10)
with rubber feet provides a firm support for the unit even in the case of great
force being applied at the crank.

Figure 8.6: Belt Friction Apparatus [1]

8.1.2 REPLACING BELT

The process of replacing the belt involves removing the existing belt and
fitting another belt.

8.1.2.1 REMOVING BELT

Referring to Figure 8.7 to remove an attached belt. Loosen clamping lever (1)
at support (2), lower pulley and slacken off belt. Disengage spring balance at
swivel-type belt holder (3), remove handwheel (8) at threaded stem (9) and
take off other spring balance with threaded stem. Detach belt connectors (4)
from spring balances (5). To do so, remove retaining ring (7) and pull out the
pin (6).

(a) (b)

Figure 8.7: (a) Belt Friction Apparatus & (b) zoom-in of the connectors
between spring balance and rope (belt) [1]

8.1.2.2 FITTING BELT

Refer to Figure 8.8 (a) and (b) to fit a belt. Attach desired belt (4) to spring
balances (5). Secure pin (6) with retaining ring (7). Fit spring balance at
swivel-type belt holder in pin in line with belt groove selected (A). Insert other
spring balance with threaded stem through corresponding hole in lower
spring holder (B) and screw handwheel back on again. Loosen clamping
lever (1) at support (2), raise pulley and tension belt. Repeat for both spring
balances.
 (a) (b)

Figure 8.8: (a) Spring balance for F1 & (b) Spring balance for F2 [1]

8.1.3 SETTING ARC OF CONTACT

Refer to Figure 8.9 (a) and (b) to set the arc of contact. Loosen clamping
lever (1) at support (2), lower pulley and slacken off belt. Pull out locking pin
(3) at support and use swivel-type belt holder (4) to set required arc of
contact (interval 15°). Re-engage locking pin. Loosen clamping lever (1) at
support (2), raise pulley and retension belt.
 (a) (b)
Figure 8.9: (a) Clamping lever (1) at support (2) & (b) Locking
pin (3) at support and swivel-type belt holder (4) [1]

8.1.4 SETTING INITIAL TENSION

Refer to Figure 8.10 to set the initial tension of the belt. Turn handwheel (5)
to lower end of threaded stem. Loosen clamping lever at support and raise
pulley until belt is slightly pretensioned. Set remaining initial tension with
handwheel (5) at threaded stem (50N initial tension = max. measuring
range).

Figure 8.10: Setting initial tension of a belt [1]

8.1.5 PERFORMING THE EXPERIMENTS

Performing experiments will generally repeat the same procedures as

follows. Turn pulley as evenly as possible; whilst doing so, observe and note
down the readings of spring balances F1 and F2. NOTE: This is easiest to
perform with 2 people - one to turn the pulley, the other to observe the
readings and note down the measured values. If stick-slip effects are
encountered or the reading fluctuates excessively, the speed of rotation is to
be altered. The choice of a higher speed will produce a steady indication. In
order to be able to assess the measurement, both ends of the belt must be
tensioned (spring balance readings > 0). If the reading on one of the spring
balances is zero and the end of the belt is not tensioned, the friction is too
high. It can be reduced by selecting a smaller arc of contact. Note that
changing the initial tension has no effect.

8.2 EQUIPMENT LIST

Gunt Hamburg, TM 220 Belt Friction Apparatus, Hemp belt, Leather belt and
Nylon belt.

8.3 EXPERIMENTS [1]

8.3.1 EXPERIMENT 1: INFLUENCE OF ARC OF CONTACT

Perform the experiment as directed in subchapter 8.1 for the angles of 30°,
60°, 90°, 120°, 150° and 180°. Measure the forces (F1 and F2) and calculate
Ratio F1/F2 in Table 8.1. Do the theoretical calculations in 8.4.6 and fill in
Table 8.2. From Table 8.2, plot a graph on the development of the Force
Relationship as a function of arc of contact (μ = 0.43). F1/F2 vs. Arc of
contact α [degrees]. Figure 8.11 shows the different arc of contacts in
experiment 8.3.1
 Figure 8.11: Different arc of contacts in experiment 8.3.1 [1]

8.3.2 EXPERIMENT 2: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS MATERIALS

1. Perform the experiment as directed in subchapter 8.1 for different belt

materials.

2. The experiments will make use of the flat-belt groove with an arc of
contact (α) = 180° = π. The following material combinations will be
tested (as shown in Figure 8.12):

i. Leather - grey cast iron

ii. Hemp - grey cast iron

iii. Nylon - grey cast iron

With the leather - grey cast iron combination, it is to be ensured that

the leather side (light side) is placed on the pulley.
3. Measure the forces (F1 and F2) and calculate the coefficient of friction
(μ) as a function of material combination in Table 8.3.

Nylon flat
Belt

Figure 8.12: Different materials in contact with the pulley in experiment 2

[1]

8.4 ACTIVITIY

In groups determined by the lecturer / instructor, you are to perform the

experiment in the lab and handwrite a lab report that consist of these
following items;

1. Front page
2. Theory
3. Methodology
4. Observation
5. Results
6. Calculations
7. Discussions
8. Conclusion and recommendations
9. Reference

8.5 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCE

[1] G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, 1995, Hamburg TM 220 Experiment
Instructions, TM 220 Belt Friction Apparatus, Publication No.: 914.000
00a 220 12, 08/95, Hamburg, Germany.
[2] D.J.Dunn, 2020, Mechanical Principles, www.freestudy.co.uk accessed
on 21 March 2023

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology

Subject Name ENGINEERING LABORATORY IV

Title of Experiment BELT FRICTION
Course Code BNJ 37301 Section :

Semester and session

Lecturer/Instructor Name

Group Members Matric No.

To be filled in by lecturer

No. Item Mark Weightage Score

1 Theory (C2) /5 2
2 Methodology (P2) /5 1

3 Observation (P3) /5 3

4 Results (P2) /5 2

5 Calculation (P4) /5 3
Assessment of
6 Discussion (C3) /5 5
Laboratory
8 Conclusion (C3) /5 3
Report
9 References (C1) /5 1
(Group Report) Total cognitive (55%)

Total physhomotor (45%)

8.4.1 THEORY

8.4.1.1 INFLUENCE OF ARC OF CONTACT

When a rope or belt slides over a pulley, the friction between the rope and
the pulley produces differing rope forces in the two ends. The difference
between the rope forces corresponds to the friction force at the pulley (as
shown in Figure 8.13).

Figure 8.13 : Schematic diagram of tension the belt [1]

The belt or rope friction is a function of the coefficient of friction μ and the arc
of contact α. The ratio of the two rope forces is calculated by way of
Eytelwein’s rope friction equation:

( 8.12 )

where F1 is the greater force on the tension side and F2 the smaller force on
the pulled side. For a specific material combination, the coefficient of friction
(μ) is a fixed variable. The angle (α) is to be expressed as circular measure.
The ratio increases disproportionately with increasing angle (α). Doubling the
number of rope turns from 1 round (α = 2π) to 2 rounds (α = 4π) with a
coefficient of friction of μ = 0.3 increases the forces, for example, by a factor
of
 ( 8.13 )

The objective of the experiment is to demonstrate the validity of the above

Eytelwein’s rope friction equation. Use μ = 0.43 for the hemp rope supplied,
which is placed in the groove for the flat belt.

8.4.1.2 COMPARISON OF VARIOUS MATERIALS

The rope friction equation can be rearranged to obtain the coefficient of

friction (μ) for various material combinations from the measured forces.

( 8.14 )

(Write a short theory, or concepts, and insert background related to the

experiment, related science, physics and/or equations, and real-life
applications. Related diagrams and formulas should be stated. All your
sources need to be cited according to the American Psychological
Association (APA) system.)

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8.4.2 METHODOLOGY

(Write in passive voice, the flow of the experiment conducted. The writing of
the methodology can be guided of the procedures given in sub-topic 8.1 &
8.3. Students may add extra procedures that has been actually done in the
lab (i.e. if not stated discreetly in sub-topic 8.1 & 8.3. Write in paragraphs
instead of numbers).

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8.4.3 OBSERVATIONS

(Write down your observation for the data collected from both results data.
Compare with theory. Write down the relationships between measure F1 and
F2. Also write down your observation of the surroundings, environment and of
the experiment while in operation.)

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8.4.4 RESULTS

(Fill in Table 8.1, complete the calculations in 8.4.6 and then fill in and Table
8.2 for experiment 1.)

Reminders: Wait for the results to stabilise before writing them down.
Try your best to steadily turn the pulley.

Table 8.1: Rope forces as a function of arc of contact [1]

Angle (α)
30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180°
[degrees]
Force (F1) [N]
Force (F2) [N]
Ratio F1/F2

Reminder: Perform the calculations in 8.4.6 then fill in Table 8.2

Table 8.2: Rope forces as a function of arc of contact (Measured vs.

Calculated) [1]
Angle (α)
30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180°
[degrees]

Angle (α) [radian]

Ratio F1/F2
[Measured]

Ratio F1/F2
[Calculated]
Finally, remember to draw all graphs as required. If variables are
proportional, use a ruler and try to get the best fit line. If it is a curve line,
learn how to use a flexible curve ruler. Remember to label the axis and
write the title of each graph.
Experiment 2

Table 8.3: Coefficient of friction (μ) as a function of material combination.

[1]

Coefficient
of Friction Coefficient
Force Force
Material (μ) of Friction
(F1) (F2)
Combination (μ)
[Calculated
[N] [N]
using F1 [Literature]
and F2]

Leather - grey cast

iron

Hemp - grey cast

iron

Rubber - grey cast

iron
8.4.5 CALCULATIONS

Experiment 1

Calculate the force relationships of the various angles using the above
Eytelwein’s rope friction equation for comparison with the measurement,
assuming a coefficient of friction of μ = 0.43, using equation 8.12.

Experiment 2

Calculate the coefficient of friction (μ) for various material combinations can
be calculated using equation 8.14

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8.4.6 DISCUSSIONS

(Compare results from experiment and the calculated theoretical values.

Discuss comprehensively your reasons towards your observation, results
and calculations as mentioned. Fill it with 5 W’s, what, why, when, where and
who’s. Give scientific and theoretical relationships to explain your
observations and results. In your discussions, refer to the graphs, tables and
calculations.)

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8.4.7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

(Write a summary and relate to the objective, theory, procedure set up,
result and discussion that you have discuss previously.

Write recommendations on how to improve this experiment in terms of better

procedures to get better results)
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8.4.8 REFERENCES

Sources that are referred to in your work, whether published or not, must be
stated. The source of information must be acknowledged in the text as well
as in the reference list. Proper acknowledgement is important because it will
help others locate and verify the original sources. Furthermore, proper
citation can avoid allegations of plagiarism. Acknowledgements in your work
must be linked to the list of reference using the “Author (Date)” system.
References should be cited in all parts of the lab report whenever the
sources are referred in your work.
The Author (Date) System also known as the American Psychological
Association (APA) system. Write a minimum of 5 references. Make sure the
references are cited as required in your report not just limited to the theory
section. At least 50% of references are recent, i.e. within past 5 years of
current study.
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