POWER QUALITY

Presented by: Kartik

Narayan Harikantra
Reg No : 16GAEE7028
 The power quality problem is defined as any problem manifested
in voltage, current or frequency deviations that results in mal-
operation of customer equipment.
 The power quality problem causes the deterioration of
performance of various sensitive electronic and electric
equipments. The good quality of power can be specified as

 The supply voltage should be within guaranteed tolerance of

declared value.
 The waveshape should be pure sine wave within allowable
limits for distortion.
 The voltage should be balanced in all three phases.
 Supply should be reliable i.e continuous availability without
interruption
 Lost production: Each time production is interrupted, your
business loses the margin on the product that is not
manufactured and sold.
 Damaged product: Interruptions can damage a partially
complete product, cause the items to be rerun or scrapped.
 Maintenance: Reacting to a voltage disruption can involve
restoring production, diagnosing and correcting the problem,
clean up and repair, disposing of damaged products and, in
some cases, environment costs.
 Hidden costs: If the impact of voltage sag is a control error, a
product defect may be discovered after customer delivery. The
costs of losing repeat sales, product recalls and negative public
relations can be significant and hard to quantify.
 The wave should be a pure sine wave within allowable limits for
distortion.
 Voltage should be balanced in all 3 phases.
 Supply should be reliable

Causes of poor power quality:

 Variations in voltage, magnitude and frequency
 Variations in frequency can rise of out of system dynamics or harmonics
injection.

 Consequently the voltage or current waveforms of a power system

ceases to be purely sinusoidal in nature but consist of harmonics and
other noises.
Voltage fluctuations:

Voltage fluctuations are changes or swings in the steady-state

voltage above or below the designated input range for a piece of
equipment. Fluctuations include both sags and swells.
Transients, commonly called "surges," are sub-cycle disturbances of
very short duration that vary greatly in magnitude.
 The dynamic power system loads produce a time varying amplitude in
current waveforms depending on the load characteristics which consists
of the fundamental and harmonics components.

 For assessing power quality it is important to know the total

harmonic distortion i.e. the voltage and current distortion factors
V THD = & I THD =
Vk = Voltage of Kth harmonic, Ik = Current of Kth harmonic
. The simplest way of eliminating harmonics of different orders
is to install filters at the location generated by different
loads are connected in two ways in power system network.

Series connected filter:

Such type of filters are connected in series

with power system network and offer high impedance at
turning frequencies high impedance offered by filters allow
very little harmonics are passed.
It is most commonly used filters in A.C. power system network and
offers very low impeda.nce path to harmonics.

Passive filters:
These are LC resonating or parallel resonating circuits which offer
very high or low impedance at tuning frequency.
 Active filters compensates voltage of current harmonic signal
measured. The injected voltage or current harmonic signal
measured.
 It comprises power converter and control loop which controls the
harmonics injection of the filter as the function of harmonic signal
measure.
Surge suppressors:

These are small plug-in devices designed to protect

equipment from moderate surges and spikes.

Isolation transformers:
These devices electrically separate the electronic
equipment from the incoming power system, reducing unwanted
electrical noise.
 Harmonic distortion is increasing day by day at a faster rate
and is a matter of concern to the utility, customer and
manufacturers of different equipment.
 In India it is necessary first to create awareness regarding
harmonic problems, their effects and elimination techniques
among the utility, consumers and manufacturers of different
equipments to make power system less polluted.
 The utility should monitor the installation of high tension
consumers periodically, regarding the harmonic distortion
and penalties should be imposed on customers using
equipments crossing specified limits.