Chapter - 5-Energy - and - Atmosphere

Chapter : 5
Energy & Atmosphere
© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 1
Disclaimer
LEED® and USGBC® are registered

trademarks of the U.S. Green Building
Council. The author is not affiliated to
USGBC or GBCI. The information provided in
the presentation are compiled by the author
and is not endorsed by USGBC or GBCI
1
CREDIT TITLE NC CS Sc Rt Hc Hs DC WD
EA P1 Fundamental Commissioning Required

and verification
EA P2 Minimum Energy Performance Required
EA P3 Building – level energy Required
metering
EA P4 Fundamental refrigerant Required
management
EA C1 Enhanced Commissioning 6
EA C2 Optimize energy performance 18 16 18 20 18
EA C3 Advanced energy metering 1
CREDIT TITLE NC CS Sc Rt Hc Hs DC WD
EA C4 Demand Response 2
EA C5 Renewable Energy Production 3
EA C6 Enhanced refrigerant 1
management
EA C7 Green power and carbon 2
offsets
2
EA P2 Minimum Energy
Performance
Design
NC CS Sc Rt Hc Hs DC WD
Required
EA C2 Optimize Energy
Performance
Design
18 16 18 20 18
3
Intent
• Reduce the environmental and economic harms
of excessive energy use by achieving a minimum
level of energy efficiency for the building and its
systems.
Intent (Optimize energy performance)

• Achieve increasing levels of energy performance
beyond the prerequisite standard to reduce
environmental and economic harms associated
with excessive energy use.
Requirements-Prerequisite: Option 1
• Demonstrate reduction in energy cost in proposed case over

base case (calculated as per ASHRAE 90.1 2010 Appendix G)
• 5% - New Buildings, 3% for major renovations, or 2% for core
and shell
• Comply with all Mandatory requirements of ASHRAE 90.1
• Consider both regulated and non regulated loads
• All Buildings energy cost to be included.
• Renewable energy cannot take credit in prerequisite
• Document the energy modeling input assumptions for
unregulated loads.
• Document assumptions and improvements
4
ASHRAE 90.1 2010
Energy Efficiency Standard specifies:

• Building Envelope Requirements
• HVAC Requirements
• Service Water Heating Requirements
• Power
• Lighting Requirements
• Mandatory requirements – Example:
Insulation to be installed as per
manufacturers recommendation
• Prescriptive requirements –
Maximum allowable U value
• Comply with the mandatory and prescriptive

provisions of ASHRAE 90.1 2010
• Refer to appropriate AEDG based on project
• Comply with the HVAC and service water
heating requirements, in Chapter 4, AEDG for
appropriate climate zones.
5
• Applicable only for retail buildings with 20,000 to
100,000 square feet (1860 to 9290 square meters)
• Applicable only for the hospital buildings over

100,000 square feet (9290 square meters)
• Applicable only for the k-12 school buildings of

any size
• Applicable only for office buildings smaller than

100,000 square feet (9290 square meters)
• Applicable for buildings less than 100,000 sq.ft. Not applicable

for Healthcare, Warehouses and Laboratories
• Comply with the mandatory and prescriptive provisions of
ASHRAE 90.1 2010
• Comply with Advance Core Performance Guide
• Section 1: Design Process Strategies,
• Section 2: Core Performance Requirements,
• Section 3: Enhanced Performance Strategies – 3 strategies are
following :
• 3.5 Supply Air Temperature Reset (VAV)
• 3.9 Premium Economizer Performance
• 3.10 Variable Speed Control
6
Requirements – Credit: Option 1
Establish an energy performance target no later than the schematic

design phase. (Applicable for both option 1 and 2)
% Energy Cost reduction compared to base case and points

awarded
New Major Core & Points (except Points Points (Schools)
Buildings Renovation Shell Schools and (Healthcare)
Health Care)
6% 4% 3% 1 pts 3 pts 1 pts
8% 6% 5% 2 pts 4 pts 2 pts
10% 8% 7% 3 pts 5 pts 3 pts

.....50% …..48% …. 47% …. 18 pts …. 20 pts …. 16 pts – 42%
• PRESCRIPTIVE COMPLIANCE: ASHRAE ADVANCED

ENERGY DESIGN GUIDE (1–6 POINTS)
• To be eligible for Option 2, projects must use Option
2 in EA Prerequisite Minimum Energy Performance
• Implement and document compliance with the
applicable recommendations and standards in
Chapter 4, Design Strategies and Recommendations
by Climate Zone
7
• Building envelope, opaque: Roofs, walls, floors,

slabs, doors, and vestibules (1 point)
• Building envelope, glazing: Fenestration - all
orientations (1 point)
• Interior lighting, excluding lighting power density
for sales floor (1 point)
• Additional interior lighting for sales floor
(1 point) –Applicable for retail
• Exterior lighting(1 point)
• Plug loads, including equipment choices and controls
(1 point)
Strategies
8
Proper orientation of the building:
•Optimize day light and heat gain/heat loss

•Glazing in appropriate direction to maximize
day light and minimize heat gain/loss
•Utilize shading of adjacent structures
•Optimize window the wall ratio
Optimized Building Envelope:
1. Optimize U(heat transfer coefficient) value

for windows, external wall and roof
2. Optimize Solar Heat Gain Coefficient of the
glazing
9
Efficient HVAC Equipments, pumping
system & Lighting
• Select HVAC equipment higher Coefficient of

Performance(COP)/Energy Efficiency Ratio(EER)
• Efficient Lighting – LPD not to exceed ASHRAE 90.1-
2010
• Consider passive technologies like day lighting, night
venting, natural ventilation etc
Efficient Controls
1.Occupancy sensors
2.Daylight sensors
3.Demand control
ventilation
4.Shading controls
5.Programmable
thermostats
10
Cogeneration/Combined Heat and
Power
Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) is the use
of a heat engine or power station to simultaneously generate
electricity and useful heat.
Energy Modeling – tool for evaluating

Energy Efficiency options
•Use Energy modeling in

predesigned phase
•Perform base case and
design case simulation
11
EPA Energy star target finder: Set
Energy Efficiency targets
• No-cost online tool that enables architects and building owners to
set energy targets during design stage
• Projects that earn a score of 75 or higher may be eligible for
ENERGY STAR certification
EPA Energy star Portfolio Manager:

Manage buildings energy usage
• Interactive online tool to record and track the

energy and water consumption of a building
or group of buildings.
• Portfolio Manager can help Facility Managers/
Building owners identify underperforming
buildings and make investment decisions
12
HERs: Evaluating energy efficiency in
homes
• The Home Energy Rating System
(HERS) Index developed by
RESNET(Residential Energy Services
Network) is the INDUSTRY STANDARD
by which a home's energy efficiency is
measured.
• Lower the index better the efficiency
• HERS Index 65 means the home is 35
% more efficient compared to a new
standard home
Exemplary Performance
• Option 1. New construction, major renovation,

and core and shell projects: Achieve at least
54% energy savings
13
EA P3 Building – Level Energy
Metering
Design
Required
EA C3 Advanced Metering
Design
1
14
Intent
• Support energy management and identify
opportunities for additional energy savings by
tracking building-level energy use.
Intent (Advanced Metering)

• Support energy management and identify
opportunities for additional energy savings by
tracking building-level and system-level energy
use
Requirements- Prerequisite
• Install meters to provide building level data representing

total building energy consumption (electricity, natural gas,
chilled water, steam, fuel oil, propane, biomass, etc).
• Utility-owned meters capable of aggregating building-level
resource use are acceptable.
• Commit to sharing with USGBC the resulting energy
consumption data and electrical demand data (if metered)
for a five-year period beginning on the date the project
accepts LEED certification.
• At a minimum, energy consumption must be tracked at
one-month intervals.
15
Requirements- Credit
• In addition to building level metering, any individual energy
end uses that represent 10% or more of the total annual
consumption of the building shall be metered
• Meters must be permanently installed, record at intervals of
one hour or less, and transmit data to a remote location.
• Electricity meters must record both consumption and
demand. Whole-building electricity meters should record the
power factor, if appropriate.
• Data shall be communicated to BEMS/ BAS
• The system must be capable of storing all meter data for at
least 36 months.
• The data must be remotely accessible.
• Capable of reporting hourly, daily, monthly, and annual energy
© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved.
use. 31
Individual Energy Use

Primary HVAC systems
Secondary HVAC systems
Lighting
Plug Loads
Elevators
Processes
16
EA P4 Fundamental Refrigerant
Management
Design
Required
EA C6 Enhanced Refrigerant
Management
Design
1
17
Intent
• Reduce stratospheric ozone depletion
.
Intent (Enhanced refrigerant management)
• Reduce ozone depletion and support early

compliance with the Montreal Protocol while
minimizing direct contributions to climate change
Requirements
Zero use of CFC-based refrigerants in HVAC and fire suppression systems?

Yes No
Develop phase-out plan for existing CFC use
Complete LEED submittal through system conversion or equipment
replacement
Assess the plan’s economic payback
Payback > 10 years Payback < 10 years

Existing Small
HVAC&R units Project can be Follow through with
(containing less exempted from phase-out plan for all
than 0.5gms of prerequisite, it CFC-based
refrigerants) are desired-document equipment within
exempt. third party five years of project
calculations completion
18
Requirements
(Enhanced Ref Management)
Ensure fire suppression system will not contain CFCs, HCFCs, or Halons
Determine approach to the building’s cooling system
Option 1: No or low refrigerant use Option 2: Minimize emissions
Applicable if project has no

mechanical cooling or refrigeration Identify the refrigerants used in the
/ selected HVAC&R equipment
(0) ODP and (50) GWP
Calculate ODP and GWP for HVAC&R
refrigerants in LEED online
No calculations required
Retail Projects
• Use only non-ozone-depleting refrigerants.

• Select equipment with an average HFC refrigerant charge of
no more than 1.75 pounds of refrigerant per 1,000 Btu/h
• Demonstrate a predicted store-wide annual refrigerant
emissions rate of no more than 15%. Conduct leak testing
using the procedures in GreenChill’s best practices guideline
for leak tightness at installation.
• Alternatively, stores with commercial refrigeration systems
may provide proof of attainment of EPA GreenChill’s silver-
level store certification for newly constructed stores.
19
Formulae
Life and Max Pressure for different AC

Units
20
Significance
Stratospheric Ozone depletion
21
Global Warming
Various Refrigerant Groups
22
Natural Refrigerants
• Air, CO2, H20, ammonia (NH3)

and Hydrocarbons (Propane,
butane etc)
• Environmentally good
Disadvantages:
• Air, CO2, H20 - poor refrigerant
properties
• Ammonia - toxic in nature
• Hydrocarbons - explosive
Chloro Flouro Carbons - CFC
Example R11, R12

• Excellent refrigerant properties
• Very high Ozone depleting
potential
• Not produced in US since 1995
• Completely phase-out by 2010 by
Montreal protocol
23
Hydro Chloro Flouro Carbons -
HCFC
Example: R22, R123

• Reduced Chlorine, Reduced ODP
• 2020:99.5% of HCFC phase-out in
US
• 2030 –HCFC to be completed
phased out Montreal Protocol
Hydro Flouro Carbons - HFC
Example: R134a, R 407c, R 410a

• Zero Chlorine, Zero ODP
HFC • Higher Global warming potential
• Energy inefficient compared to
CFC/HCFC based equipments
24
Summary of ODP and GWP of
different refrigerants
25
EA C4 Demand Response
Construction
2
Intent
• Increase participation in demand response

technologies
. and programs that make energy
generation and distribution systems more
efficient, increase grid reliability, and reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.
26
Demand Side Management
and its significance
• Electricity demand is not uniform through out the
year.
• Peak demand occurs at extreme weather conditions

and its significance contd..
• Utility companies need to have generation capacity
and grid infrastructure to meet the peak demand.
• At peak demand, generation plants have to run at full
load including the inefficient ones
• Developing generation, transmission and distribution
infrastructure is called Supply Side Management.
• Developing plans and strategies to reduce the peak
demand is called as Demand Side Management
• Demand side management is much more economical
compared to developing infrastructures
27
Strategies
• Utilities implement a number of DSM strategies to
reduce the peak demand. Few of them
• Higher electricity price at peak hours of the day
– Higher demand charges: Many utilities bill separate
charges for peak demand in addition to consumption
– Thermal Storage system: Chillers with thermal
storage system run at off peak hours and stores
thermal energy in thermal storage system. Stored
thermal energy is then used during peak hours of the
day.
– Demand Response
Demand Response
Demand response (DR)
• a change in electricity use by demand-side resources
from their normal consumption patterns in response
to changes in the price of electricity or to incentive
payments designed to induce lower electricity use at
times of high wholesale market prices or when
system reliability is jeopardized
• In Demand Response programs, the end user
reduces his electricity demand when there is a
trigger from the utility provider
28
Demand Response: LEED Requirements
• The project should have software and hardware infrastructure

to participate in Demand response program.
• The project should participate in Demand Response program
if available
DR Program Available
(2 points)
• Design a system with the capability for real-time, fully-
automated/Semi automated DR based on external initiation by a DR
Program Provider.
• Enroll in a minimum one-year DR participation amount contractual
commitment with a qualified DR program provider, with the intention
of multiyear renewal, for at least 10% of the estimated peak
electricity demand.
• Peak demand is determined under EA Prerequisite Minimum Energy
Performance.
• Develop a comprehensive plan for meeting the contractual
commitment during a Demand Response event.
• Include the DR processes in the scope of work for the CxA, including
participation in at least one full test of the DR plan
29
DR not available
(1 point)
• Provide infrastructure to take advantage of future demand
response programs or dynamic, real-time pricing programs
and complete the following activities.
• Install interval recording meters with communications and
ability for the building automation system to accept an
external price or control signal.
• Develop a comprehensive plan for shedding at least 10% of
building estimated peak electricity demand·
• Include the DR processes in the scope of work for the
commissioning authority, including participation in at least
one full test of the DR plan.
• Contact local utility representatives to discuss participation in
future DR programs.
EA P1 Fundamental
Commissioning and Verification
Construction
Required
30
EA C1 Enhanced Commissioning
Construction
6
Intent
• Support the design, construction, and eventual
operation of a project that meets the owner’s
project requirements for energy, water, indoor
environmental quality, and durability.
Intent (Enhanced Commissioning)

• To further support the design, construction, and
eventual operation of a project that meets the
owner’s project requirements for energy, water,
indoor environmental quality, and durability
31
Requirements - Prerequisite
• CxA must be engaged by the end of DD Phase
• Complete commissioning (Cx) process activities for MEP
Systems & Renewable Energy Systems in accordance with:
– ASHRAE Guideline 0-2005: General Cxing Process
Guidelines
– ASHRAE Guideline 1.1–2007: HVAC&R System Technical
requirements for Cxing
– NIBS Guideline 3-2012 : Building Enclosure Cxing Process
• Requirements for exterior enclosures are limited to inclusion
in the owner’s project requirements (OPR) and basis of design
(BOD), as well as the review of the OPR, BOD and project
design.
CxA
• Appointed by owner latest by end of the design

development phase,
• CxA Qualifications: The CxA must have
documented commissioning process experience
on at least two building projects with a similar
scope of work. The experience must extend from
early design phase through at least 10 months of
occupancy.
32
Who can be a Commissioning
Authority?
CxA Activities
• Review the OPR, BOD, and project design.
• Develop and implement a Cx plan.
• Confirm incorporation of Cx requirements into the construction
documents.
• Develop construction checklists.
• Develop a system test procedure.
• Verify system test execution.
• Maintain an issues and benefits log throughout the Cx process.
• Prepare a final Cx process report.
• Document all findings and recommendations and report
directly to the owner throughout the process.
33
OPR
• The OPR details the functional requirements as well as the
expectations of the building’s use and operation. OPR outline
might include the following:
• Key project requirements (e.g. desired LEED certification level)
• Occupant requirements: Functions, number of occupants, and
schedules for the building.
• Budget considerations and limitations.
• Target goals: The owner’s overall goals, such as energy
efficiency and sustainability.
• Performance criteria: The standards by which the project will
be evaluated by the Cx team.
• Operations and maintenance & Training requirements.
BOD
• The BOD explains how the construction and other details will execute
the OPR. BOD outline might include the following:
• Systems and assemblies: A general overview of the systems and
assemblies and how they are intended to meet the OPR.
• Performance criteria and assumptions
• Descriptions: A description of the general building, envelope, HVAC,
electrical, water, and other systems, and a statement of operation that
describes how the facility is expected to operate under various
situations and modes.
• Governing codes and standards.
• Owner directives. Assumptions regarding usage of the facility.
• Design development guidelines. Concepts, calculations, decisions, and
product selections; the specific design methods, techniques, and
software used in design; information regarding ambient conditions ·
• Revision history. © 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved.
68
34
Commissioning Report
Contents
• Executive summary of commissioning process and results, system
deficiencies identified and resolution, and outstanding issues
• Project directory
• Cx process overview
• Owner’s project requirements
• Basis of design
• Submittals
• Design review log
• Cx specifications
• List of systems commissioned
• Installation verification checklists
• Functional performance tests
• Issues log, detailing open and closed issues

Enhanced System Commissioning (3 Pts)
Path 1 – Enhanced Commissioning

In addition to Fundamental Commissioning, Perform
• Review contractor submittals.
• Verify inclusion of systems manual requirements in CD.
• Verify inclusion of operator and occupant training requirements in
CD.
• Verify systems manual updates and delivery.
• Verify operator and occupant training delivery and effectiveness.
• Verify seasonal testing.
• Review building operations 10 months after substantial
completion.
• Develop an on-going commissioning plan.
35
Enhanced System Commissioning (4 Pts)
In addition to path 1 perform Path 2 Enhanced & Monitoring
based commissioning (MBCx), assess performance of energy and water
consuming systems
• Roles and responsibilities;
• Measurement requirements, (meter, points, metering systems etc)
• Points to be tracked, with frequency and duration for trend monitoring;
• Limits of acceptable values for tracked points and metered values
• Elements used to evaluate performance, including conflict between
systems, out-of-sequence operation of systems components, and energy
and water usage profiles;
• Action plan for identifying and correcting operational errors and
deficiencies;
• Training to prevent errors;
• Planning for repairs needed to maintain performance; and
• The frequency of analyses in the first year of occupancy (at least quarterly).
Requirements – Credit: Option 2 – (2 pts)

Building Envelope Commissioning (BECx)
• Incorporate envelope commissioning into the Cx plan by

extending the requirements of EA Prerequisite Fundamental
Commissioning and Verification to cover the building’s thermal
envelope
• Completing EA Credit Enhanced Commissioning (Option 1, Path

1) as it relates to the building envelope.
• It is not necessary to complete the enhanced commissioning

for building systems to meet the requirements of this option.
36
37
38
EA C5 Renewable Energy
Production
Design
3
Intent
• Reduce the environmental and economic

harms associated
. with fossil fuel energy by
increasing self-supply of renewable energy.
39
Requirements
• Offset conventional energy by renewable energy
Requirements
• Use the building’s annual energy cost, calculated in EA
Prerequisite Minimum Energy Performance, if Option 1 was
pursued; or the U.S. Department of Energy’s Commercial
Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) database to
estimate energy use and cost.
• The use of solar gardens or community renewable energy
systems is allowed if both of the following requirements are
met.
– The project owns the system or has signed a lease agreement for a
period of at least 10 years.
– The system is located within the same utility service area as the facility
claiming the use.
• Project to retain the environmental benefits or purchase
equivalent RECs
40
Solar gardens or community
renewable energy systems
Community solar arrays, sometimes referred to as a solar farm or

solar garden, are centralized solar facilities owned by individual
community members who receive credits on their electricity bill
for the power produced. With community solar, any resident or
business can take advantage of solar power, even renters!
Customers receive the same financial benefits as they would if
the solar panels were installed on their roof. Since community
performs all of the maintenance and provides a warranty,
consumers don’t have to worry about maintenance or repair
41
Exemplary Performance
• Renewable energy must account for 15% of

total energy.
• For Core and Shell projects, the threshold is
10%.
42
EA C7 Green power and carbon
offsets
Design
2
Intent
• Encourage the reduction of greenhouse gas

emissions. through the use of grid-source,
renewable energy technologies and carbon
mitigation projects.
43
Requirements
• Reduce Green House Gas emissions due to
– Scope -1: Fuel Sources
– Scope -2: Electricity Use
• RECs or Green Power can be used to offset Electricity use,
they should be Green E or equivalent certified
• Carbon offsets can be used to offset both scope 1 and 2
• Engage in a contract for qualified resources that have come
online since January 1, 2005, for a minimum of five years, to
be delivered at least annually.
• The contract must specify the provision of at least
50% - 1 Pt
100% - 2 Pt
Requirements
• Energy Modeling or CBECS database can be used find
to quantify energy use
• A campus facility can obtain green power from a
centralized or other campus facility, as long as the
power isn't shared with another project (double
dipping). They need not be Green E certified
• Net zero energy points automatically earn 2 pts
44
Questions?
45

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Chapter : 5

Energy & Atmosphere

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 1

LEED® and USGBC® are registered

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 2

EA P1 Fundamental Commissioning Required

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 3

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 4

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 5

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 6

Intent (Optimize energy performance)

• Demonstrate reduction in energy cost in proposed case over

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 8

Energy Efficiency Standard specifies:

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 9

• Comply with the mandatory and prescriptive

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 10

• Applicable only for the hospital buildings over

• Applicable only for the k-12 school buildings of

• Applicable only for office buildings smaller than

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 11

• Applicable for buildings less than 100,000 sq.ft. Not applicable

Establish an energy performance target no later than the schematic

% Energy Cost reduction compared to base case and points

8% 6% 5% 2 pts 4 pts 2 pts

10% 8% 7% 3 pts 5 pts 3 pts

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 13

Requirements – Credit: Option 2

• PRESCRIPTIVE COMPLIANCE: ASHRAE ADVANCED

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 14

• Building envelope, opaque: Roofs, walls, floors,

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 16

•Optimize day light and heat gain/heat loss

Optimized Building Envelope:

1. Optimize U(heat transfer coefficient) value

• Select HVAC equipment higher Coefficient of

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 20

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 21

Energy Modeling – tool for evaluating

•Use Energy modeling in

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 22

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 23

EPA Energy star Portfolio Manager:

• Interactive online tool to record and track the

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 24

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 25

• Option 1. New construction, major renovation,

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 26

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 27

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 28

Intent (Advanced Metering)

• Install meters to provide building level data representing

Individual Energy Use

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 32

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 33

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 34

• Reduce stratospheric ozone depletion

• Reduce ozone depletion and support early

© 2015 Green Building Academy. All rights reserved. 35

Zero use of CFC-based refrigerants in HVAC and fire suppression systems?

Assess the plan’s economic payback

Payback > 10 years Payback < 10 years

Determine approach to the building’s cooling system