Design and Analysis of Different Passive Damping
for Grid-Connected LCL filters to Achieve
Desirable System Performance
Shenyiyang Bian, Jinming Xu, Qiang Qian, Shaojun Xie
College of Automation Engineering
Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Email: 296347797@qq.com
Abstract—The LCL filter has excellent high-frequency
harmonics attenuation capability, However, due to the inherent
resonance of LCL filter, it is necessary to add damping strategy.
Although there are many passive damping schemes, such as
series R, series RL, shunt RC and shunt RLC, there are few
studies on the performance comparisons of these passive
damping schemes. Besides, it is hard to know which one is cost-
effective, given that higher-order damping methods complicate
the power circuit and require more components. Therefore, this
paper aims to study the performances, merits and applicable
occasions of various types of passive damping schemes. At first,
based on the traditional LCL filter parameter design method,
combined with the design criteria derived from the view of
improving the system dynamic, the unified design flowchart of
the LCL filter with various passive damping is proposed. Then,
for a 5kW single-phase grid-connected inverter, the parameters
of LCL filter with above four passive damping schemes are
selected. Their performances are evaluated from the aspects of
damping loss, volume and weight. Finally, comparative results
have shown the applicable occasions of different passive
damping schemes.
Keywords—grid-connected inverter; digital control; LCL
filter; passive damping
I. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the LCL filter has been widely used in
photovoltaic grid-connected inverters because of its excellent
high-frequency attenuation capability. However, the LCL
filter also has the disadvantage of having resonance peaks at
the resonance frequency. Passive damping can suppress the
resonance peak. This method is easy to implement, but the
additional damping resistor will cause the filter to have
damping loss. So it is necessary to optimize the filter and
passive damping parameters. [1]-[2] proposed a LCL filter
parameter design method that does not require damping and
can guarantee the excellent performance of the inverter
system. This method considers both the filter filtering
performance and the parameter design method of the stability
and dynamic performance of the inverter system, and gives the
flow chart of the LCL filter parameter design of the single loop
control. However, because the stability is achieved by placing
the LCL resonance frequency in a certain range, the size of
selected LCL parameters may not be minimal. Based on the
traditional LCL filter design steps, the paper [3] gives an
optimization scheme which makes the inductance minimum,
i.e., to minimize the filter cost, and [4] proposes an optimal
design considering the limitation of total harmonics. In [5], a
parameter design method of LCL filter with shunt RC
damping is proposed. This method uses a split-capacitance
ratio as a variable to make a trade-off between effective
damping and power loss in a shunt damping circuit, but does
not consider the stability and robustness of the inverter
system. An optimization procedure was proposed in [6] for the
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LCL filter and multituned traps filter with shunt RC damper,
and the parameters designed in this paper ensure the minimal
peak in the filter admittance. This paper also designs and
compares the parameters of several LCL filter and multituned
traps filter with shunt RC damper. In [7], various passive
damping schemes were evaluated at different switching
frequencies, including the following aspects: the value of the
inductor and capacitor, the passive component storage energy
and the damping loss. The shortcoming of that paper is that
the parameters of the passive damping and LCL filters in this
article were not optimized, and the detailed design method of
the LCL filter parameters with passive damping is not given,
neither.
In summary, there are many documents discussing filter
parameter design methods. But the performance comparison
of various passive damping schemes has not been studied.
Hence, this paper compares the performance of different
passively damped LCL filters with optimal design from the
perspective of damping loss and total energy storage under the
premise of achieving desirable system performance, and gives
guidance on selecting damping schemes. The damping
schemes discussed in this paper include series R, series RL,
shunt RC, and shunt RLC, as shown in Fig. 1.
II. MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-
PHASE GRID-CONNECTED LCL INVERTER
Fig. 2 shows the structure and control block diagram of a
single-phase grid-connected LCL inverter under digital
control which adopts single grid current control. Among them,
Udc is the DC voltage, uinv is the inverter side voltage, i1 is the
inverter side current, ig is the grid current, ug is the grid
voltage, iref is the current reference, Gc is the current regulator,
Gd is the delay time.
Thus, the open-loop transfer function of the single phase
grid-connected LCL inverter can be written as:
i
GOL ( s ) = K PWM Gc ( s )Gd ( s )Guginv ( s ) (1)
The LCL filter and its derived filter structure (e.g., LCL
filter with passive damping) can be represented by the
structure shown in Fig. 3. Then the transfer function of uinv to
ig is:
i Z3
Guginv ( s) = (2)
Z1Z 2 + Z1Z3 + Z 2 Z 3
When digital control is used, the inherent delay caused by
digital control will influence system performance to some
extent. The digital control delay is mainly divided into two
parts, one is the delay of sampling and calculation, and the
other is the delay caused by the digitally controlled PWM
process, which has the characteristics of the zero-order holder.
 i1 ig
Li Lg Li Lg
Cf Cf Q1 Q3

Rd Rd Ld Udc ug
Uinv Filter
(a) (b) Q2 Q4

Li Lg Li Lg
Cd Cd
Cs Cs
Rd Rd Ld
PWM iref
Gd Gc
modulator
(c) (d)
Fig. 2.Single-phase grid-connected LCL filter block diagram
Fig. 1. Four Common Passive Damping Schemes for LCL Filters (a)
series R. (b) series RL. (c) shunt RC. (d) shunt RLC.
i1 ig
Z1 Z2
Since the sampling switch can be equivalent to the expression Uinv Ug
1/Ts, the transfer function of the delay time is: Z3

1 −0.5 sTs
Gd ( s ) = e Gzoh ( s ) = e− sTs
Ts
In this paper, the proportional integral (PI) regulator is
used, and its transfer function is:
1 fundamental voltage can be obtained:
Gc ( s ) = K p (1 +
Ti s
III. PROPOSED DESIGN CRITERIA OF LCL-FILTER AND
PASSIVE DAMPING
A. Constraints of traditional LCL filter design
The traditional LCL filter design often includes the
following 5 points: inverter side current ripple limit, filter
reactive power limit, filter total inductance voltage drop limit,
grid side current harmonic content limit and resonant
frequency limit [2].
First, the design process determines the inverter side
inductance parameter according to the maximum ripple of the
inverter side current, and the inverter side current ripple
generally accounts for 15-35% of the rated current. Here, the
maximum current ripple on the inverter side is set to 30% of
the rated current, then the expression of Li is:
U dcU g
Li =
30% ⋅ 4 f sw Po
In order to reduce the influence of the reactive power
introduced by the LCL filter capacitor on the system
performance, it is necessary to limit the reactive power
generated by the capacitor to not exceed 5% of the rated
power.
(3) Fig. 3 . Structure of LCL filter and its derived filter
By performing Fourier decomposition on the inverter side
voltage of the unipolar SPWM modulation, the ratio of the
voltage of each harmonic of the inverter side voltage to the
) (4)
2 J n ( mM π )
k ( m, n ) = (8)
mM π
Among them, M is the modulation ratio, m is the number of
harmonics relative to the switching frequency fsw, and n is the
number of times relative to the fundamental frequency f0. Jn(x)
is the first type of Bessel function. The expressions of M and
Jn(x) are:
2U g
M = (9)
U dc
∞ ª ( −1)k § x ·2 k + n º
Jn ( x) = ¦ « ¨ ¸ » (10)
k = 0 « k !( k + n ) ! © 2 ¹ »
¬ ¼
Schematic diagram of the ratio of voltage harmonics on
the inverter side to the fundamental wave is shown in Fig. 4.
(5) It can be seen that the maximum harmonic appears in (N-1)
times. According to the IEEE Standard 519-2014 standard,
and in order to reduce the cost and bulk weight of the filter, let
the grid-side current (N-1) times harmonics equal 0.3% of the
nominal value:
­ig _( N −1) = Guig ( j 2π f 0 ( N − 1) ) ⋅ uinv _( N −1)
° inv

® P (11)
Po ° ig _( N −1) = 0.3% I rated = 0.3% o
C f ≤ 5% (6) ¯ Ug
2π f0U g 2
Then, one can get many available LCL-filter parameters
Limiting the total inductor voltage drop by less than 10% that fulfilling the above five basic guidelines. The remaining
of the grid voltage is to prevent over-modulation of the question is how to choose one from so many available choices.
inverter: Hence, an optimization method is needed.
10%U g In this paper, the minimization of total storage energy in
Li + Lg < (7) LCL filter is used to minimize the volume and weight of the
2π f0 I rated

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 where, Li is the inverter-side inductor, Lg is the grid-side
inductor, fsw is the switching frequency, Kpwm is the equivalent
1 gain of the inverter bridge.
Ratio of harmonics to the

In addition, considering that the gain margin (GM) and

fundamental wave

0.8
phase margin (PM) influence the robustness and the dynamic
0.6 performance of the system, it is desirable that GM  3dB and
0.4 PM  45° [10]. Besides, in order to ensure the stability of the
system, the amplitude-frequency gain at the LCL resonance
0.2 frequency is suppressed to below 0 dB, that is:
0
1 N 2N 3N 20 lg GOL ( j 2π f res ) < 0 (16)
Number of harmonics(mN±n)
It is worth noting that some passive damping schemes
Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of the ratio of voltage harmonics on the affect the switching frequency harmonic suppression.
inverter side to the fundamental wave
Therefore, it is often necessary to redesign the parameters of
the LCL filter with passive damping, and all of the above
filter. The expression of the total energy storage of the LCL limitations and requirements need to be considered in the
filter is as shown in the (12). redesign process.
I rated 2 ( Li + Lg ) U g 2 C f C. Similarities and differences in the design of LCL filter
Wenergy = + (12) parameters with different damping schemes
2 2
For these four LCL filters with different passive damping
It can be seen that the total energy storage is a binary one- schemes, the impedance of Z3 in Fig. 3 is much smaller than
time function for Lg and Cf. that of Z1 and Z2 near the switching frequency. That is, Li is
B. Requirements for the stability of the inverter system the main part of the equivalent impedance of the filter near
the switching frequency, which is the same as the LCL filter.
Note that the above LCL parameter design only considers Therefore, the parameters of Li can all be determined by (5)
the performance of the filter itself and does not consider the like LCL filter.
stability of the inverter system. As a result, damping strategies
are usually required. In order to design the parameters of For the shunt RC and shunt RLC schemes, as with the
damping circuit, this study tries to use more criteria which are other two schemes, the reactive power of the capacitor limits
obtained from the view of improving the system dynamic. the range of Cf, which is the sum of Cs and Cd. In order to
reduce the number of variables and the complexity of
In order to ensure that the inverter system has good parameter design of the two schemes, the split capacitor ratio
dynamic response, it is hoped that the system has a higher is set to 1, that is, Cs=Cd=0.5Cf.
bandwidth, which is generally taken as one-tenth of the
control frequency [8]. For the series RL and shunt RLC scheme, the inductance
can reduce the low frequency loss. In order not to affect the
Near the cutoff frequency, the LCL filter can be regarded damping performance near the resonant frequency, the value
as a single L filter with a total inductance of Li and Lg, and the of the damping inductance Ld should satisfy:
PI regulator transfer function can be approximated as Kp [9].
So the open-loop transfer function of the inverter system can ω0 Ld ≤ Rd ≤ ωres Ld (17)
be simplified as:
In this paper, the damping inductance Ld is set to five times
K K the lower limit value, namely:
GOL ( s ) = PWM P Gd (s) (13)
s( Li + Lg ) Rd
Ld = 5 (18)
The open loop gain at the cutoff frequency is equal to one, ωres
and the delay time has no effect on the amplitude gain, so that
the expression of the open loop cutoff frequency fc can be After determining the Rd and the resonance frequency, Ld
obtained: can be determined. For the series RL and shunt RLC schemes,
since the current flowing through the inductor Ld at the
K p K PWM fundamental frequency is very small, so the energy storage of
fc = (14) Ld can be ignored relative to the total energy storage of the
2π ( Li + Lg )
LCL filter. Therefore, the total energy storage of these two
It can be derived that the bandwidth of the inverter system schemes can also be expressed by (12). In addition, since the
is related to the PI regulator parameters. To satisfy the performance of the low and high frequency bands is similar
requirement for bandwidth, the parameters of Kp and Ti should to the series R damping scheme after series RL damping, it
follow: can be considered that the design of the series R scheme
which aims at minimizing total energy storage is not affected.
­ ( Li + Lg ) f sw Therefore, the parameter design process of the two schemes
° Kp = can be considered to be the same. Similarly, the design
° 2 K PWM process of the shunt RLC scheme parameters is also the same
® 2
(15)
as shunt RC.
°T = 1 ai , a = 3
° i K i
¯ PWM f sw

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 Determine Li based on inverter-
6
side current limit X:3.35
5

Z:Rd ()
4 Y:7.5
Z:4
3
Determine the range of Cf values
based on the reactive power limit 2
1
10
8
Determine the total inductance 6

Y:Lg*10-1
4
range according to the total

(mH)
2
inductance limit 6 8 10 12 14 16
2 4
X:Cf (uF)
According to the grid current Fig. 6. The set of values of Cf, Lg, and Rd
standard, determine Lg,Cf,Rd
value collection 6
5 X:2.9

Z:Rd ()
4 Y:7.8
Determine Lg,Cf,Rd on the
3 Z:3.76
intersection of the contour
surface of Lg,Cf,Rd and the 2 W=0.54
contour surface of total energy 1 W=0.53
10 W=0.52
Rd parameters
Adjust Lg,Cf,

storage W and complete the LCL W=0.51

8
parameter design initially
6

Y:Lg*10-1
4
energy storage W

(mH)
Reduce the total

2 10 12 14 16
2 4 6 8
GM>3dB? X:Cf (uF)
No
PM>45°?
20lg|GOL(j2fres)|<0? Fig. 7. The final parameters of Cf, Lg, and Rd

Yes The series R scheme is taken as an example to describe the

Is it possible to reduce the
total energy storage W?
No
Determine PI regulator
parameters based on cutoff
filter and passive damping parameters design process in detail.
Yes The design specifications of the prototype selected in this
paper are as follows: DC voltage 380V, grid voltage 220V,
grid frequency 50Hz, rated power 5kW. According to the
prototype index, the modulation ratio M can be calculated as
0.82, and the frequency modulation ratio N is 300.
The design first determines the inverter side inductance
Redesign

frequency limits
parameters based on the inverter-side current limit.
Kp

Then, according to the reactive power limit and the grid-

Check the open-loop No side current standard, the set of Cf, Lg, and Rd values can be
cutoff frequency fc determined, as shown in Fig. 6.
Yes By intersecting the contours of the total energy storage
with the surfaces of the Cf, Lg, and Rd values, we can obtain a
No Check resonant cluster of total energy storage contours on the value set.
frequency
The total energy storage is increased until it finds the
Yes parameters that satisfy the minimum total energy storage of
Plot open-loop Bode plots and GM  3dB, PM  45°, and the amplitude gain below 0dB at
test system performance again
the resonant frequency. The final parameters are shown in Fig.
7.
Complete the design
Finally, the open-loop cutoff frequency and resonant
Fig. 5. Parameter design flowchart of LCL filter with passive damping frequency of the system should be verified. The open-loop
cutoff frequency is 1.34 kHz, which is about one tenth of the
switching frequency. The resonant frequency is 4.46 kHz,
IV. UNIFIED DESIGN STEPS OF LCL FILTER PARAMETERS which satisfies the resonance frequency limit.
WITH PASSIVE DAMPING
V. PARAMETER DESIGN AND LOSS ANALYSIS
After the above analysis and simplification in Section III
the unknown variables of these four LCL filters with passive The parameters of a 5kW single-phase grid-connected
damping schemes are only Cf, Lg, Rd and Ld, and Ld does not LCL filter grid-connected inverter are designed. The DC
affect the design of parameters of filter and passive damping. voltage is 380V, and the AC grid is 220V/ 50Hz. The unipolar
The unified flowchart of parameter optimization design of modulation is selected for the PWM, and the switching
passively damped LCL filter can be performed, as shown in frequency is 15 kHz. The inverter side current ripple is set to
Fig. 5. 15% of the rated value, the grid side current shall meet the
IEEE Standard 519-2014 and the amplitude margin GM 
3dB, phase margin PM  45e, the filter and passive damping

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 parameters of the undamped, series R, series RL, shunt RC
and shunt RLC are shown in Table I.
Under unipolar SPWM modulation, the voltage harmonics
of the inverter side of a single-phase full-bridge converter are
mainly distributed around the fundamental wave frequency,
switching frequency, and frequency multiplication. The
(N±1)th harmonic content is the largest, and it can be seen that
only harmonic currents of these frequencies flow through the
damping resistors. Since the damping loss after twice the
switching frequency is small, the loss of passive damping can
be written as:
Pd _ total = Pd _ f0 + Pd _ f sw = Pd _ f0 + Pd _( f sw ± f0 ) + Pd _( f sw ± 3 f0 )
(19)
The damping loss of the filters for the four passive
damping schemes are calculated, as shown in Table II.
VI. SIMULATION VERIFICATIONS
In order to verify the correctness of parameter design and
loss calculation, this paper uses saber simulation software to
build a single-phase grid-connected LCL inverter model,
observe the current into the grid and the current flowing
through the damping resistor under different damping
schemes. The (N-1)th harmonic content of the grid current and
damping loss of the inverter with different damping schemes
are shown in Table III.
It can be seen that the current into the grid meets the IEEE
Standard 519-2014 standard, the damping loss is not much
different from the result calculated in Section V, which proves
the correctness of the theoretical calculation.

TABLE I. FILTER PARAMETERS WITH DIFFERENT PASSIVE DAMPING

Inverter side Grid side Damping Damping Total energy

Damping scheme Filter capacitor/uF
inductor/mH inductor/mH resistor/ inductor/mH storage/W

Undamped 1 4.1 0.38 - - 0.456

Series R 1 2.9 0.78 3.76 - 0.53

Series RL 1 2.9 0.78 3.76 0.67 0.53

Shunt RC 1 3.3 0.92 25.9 - 0.577

Shunt RLC 1 3.3 0.92 25.9 5.1 0.577

TABLE II. CALCULATED DAMPING LOSS OF FILTERS WITH FOUR PASSIVE DAMPING SCHEMES

Damping scheme Pd_f0/W Pd_fsw/W Pd_total/W Total loss percentage/%

Series R 0.1511 8.323 8.4741 0.169

Series RL 4.723*10^-4 8.1977 8.1982 0.164

Shunt RC 0.3368 3.1275 3.4643 0.069

Shunt RLC 0.0013 3.2711 3.2724 0.065

TABLE III. THE MAXIMUM HARMONIC CONTENT OF THE GRID SIDE CURRENT AND DAMPING LOSS IN EACH SCHEME IN SIMULATIONS

Maximum harmonic content

Damping scheme Pd_total/W
of the grid side current/%

Series R 0.288 8.1317

Series RL 0.279 7.8571

Shunt RC 0.262 3.0384

Shunt RLC 0.264 2.8449

TABLE IV. COMPARISON RESULTS AND RECOMMENDED USE OCCASIONS OF THE FOUR DAMPING SCHEMES

Damping scheme Total inductance Damping loss Total energy storage Recommended use occasion

requirement for the smallest volume,

Series R small largest (0.16%) small
weight or cost of the filter

the occasion that low frequency loss is

Series RL small large small
large

Shunt RC high small high requirement for smaller damping loss

requirement for the smallest damping

Shunt RLC high smallest high
loss

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 VII. DISCUSSIONS
In Section V, the LCL filter and the passive damping
parameters are designed to minimize the total energy storage.
Since the system bandwidth and amplitude margin are
basically the same, the performance of the inverter system can
be regarded as the same.
Under this premise, by observing Tables I and Table II, the
characteristics of each scheme and its recommended
occasions can be seen:
1) The series R damping scheme has the largest damping
loss (0.16%), but its structure is the simplest, and the volume,
weight and cost of the filter are also the smallest. It is
recommended to use in situations where minimum volume,
weight and cost are required.
2) For the series RL scheme, the shunt inductance across
the damper inductor can greatly reduce the fundamental
frequency damping loss, but the fundamental frequency loss
is much smaller than the switching frequency loss, so the total
loss cannot effectively reduced. Therefore, this scheme is
recommended for occasions with large low frequency loss.
When the low frequency loss is small, the added inductor Ld
is not useful.
3) The damping loss of the shunt RC scheme is
significantly less than the series R and series RL schemes, but
the volume, weight and total inductance are also large. Shunt
RC schemes are recommended for use where it is desirable to
suppress damping loss effectively.
4) The shunt RLC scheme achieves minimal damping loss,
but it also costs the most. It is suitable for occasions where
minimal damping loss are required. Like the series RL
scheme, this scheme is not suitable for occasions with small
low frequency loss.
The comparison results and recommended use occasions
of four damping schemes are shown in Table IV.
VIII. CONCLUSIONS
This paper combines the traditional filter parameter design
method with the performance requirements of the inverter
system, including gain margin, phase margin, and amplitude
gain at resonant frequency. Then, the parameter design
method of LCL filter with passive damping is summarized,
which aims at minimizing total energy storage. According to
the method, four kinds of filter parameters with passive
damping are designed, and the damping loss of each scheme
is calculated. The correctness of the parameter and loss
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calculation is verified by simulation. Finally, according to the
above calculations, the characteristics of each passive
damping scheme and its suitable occasions are summarized.
The series R scheme has a simple structure, small cost and
volume, and the shunt RC scheme has the advantage of small
damping loss. Compared with the series R and shunt RC
schemes, there are no obvious improvements in the two
schemes of series RL and parallel RLC when the low
frequency loss is small.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (No. 54177077, No. 51807089).
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