Preparatory Test for Final Exam (I) Finance

World Link 2, Units 9-12

Name ___________ Number _________________ Class ___________
Vocabulary 9A
I. Fill in each blank with a correct word from the list below.
emergency flexible responsible different punctual
independently efficient includes knowledgeable part
I am a paramedic. I give medical help in an __emergency______ (= an unexpected
and usually dangerous situation that calls for immediate action). You have to be
__responsible____ to do the job (= able to be trusted to do what is right or to do the
things that are expected or required). Each day is ___different______ (= not the
same), so you have to be ___flexible_______ (= able to change easily and adapt to
different conditions and circumstances), too.
I report to work at 5:30 am. I’m a __punctual___ person (= a person who does things
at the right time and are not late), so the early start isn’t a problem. Some people work
__independently____ (= by themselves), but not me. I’m ___part____ of a team that
__includes____ a driver and another paramedic. The driver knows the most
__efficient___ ways (= methods capable of producing desired results without wasting
materials, time or energy) to get around, and my colleagues and I are
__knowledgeable_ (= have information, understanding or skill) about medical
problems.
II. Fill in each blank with a correct word or phrase from the list below.
personable confused injured afraid
difficult situations courageous adventurous cautious
Our team tries to approach people in a __personable___ way (= in a friendly
manner), even if they are __confused____ (= unable to understand or think clearly) or
angry. And when people are ___injured____ (= wounded), we are __cautious___
when moving them into the ambulance. I think I’m pretty __adventurous___ (= like
risks; not afraid to do new and dangerous or exciting things), and this job is good for
someone who isn’t __afraid___ of new experiences. People also say I’m
__courageous__ (= very brave) to face these ___difficult situations___. I say I’m
just doing my job.

Vocabulary 9B
III. Fill in each blank with a correct word or phrase from the list below.

1
next to remember cruise glamorous talk about
hazardous demanding observing exhausting being
educate decade rewarding ecosystems
follow footsteps major like
In 2008, Emily Ashe traveled with her family on a National Geographic __cruise___
(= a voyage by sea) to Mexico. On the ship, she met Dr. Tierney Thys, a famous
marine biologist. Emily says, “I __like____ listening to her __talk about_____ ocean
sunfish and then seeing a picture of her swimming __next to_____ (= near) one and
thinking, ‘Wow, I could do that one day.’”
___Being_____ a marine biologist might sound like a __glamorous_______ (= very
exciting and attractive) job, but it’s also very __demanding_______ (= requires much
time, attention, or effort) and sometimes ___hazardous______ (= dangerous) under
the ocean. You spend long, __exhausting____ periods of time ___observing____ and
studying sea life, and the work isn’t always well-paid. But marine biologists
___like____ Tierney often love their jobs; they usually ___educate______ people
about the ocean, which can be very __rewarding____ (= satisfying or valuable).
Now, after meeting Tierney over a __decade______ (= a period of ten years) ago,
Emily has graduated from Eckerd College in St. Petersburg, Florida with a
__major_______ in marine science. She hopes to __follow______ in Tierney’s
___footsteps_____ (= do the same thing as Tierney), and teach kids and the public
about marine ___ecosystems_______ (= the plants, animals, and environment in
particular areas).
Reading Nine: Asher Jay: Creative Conservationist
IV. Fill in each blank with a correct word from the list below.
artist art conservationist activist habitat
passion issues illegal affect trade
Can your __passion_____ (=something you love or feel strongly about) also be your
profession? For “creative __conservationist___ (= a person who works to protect the
environment)” Asher Jay, the answer is yes. She is an __artist_______ (= someone
who paints, draws, or makes sculptures), writer, and __activist_______ (= a person
who believes strongly in political or social change and takes part in activities such as
public protests to try to make this happen). She uses her __art_____ to tell people
about __issues_____ (= problems) that __affect_____ animals around the world, like
the _illegal______ (= unlawful) ivory ___trade_____ (= the buying and selling of
ivory) and __habitat______ loss (= the loss of the natural environment in which an
animal or a plant normally lives or grows)
V. Fill in each blank with a correct word or phrase from the list below.

2
global wildlife care for as
passionate raised exist right
Asher was born in India in 1985 and was __raised____ (= brought up) around the
world to be a __global_____ (= relating to the entire world) citizen. She now lives in
New York. She has been ___passionate_____ (= have strong emotions) about (=care
a lot about) __wildlife_____ (= animals living in nature) since she was a child.
___As___ a girl (=When she was a child), she often found sick animals and brought
them home to __care for_____ (= look after; take care of) them. Her mother taught
her that all life has a __right____ to __exist____ (= live, continue to live).
VI. Fill in each blank with a correct word from the list below.
example spent create collected as well as pollution
artist animated creative conservation affecting
Now, working as an __artist_____, everything Asher does in her ___artistic_____
work is to help __conservation______ (= the protection of animals, plants and the
environment) For __example______, she __spent____ two months traveling in
Africa, and she __collected_____ (= gather) garbage on her travels. She took the
garbage back to New York and used it to ___create____ artwork about how the
growth of human cities is __affecting__ wildlife. _As well as/in addition to_______
(= besides) paintings, she has created __documentary______ films (= films in which
puppets or drawings appear to move) about __pollution______ (= something that
makes land, air, or water dirty and unsafe) in the oceans.
VII. Fill in each blank with a correct word or phrase from the list below.
includes sculptures spends unpredictable happen
typical billboards flexible working
On a __typical___ (= normal, happening in the usual way) day, Asher __spends____
a lot of time __working__ on her art, which __includes__ paintings, __billboards__
(= a large sign for advertisements in an outside public place), films, and
__sculptures_ (= a work of art that is produced by carving or shaping stones, wood,
clay, or other materials). But anything can ___happen____, and each day is
__unpredictable__ (= not capable of being known before happening), so Asher has to
be __flexible______ (= able or willing to change or do different things). “I never
know what’s next for me,” she explains.
World Link 2 Vocabulary 10: Stay in Touch
I. Read the article on phone data and fill in each blank with a correct word or
phrase from the list below.
survey favorite touch messages teenagers
virtual meetings quarters nearly video teens and adult

3
silent signal anxious
In a __survey_____ (= an examination of opinions, behavior, etc., made by asking
people questions; poll) of __teenagers_____ (ages 13-17) with phones,
__nearly_____ (= almost) 100% said their phone is their __favorite____ way to pass
time and stay in __touch_____ (= contact) with other people. They love it so much
that over three __quarters____ of them check their __messages____ as soon as they
wake up. A different study found that, for adults, phones are important for work, with
around half of them making __video_____ calls and attending __virtual
meetings______ on their phones. Both ___teens and adults______ said they feel
___anxious____ (= worried) when their phones are on ___silent___ (= mute) or
worse still—when they don’t have a __signal____ (= a message, sound or image that
is carried by light or sound waves).
Unit 10 Reading: HAVE SMARTPHONES CHANGED OUR LIVES FOR BETTER
OR FOR WORSE?
II. Fill in each blank with a correct word or phrase from the list below.
check comparing booking following
posting texts in order to healthy
steps prefer others billions of
What are the different ways we use smartphones?
Smartphones have changed the way we live. __billions of_____ (= a very large
number of) people around the world are using their phones to make calls, (to) send
__texts_____, and (to) __check____ email (= find out if you have any mail or
messages). Many of them are also __booking_____ (= reserve) car rides,
__comparing______ (= examine the similarities and differences between) product
reviews, ___following_____ (= give close attention to what happens in) the news, and
___posting____ (= publish a message or picture) on social media. Some people
__prefer____ to do their banking on their phones, and ___others____ want to check
how many __steps____ they are taking each day __in order to __ stay __healthy___.
III. Fill in each blank with a correct word or phrase from the list below.
mental distracted checking addicted spend
pay attention to benefits virtual happening cost
What are the disadvantages of smartphones?
These ___benefits_____ (= advantage; a good or helpful result or effect), however,
come at a high __cost____ to our __mental_____ and social lives. We keep
__checking_____ our phones more and more throughout the day, and this is making
us increasingly __distracted____. As we become __addicted____ to our phones (=
like our phones very much and we want to spend as much time using our phones as

4
we can), we __spend___ less time in the “real” world and more time in the
_virtual__ world (= the world existing on computers or on the internet). We often
don’t
__pay attention to__ (= carefully watch) what is __happening__ right in front of us.
IV. Fill in each blank with a correct word from the list below.__________
study agreed problem the others mentally
familiar pockets allowed ability trend
3. How do smartphones affect us __mentally______?
Researchers are ___familiar ____ with this ___trend_____. They are studying
smartphone use and our __ability____ to complete tasks. In one __study____, they
asked three groups of participants to complete a math __problem______ and some
other tasks. The first group __agreed_____ to keep their phones in another room. The
second group put their phones in their __pockets____. The researchers __allowed__
the third group to place their phones on their desks. The participants did not use their
phones during the study. At the end of the exercise, the first group did better than
___the others__.
V. Fill in each blank with a correct word or phrase from the list below.
another reported enjoyed distracted participants
choosing prefer stress for example rather than
why not result socially report
How do smartphones affect us __socially______?
In a second study, ___participants______ ate a meal with friends or family at a
restaurant. One group left their phones on the table during the dinner.
__another_____ group put their phones away. At the end of the meal, the first group
__reported__ that they felt __distracted___ by their phones and ___enjoyed____
eating their meal less.
Is it time to take a break from your phone?
One ___result____ of all this is that more and more people are __choosing_____ to
turn off their phones for long periods of time. ___For example_____, some are taking
“digital-free weekends” and going two days with no phone or internet. They
_prefer__ spending more of their free time with friends and family or doing exercise
outside, __rather than______ staring at a screen. People who do this __report_____
feeling calmer, with less __stress___ (= tension, anxiety) in their lives. __Why not__
try it this weekend and see what happens?
Unit 11: Vocabulary
I. Read the advertisement and fill in each blank with a correct word.
variety affordable durable fashionable advanced

5
rechargeable reliable wearable customizable practical
The new BeFit Alpha is the most __advanced______ (= modern and well-developed)
fitness tracker at an __affordable_______ (= inexpensive) price. It’s made with
__durable_____ (= strong) materials and comes with a __rechargeable___ battery
(= a battery that can be refilled with electricity). The user-friendly screen means it’s
___practical____ (= useful and logical) to use, even on the longest workouts. The
__customizable____ straps (= straps that can be changed to meet a customer’s needs)
come in a ___variety_____ of (= different kinds of) ___fashionable______ (=
currently popular) colors. BeFit is the most ___reliable____ (= can be trusted) name
in __wearable_____ technology.
World Link 2, Unit 11 Reading: How Smart Is Your Home?
II. Fill in each blank with a correct word or phrase from the list below.
for example in other words appliances report
switch on connected collecting device
looks up personal household objects
In the past, people used to buy household ___appliances______ to make their lives
easier. For example, it used to take a long time to clean floors and carpets, but then the
vacuum cleaner made it easier and faster. This is still true today, but now, many
___household objects_____ are also “smart.” __In other words_______, they are
__connected__ to the internet and can __report___ on your life. __For example_,
when you ___switch on______ a smart TV, it often knows what you are watching
and when. Or, if you have a __device____ that turns on your music or ___looks
up_____ the weather for you, then it’s probably __collecting______ some of your
___personal_____ information.
III. Fill in each blank with a correct word or phrase from the list below.
advantages disadvantages including messages robot turned up
turned connected instructions user-friendly monitor
log in control annoying forget appliances
Kashmir ___turned____ (= changed, transformed) her one-bedroom apartment in
San Francisco, US into a smart home. She __connected_______ (= join) lots of
___appliances______ to the internet, ___including_____ her lights, coffee maker,
baby __monitor______ (= a device that is used for showing, watching, or listening to
something), vacuum cleaner, TV, toothbrush, and even her bed. What were the
__advantages_____? Kashmir could watch her house when she wasn’t there. Her
toothbrush sent her __messages_____ if she __forgot______ to brush her teeth. If she
was cold at night, her bed ___turned up_____ the heat (= increased the amount of
heat). And she could use her smartphone to switch on her __robot____ vacuum

6
cleaner. However, there were also __disadvantages_______. Not everything was
__user-friendly_______. When she asked her coffee machine to make a cup of
coffee, sometimes it didn’t understand her __instructions______ (= orders;
statements describing how to do something). When Kashmir got a bad night’s sleep,
her bed told her she slept poorly, which was very ___annoying_____! And to
__control_____ everything, she had to __log___ (= connect to a computer or website
using personal information) to thirteen different apps.
Unit 12 Reading: GOING SOLO IS THE WAY TO GO!
I. Fill in each blank with a correct word or phrase from the list below.
schedule recent on their own quarter normally
tour group solo trip solo travelers travel report
How do you usually travel? Do you ___normally_ (= usually) go somewhere with
your family, a close friend, or a group of friends? Do you like joining a __tour
group_ where someone else makes the __schedule______? Have you ever thought
about “going solo (= travel alone)”? In __recent____ years, more and more people
have started striking out __on their own_____ (= begin a course of action; start doing
something new independently). A recent __travel report______ found that a
__quarter_____ of all travelers are planning a __solo trip_____ this year, and
interestingly, 84% of ___solo travelers_____ are women.
II. Fill in each blank with a correct word or phrase from the list below.
solo travelers itineraries applying positive booking
according to choosing scary when deal with worry
You may think that traveling alone would be __scary_____ (= frightening) or boring,
but ___according to______ people who do it (= in their opinion), that’s not exactly
true. Though ___solo travelers______ (= people traveling alone) have to plan their
own __itineraries___ (= lists of planned activities or things to be done showing the
times or dates when they are intended to happen or be done) and ___deal with____ (=
handle) travel requirements like __applying______ for visas alone, they often have
__positive__ experiences and make new friends. Many enjoy __booking_____ the
flights and hotels of their __choosing___, and ___when___ planning and packing for
the journey, they only need to ___worry___ about their own wants and needs.
VI. Fill in each blank with a correct word or phrase from the list below.
solo offers focuses on genders
options sightseeing considered sharing
voyage singles special
For solo travelers of different ages and __genders_____, there are many travel
___options_____ (= choices). There are tours for women only and for people over the

7
age of sixty. And, of course, there are trips for ___singles_____ who are looking to
meet someone __special_____. One company __offers_____ (= provide) trips that
___focus on_____ fine dining—there is time for ___sightseeing______ (= the
activity of visiting interesting places of an area) during the day and for
___sharing____ delicious meals with new friends at night. So, for your next vacation,
if you haven’t ___consider_____ going __solo____, think about it. Bon
_voyage_____ (= farewell; have a good journey)!

8
Preparatory Test for Final Exam (II) Finance
I. ill in each blank with a correct word or phrase from the list below.
have been thinking communities population residents
neighborhoods society excited multicultural
friendly decision advice migration
each other trash
Hi Pablo,
Lovely to hear from you, Pablo. I’m __excited___ that you __have been thinking__
of moving here. Like many __residents__, I think there are many great
_communities__ (= a group of people who live in the same area such as a city, town,
or neighborhood) in the city. About half of the ___population___ comes from
different cultures from around the world, so it’s an exciting, __multicultural__ place.
It’s not perfect, though. Most __neighborhoods____ (= one area within a city) are
nice, but some are dirty with a lot of ___trash____ (= what people throw away) on
the streets. And these days (= nowadays), people are less ___friendly____ and don’t
try to help __each other___. I guess (that) ___society____ (= people in general
thought of as living together in organized organizations with shared laws, traditions,
and values; it is a general term to relate to people in a country or in the world) has
changed a lot since we were kids! Anyway, before you make a ___decision____, read
books on ___migration____ problems (= problems concerning the process of many
people traveling to a different place). I’ve read several, and they have some
good ___advice______.
Emily
II. Complete the text with the correct words or phrases from the box.
close to environment include various factors
publish for example crime transportation
stable quality like lists
Each year, several organizations ___publish_______ a list of world cities with the
best ____quality______ of life. These organizations ___include_______ the
Economist Group and the magazine Monocle. Recently, cities ___like______
Melbourne in Australia, Vienna in Austria, Tokyo in Japan, and Vancouver in Canada
have been on these ___lists___. The organizations look at __various factors____ to
make their lists. ___For example___, cities with a good quality of life usually have a
__stable____ government, little ___crime_____, and good public
__transportation__ and hospitals. They are also usually __close to___ (= near)
nature, and have attractive buildings, access to museums, nice weather, and a clean
___environment____.

9
III. Complete the paragraph with the correct words from the box.
issues population alternative improve approximately
residents generally communities migrating but
For __residents____ of these cities, life is ___generally____ great. However, even
the best cities have some ___issues____ (= problems). In addition,
___approximately__ half of the world’s ____population____ lives in cities with a
lower quality of life. These people may dream of ___migrating_____ somewhere
better, __but___ this may not be possible. A more practical __alternative____ is for
these people to find a way to ___improve______ the quality of life in their own
___communities______.
IV. Complete the text with the correct words or phrases from the box.
instructions caregivers emotions a challenge for example
method long-term effects beliefs recognize imaginary
make up connect respond detect disgust
physical mental development affect
in addition cognitive milestones
Humans go through many ___physical______ changes from childhood to adulthood.
___For example_________, a baby boy might be less than 20 inches at birth, but
might grow to 6.5 feet tall by the age of 20. ____In addition___ (= besides,
moreover), people go through many ___mental_______ changes. In fact, in some
ways, the ___development________ of our minds is greater and more important the
growth of our bodies.
Here are some important ____cognitive milestones______ that all children go
through. From birth to 11 months, children can ___recognize____ (= know) the faces
of family members, ___respond_______ to facial expressions like smiles and begin
to ____connect_________ words to objects or pictures. Children ages 1 to 3 years
can follow ___instructions____ from adults or __caregivers____, ___make up__ (=
invent) stories or play ___imaginary________ games. Children from 4 to 8 years old
can recognize basic ___emotions________ like happiness in other people, may find
that the actions of their friends can ___affect_______ them, and can use more than
one __method________ to solve problems. A 9-to 12-year-old child may like to set a
physical or mental ___challenge________ for themselves and can understand that
their actions may have ___long-term effects___. Children between 13 and 17 years
old can __detect____ (= discover, notice) most emotions, such as ___disgust____ or
shock, in others and understand and influence the ___beliefs________ (= a strongly
held opinion about something) of other people.
V. Complete the text with the correct words or phrases from the box.

10
to give to find out based on average criteria
access satisfaction balance topics income
environment afford opportunities medical
___To find out_____ about (= discover) the things that people value most in life, the
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) asked people
___to give____ a score for several ___criteria_____, or topics, ___based on___ (=
according to) how good they felt about these parts of their lives. The ___average____
score for all ___topics___ is the overall level of life ____satisfaction____ in that
country. The criteria were: having __access______ to high-quality education; being
able to find a ___balance____ between work and other parts of life; having good
___opportunities___ (= chances) for a successful career; making a good
___income_______ and having enough wealth; being able to ___afford___ a nice
home; feeling safe; having good health and access to high-quality ___medical____
care; and living in a clean ___environment____.
Reading Comprehension: Cloze Test II
I. Fill in each blank with a correct word or phrase from the box below.
discovery fossils survive extinct suggests
others died out comet disaster at least space
species caused dinosaurs would have felt had been
One scientific study ___suggests___ that up to two billion different
__species_________ (= groups of plants or animals that are similar in some ways)
may be alive now. That’s a big number. However, since life began on Earth, scientists
think __as many as_______ five billion kinds of plants and animals have gone
___extinct_______ (= no longer exist; completely die out). They know this from the
___discovery___ of many unknown kinds of ___fossils___: dead plants or animals
that have turned to stone. Why did so many species not ___survive____ (= did not die
during a serious event)? Some species ___died out_____ slowly because conditions
changed. ___Others___ were killed in a huge natural __disaster________ (= an
event that creates terrible conditions and may cause many deaths) that happened about
66 million years ago. A big rock from __space____, called a __comet_______, hit
Earth. It killed the ___ dinosaurs ___ and ___caused___ (= result in) terrible
conditions. If humans ___had been___ alive at that time, they ___would have
felt____ felt terror.
II. Fill in each blank with a correct word or phrase from the box.
relationship extinction example activity causing
in danger rescue found planet stop dying out
Many species are __dying out____ (= become extinct) these days, so some scientists

11
think another mass __extinction___ is happening now. They see a
___relationship___ (= link) between human ___activity_____ and these deaths. For
__example_____, they think the problem is happening because humans are
___causing___ climate change. Is there any way to ___rescue___ (= save) species
that are ____in danger___? Maybe. If a scientist __found_____ (= discover) a way
to ___stop______ climate change, he or she would be a hero to people who care
about the ___planet____.
III. Fill in each blank with a correct word or phrase from the box.
fuel farther and faster passengers led to development
vehicles it easier get around such as allowed
journeys destination distance as a result
The earliest humans could only ___get around_________ by walking or running.
__As a result___ (= consequently), places that were a long ___distance____ away
could not be reached easily. Later, people learned to ride animals __such as__ horses
or camels. Riding made ___it easier____ to reach a distant ___destination____, but
many ___journeys________ (= long trips) still took a long time. After the wheel was
developed, carts (= wagons) and other kinds of simple ___vehicles___ could be built.
These could be used for travel by several ___passengers___ at the same time. A few
hundred years ago, the first steam vehicles were built. Steam ___allowed______ (=
permit) people to travel __farther and faster_____ than ever before. Then oil was
discovered as a useful ___fuel____ (= a material people burn or use to make energy).
This ___led to___ (= result in) the __development__ of cars and other motor
vehicles.
IV. Vocabulary: Fill in each blank with a correct word or phrase from the box.
common different middle launch explore aircraft
commute rockets developments transportation planets allowed
In the early twentieth century, the first ___aircraft____ (= a machine that can fly,
such as helicopter) were built. Cars, buses, and trains became faster, too. This
__allowed__ (= permit) people to live in one place and ___commute___ (= to go
from home to work or school, and then back again) to a job in a ___different____
place. In the ___middle____ of the twentieth century, scientists developed
___rockets__ to ___launch______ (= put something into space or the sky) satellites
into space. After all these __developments___, what will human
__transportation____ (= a system for moving people from one place to another) be
like in the future? Will self-driving vehicles and flying cars become __common____?
Will humans ___explore__ (= go to and travel around a place to learn more about it)
Mars or other ___planets___? Time will tell.

12
Reading Comprehension: Cloze Test III
I. Fill in each blank with a correct word or phrase from the box.
events muscles comes from in order to equipment
for example like skiing billions of largest fit
The sports industry is one of the __largest__ industries in the world. ___Billions of__
people enjoy it. __For example_____, they might ___like______ playing tennis, or
going ___skiing_____, or doing yoga. They buy __equipment_______ to do these
activities __in order to_______ become ___fit _____ and develop strong
__muscles______. However, the big money ____comes from_______ professional
sports. All over the world, people pay to watch sporting __events____ (= games,
races, or other competitions that people attend) like the Olympics.

II. Fill in each blank with a correct word or phrase from the box.
because of why championship champions failure
in order such as athletes logo talent
league conquer competitor
companies for instance uniform
Part of the reason why sports are popular is ___because of_____ (= due to, on
account of, owing to) the drama. __In order______ for a ___competitor________ (=
somebody who takes part in a sporting event and tries hard to win) or team to win a
game or a __championship________ (= a competition to find the best team or
player), another person or team must lose. Winning brings happiness, but
___failure_____ brings disappointment. Because sports are such big business, TV
__companies_____ pay a lot of money to show them. In the US, for instance, the
National Football __League______ (= a group of teams that compete against each
other regularly) receives around $7.5 billion each year for TV rights. And in some
sports,
___such as/like____ soccer, companies pay millions to put their name and __logo___
(= a symbol that is used to identify a company and appears on its products) on a
team’s __uniform_____. Individual __athletes_____ (= people who are good at
sports and participate in them) get huge money, too. The very best players—the ones
who __conquer____ (= defeat) everyone else to become ___champions_____ (=
people or teams that win a competition) —can make many millions of dollars a year.
Unfortunately, few people have the __talent____ or skills to play at this level.
III. Fill in each blank with a correct word or phrase from the box.

13
claustrophobia scared common reaction
for example definition likely in contrast
speaking in public particular harm worry situations
A phobia is a strong fear of something, even if that thing is not __likely_____ to
cause ___harm___ (= injury or damage). As the __definition___ suggests, people
with specific phobias fear a __particular____ thing. ___For example____, a person
with ___ claustrophobia ____ is ___scared____ (= afraid) of being in small (closed)
spaces. ___In contrast____ (= however), those with social phobias ___worry_____
about the ___reaction____ of other people in certain __situations_____.
Glossophobia, the fear of ___speaking in public___, is a ___common____ example.
IV. Fill in each blank with a correct word or phrase from the box.
reasons for instance allergy cause experiences
because of injections cobra rarely situations
avoid in contrast risk illness happens
accident sharp injury safety other
The __cause_____ of (= reason for) social phobias is not clear, but scientists
think there are several __reasons______ for specific phobias. In some cases, they
develop __because of_____ a real danger. ___For instance____, if a child has an
____allergy__ to bee stings, she might develop a phobia of bees. This __happens__
(= occur, take place) because she knows they are a ___risk___ (= danger) to her
__safety___. In __other___ cases, bad past __experiences___ can cause phobias. A
man who has an __illness_____ (= disease) after eating mushrooms might develop
fungophobia, for example. Finally, a child who hates ___injections_____ (= the act or
process of putting a needle into someone) might develop a phobia of ___sharp____
objects (= things with a point that could easily cut somebody) that can cause
___injury___ (= harm).
Specific phobias are ___rarely____ (= seldom) a serious problem. A person with
a snake phobia may have a small __accident____ running away from a
___cobra____, but may never be actually bitten by one. ___In contrast____ (=
however), social phobias can be more serious. In the worst cases, people __avoid__
(= keep themselves from participating in) most social ___situations____ and hardly
ever go out.
V. Fill in each blank with a correct word or phrase from the box.
argue actions injury when riding dangers helmets
keeping as possible away from avoid safety
For most people, life today is safer than it was 1,000, 100, or even 10 years ago.
However, the world still has some __dangers______, so most parents spend time and

14
money ___keeping_____ their children as safe __as possible_______. They buy
them ___helmets___ to wear ___when riding____ a bike. They keep them ___away
from__ things that could cause __injury_____. They __avoid____ letting their
children be in any kind of harm. These __actions______ seem good, but some people
___argue____ that too much __safety______ may actually be bad.
VI. Fill in each blank with a correct word or phrase from the box.
experience dangerous stay safe argue
problems for example independent actions
responsibility control deal with
These people say that children cannot learn how to __stay safe___ if they are never in
__dangerous___ situations. They think children will not know how to ___deal
with__ (= handle, cope with) dangers or __problems______ because they do not
have __experience__ (in) doing these things. They also __argue___ that children
learn when they do dangerous things. __For example__, they learn to take
__responsibility_ for themselves and their ___actions____. They also learn to
___control_____ (= have power over) things and be __independent_____.

VII. Fill in each blank with a correct word or phrase from the box below.
keeping issues reason illness
according to like allergies protecting stop
used to as a result reaction let normal
__According to________ the “hygiene theory,” ___keeping_____ children too safe
may also cause health __issues______ (= problem). These days, more and more
children have __allergies______ (= a medical condition that causes someone to
become sick after eating, touching, or breathing something that is harmless to most
people) to foods __like_____ nuts or eggs. A possible ___reason____ is that people
are __protecting_______ their children too much. They do not __let____ their
children play with other children who have an __illness______, or they __stop____
(= prevent, keep) their children from playing outside. ___As a result_______ (=
consequently), their children’s bodies are not __used to______ germs or dirt. And
when these children eat a food that is ___normal_____ (usual or ordinary, not
strange), their bodies may have a dangerously strong __reaction______.
VIII. Fill in each blank with a correct word or phrase from the box.
wonder speculated located as many as exist
uncertain alien come up with theories planets explain
The universe is huge. The number of stars in the universe is __uncertain_______, but
scientists think there may be __as many as___ 400 billion in the part of the universe

15
where Earth is __located____. Many of those stars may have ___planets___, and
many people believe that life may __exist___ on at least some of them. So, some
people ___wonder_____ (= think about something with curiosity; have interest in
knowing or learning something; think and ask about something), “Where is
everybody?” Many people have ___speculated_____ about (= think about something
and make guesses about it) this mystery. They have __come up with_____(= get or
think of something that is needed or wanted) many ___theories______ to
___explain____ why we have not yet found any __alien_____ life.
IX. Fill in each blank with a correct word or phrase chosen from the box.
died out recognize contact discovered impact
possibility ancient technology humans message civilization
incredibly special in other words another suggestion no doubt
existed happens look for aliens notice
Here are three of the thories: • One __possibility________ is that life is very rare and
that Earth is __incredibly special___________; ___in other words________ (=
namely, that is, that is to say), perhaps __humans______ are alone in the universe.
The universe is very ___ancient______ (= old), so life could have __existed___ on
other worlds in the past but then ___died out______ (= went extinct) before we could
meet it. ___Another suggestion____ is that we do not have enough knowledge to
___recognize__ other life; __aliens___ might have tried to ___contact_____ us, but
our ___technology____ was too basic to notice. We have not ___discovered______
(= find) other life in our universe yet, but we continue to __look for____ (= seek) it.
Perhaps we will get a __message_____ from another ___civilization____ soon. If that
___happens___ (= occur, take place), there is ___no doubt____ (= without question,
certainly) it will have a very big __impact___ on all of our lives.

16