Abdullah Shaheen Comp1805 Assignment Two 101100558

Question 1:

a.

M = regular maintenance on your car

B = won’t break down

C = you care about your car

1. M → B

2. C → M

Riley’s car broke down would give us ¬B

3. ¬B

4. ¬M using Modus Tollens 1,3

5. ¬ C using Modus Tollens 2,4

Therefore, she did not care about her car

b.

R = Jordan rides his bike in the winter

X = He ruins his bike

S = It is spring

F = He gets his bike fixed

1. R→ X

2. (X ∧ S )→ F

3. S ∧ ¬F

4. S Simplification 3

5. ¬F Simplification 3

6. ¬(S V F) De Morgan’s on 3

7. ¬S ∧ ¬F De Morgan’s on 6

8. ¬(X ∧ S ) Modus Tollens 2,4

9. ¬X V ¬S De Morgan’s on 7

10. ¬X Disjunctive Syllogism 9,4

Abdullah Shaheen Comp1805 Assignment Two 101100558

11. ¬R Modus Tollens 1,10

Therefore, he did not ride his bike this winter

c.

W = my office floor is wet

O = my office floor is dirty

S = I wore my boots to school

R = it is raining outside

C = it is cold outside

1. S → (W V O)

2. S → (R V C)

3. ¬R ∧ C

4. ¬(R V ¬C) De Morgan’s on 3

5. C Simplification 3

6. R V C Addition on 5

This Proof is invalid, as it cannot be simplified further. The next step would be to apply

Modus Ponens using step 2,6. But since step 2 is S → (R V C)

We are unable to apply any rule to get S as an answer and use S on step one.

If step 2 was written as (R V C) → S the proof could be simplified

Question 2 :

Show that ∃𝑥 𝐸(𝑥)

a. ∀𝑥¬𝐵(𝑥) → ¬𝐹(𝑥)

b. ∀𝑥𝐷(𝑥) ∨ 𝐹(𝑥)

c. ∃𝑥𝐷(𝑥) ∨ 𝐶(𝑥)

d. ∀𝑥𝐴(𝑥) → 𝐶(𝑥)
Abdullah Shaheen Comp1805 Assignment Two 101100558

e. ∃𝑥(𝐵(𝑥) ∨ 𝐶(𝑥)) → 𝐸(𝑥)

f. ∀𝑥¬𝐷(𝑥) ∧ ¬𝐴(𝑥)

g. ¬𝐵(y) → ¬𝐹(y) Universal Instantiation on “a”

h. 𝐷(y) ∨ 𝐹(y) Universal Instantiation on “b”

I. 𝐷(y) ∨ 𝐶(y) Existential Instantiation on “c”

J. 𝐴(y) → 𝐶(y) Universal Instantiation on “d”

k. (𝐵(y) ∨ 𝐶(y)) → 𝐸(y) Existential Instantiation on “e”

L. ¬𝐷(y) ∧ ¬𝐴(y) Universal Instantiation on “f”

M. ¬𝐷(y) Simplification on L

N. ¬𝐴(y) Simplification on L

O. 𝐹(y) using Disjunctive Syllogism on H,M

P. 𝐵(y) Modus Tollens on G,O

Q. 𝐵(y) ∧ 𝐶(y) Addition on P

R. 𝐸(y) Modus Ponens on Q,K

S. 𝐸(𝑥) Existential Generalization

Question 3 :

If 3n + 3 is odd, then n is even integer.

(3n + 3 is odd) → n is even integer

Contraposition: n is odd integer → 3n+3 is even

1. ∃𝑘 𝑛 = 2k + 1

2. n = 2k + 1 by Existential Instantiation
Abdullah Shaheen Comp1805 Assignment Two 101100558

3. 3n+3 = 3(2k+1) + 3

4. 3n+3 = 6x + 3 + 3

5. 3n+3 = 6x + 6

6. 3n+3 = 2(3x+3)

7. Let 3x+3 = k

8. 3n+3 = 2k

9. ∃𝑘 3n+3 = 2k by Existential Generalization

10. 3n+3 is even by definition

Question 4:

If n is an integer and n2-3 is odd, then n is an even number

(n is an integer ∧ n2-3 is odd) → n is even integer

Negate:

¬ ((n is an integer ∧ n2-3 is odd) → n is even integer) apply implication equivalence

¬(¬(n is an integer ∧ n2-3 is odd) ∨ n is even integer) apply De Morgans Law

¬¬((n is an integer ∧ n2-3 is odd ) ∧ ¬ n is even integer) apply double negation

( n is an integer ∧ n2-3 is odd ) ∧ ¬ n is even integer

This means n is an odd integer

Assume that n is an odd number

1. ∃k n = 2k+1 Existential Instantiation

2. n = 2i + 1

3. n2 = (2i+1) 2

4. n2 = (2i+1) (2i+1)

5. n2 = 4i2 + 4i + 1

6. n2 - 3 = 4i2 + 4i + 1 – 3

7. n2 - 3 = 4i2 + 4i – 2

8. n2 - 3 = 2(2i2 + 2 – 1) let (2i2 + 2 – 1) = k

9. n2 - 3 = 2k
Abdullah Shaheen Comp1805 Assignment Two 101100558

10. ∃k n2 - 3 = 2k by Existential Generalization

11. n2 – 3 is even

So, we can conclude that our assumption is wrong. n2 – 3 is an odd number

Question 5:

Let x be a rational number.

1. √27 = x

2. √3 √9 = x

3. 3 √3 = x

4. √3 = x/3 (a rational number/3) is still a rational number

5. √3 = is rational number

6. √3 = a/b by definition

7. 3 = a2 / b2

8. 3b2 = a2 therefore a2 is divisible by 5

Assume that a is not divisible by 5

1. a = 3k+1

2. a2 = (3k+1) 2

3. a2 = 9k2 + 6k + 1

4. a2 = 3(3k+2k) + 1

Since a2 is an odd number that means it is not divisible by 5

Question 6:

When n = 1

1 + 3 + 9 + 27 + ⋯ + 3n-1 = (3n – 1) / 2

31 = 31 -1 / 2

1=1
Induction :
3k = (3k – 1) / 2
Abdullah Shaheen Comp1805 Assignment Two 101100558

3k + 3k+1 = (3k+2 – 1 )/2

(3k – 1) / 2 + 3k+1 = (3k+2 – 1 )/2

(3k – 1 + 2*3k+1) /2= (3k+2 – 1 )/2

(31*3k+1 – 1) /2 = (3k+2 – 1 )/2

(3k+2 – 1) /2 = (3k+2 – 1 )/2

Question 7:
Let a be the amount of $2 Coins we have
Let b be the amount if $3 Coins we have
Let x be an integer that is greater or equal to 2
If x = 2k + 1 , this means that is x an odd number
a = 2k + 1
b = 2j + 1
if we subtract two odd numbers, we get an even number.
a – b = 2k
2k+1 – 2j-1 = 2k
2k-2j = 2k
2(k-j) = 2k let k-j = k
2k = 2k
This means that we will have exact change always as we will get an even number.
Abdullah Shaheen Comp1805 Assignment Two 101100558
Abdullah Shaheen Comp1805 Assignment Two 101100558