- Worked together to show that cells
GMO:
Genetically modified organisms and
gene therapy
- Genetics is what makes us similar to
other organisms for all organisms
contain genes or dna.
- Rosalyn franklin - structure of dna
DNA
- Discovery was attributed to James
Watson and Francis Crick aided by
the works of Rosalind Franklin and
Maurice Wilkins
- Gene carries a certain trait.
- Found in your nucleus
Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen
- Inventors of recombinant - DNA
technology
- They believed that they can combine
or modify a dna
- If gusto mong magamot ang certain
sakit (genetic na sakit) then you
have to remove a part of that gene
that causes disease.
Genetically Modified Organisms
- Products of artificial manipulation
and alteration of a species' genetic
material in a laboratory using genetic
engineering
- Cross breeds
- Cloning
- Mutations
Theodore Friedman and Richard Roblin
- Proposed that people with genetic
disorders can be treated by
replacing defective DNA with good
DNA
Dr. William French Anderson and Dr.
Michael Blasse
of patients with Adenosine
deaminase (ADA) deficiency can be
corrected in tissue culture
- The first one to do a gene therapy is
doctor anderson.
APPLICATION OF GENETIC
ENGINEERING:
Growth Rate:
- They included the gene of a salmon
pout? Para mas bumilis ung pag laki
ng salmon.
Pest Resistance:
- BT Corn. Injected a gene from
bacillus thuringiensis to the corn gna
then that gene makes the corn
resistant from corn borer.
Virus resistance
- genetically modified papaya
inserted with PRSV papaya
ringspat? virus so the papaya
nagging immune sa infestation ng
virus. Di na sila affected ng PRSV
Herbicide tolerance
- soybeans included with glyphosate
which is a component of an
herbicide, hindi na affected ng
herbicide ung soybean.
Fortification
- addition of micronutrients to a
product. For example pag ang
consumer is deficient sa vit A.
Golden rice added with beta
carotene which is a precursor to
vitamin a. Ex: NIDO dha fortified.
Cosmetic preservation
 - apples naturally turn brown because
of oxidation. But for oxidation to
occur dapat may polyphenol
oxidase, so for arctic apple they
removes the polyphenol oxidase
para di mag brown.
Flower Production
- Blue rose - they added 51
hydroxylase and — to make the rose
blue.
Potential risk
Paper production
- to produce paper u need a lignin and
it is very hard to extract it from
leaves so they add ferulic acid to
make it easier
Pharmaceutical products
- Periwinkle.
- They added a portion of a bacteria to
enhance the production of
vinblastine as a treatment for cancer.
Bioremediation
- Removing contaminants/pollutants
from the source using organisms.
- You can extract gold using
bioremediation
- Ex: treat a soil that has a high level
of mercury. There is a plant that can
sip mercury so u plant that to the
soil.
Enzyme and drug production
- Humulin - common drug for diabetes
type 1
- to synthesize insulin, they use pigs
and cows to extract insulin. For
humulin they used a gene from a
bacteria to increase the yield of
bacteria.
Benefits:
- Higher efficiency in farming
- Increase in harvest
- Control in fertility
- Increase in food processing
- Improvement of desirable
characteristics
- Nutritional and pharmaceutical
enhancement
- Reduce use of fertilizer and
pesticide
- Inadequate studies on effects to
humans and environment.
- Promotes mutation in organism
which long term effect is unknown
- More allergic reactions (Expecting
this because you get a DNA from a
peanut then you added that to a
product them a consumer who is
allergic to peanut can be allergic to
that product)
- Gene mutation (alteration in genetic
make up)
- Antibiotic resistance
- Nutritional value (modern problem
because we tend to use fortified
products too much then we dont get
these nutrients naturally )
- Risk in gene flow (if mag ccross
breed ka ng natural and modified)
- Emergence of new forms of
resistance and secondary weeds
and pests problems
- New pathogens
- Disruption of natural communities
through competition or interference
- May post as threats or become pest
- Interference to natural biochemical
cycles
- Alteration of agricultural practices
- Impacts to biodiversity
- Varied environmental impacts
 - May alter the balance of existing
microorganisms in the digestive
system
- Production of toxin
- Production of allergens
How do we protect ourselves from risks?
Biosafety on GMOs
- Codex Alimentarius Commission
- Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
- International Trade Agreement on
labeling of GM food and food
products
Cartagena - we are signatories of it
International trade - pag may commercially
available product
and it uses gmo, dapat nakalagay sa
packaging kung ano yung mga genetically
modified products na ginamit doon. It
separated the natural from the genetically
modified
GMO in the Philippines
● 1990 - EO No. 430: creation of the
National Committee on Biosafety of
the Philippines (NCBP)
- 1990 - they made rules and
regulations on how to handle
genetically modified
● 2002 - DA Administrative Order
No. 8: Guidelines on the importation
and release to the environment of
plants and plant products
● 2006 - Philippines as part of the
Cartagena Protocol
● EO No. 514- Biosafety requirements
of the Cartagena Protocol and
establishment of National Biosafety
Framework (NBF)
- Biosafety framework - it sets
the guidelines on how we
handle the genetically
modified plants and products
● 2010 - Organic Agriculture Act
- It encourages the way of
organic farming. Not modify.
Allow it to grow on its own.
Negros occidental and
oriental followed this organis
agriculture act. Sa davao,
they did not allow the entry of
genetically modified products
● 2012 - Bill pushing the mandatory
- casino filed a bill para ma
labelan lahat if it is gmo or
not
● 2015 - SC ordered to put an end to
the field testing of GMO Bt eggplant
and declared Administrative Order
No. 8 s.2022 null and void
● 2016 - DOST, DA, DEN, DOH and
DILG passed a joint circular No.1 s.
2016 on the rules and regulations for
the R&D, handling and use,
transboundary movement, release in
the environment and management of
GM plant and plant products derived
from the use of modern
biotechnology
- Ngayon binawi na ng
supreme court to ban the
testing of genetically
modified eggplants
GMO in the Philippines
● Writ of Kalikasan
● Right to a balanced and healthful
ecology