Seminar on Power Quality

Name: Md Rayhan Tanvir

Enrollment No: 140470707013
Roll No: PG14ICREL401
Date: 10.16.2015
 Content

Quest
Intro Impo Appli
Soluti ion &
ductio rtanc Issues cation
ons Answ
n e s
er
 Introduction
 Power quality determines the fitness of electric power to consumer devices.
Synchronization of the voltage frequency and phase allows electrical systems
to function in their intended manner without significant loss of performance or
life
 The power quality problem causes the deterioration of performance of various
sensitive electronic and electric equipments. The good quality of power can be
specified as

 The supply voltage should be within guaranteed tolerance of declared

value.
 The waveshape should be pure sine wave within allowable limits for
distortion.
 The voltage should be balanced in all three phases.
 Supply should be reliable i.e continuous availability without interruption
Why Power Quality is so important?
 Lost production: Each time production is interrupted, your
business loses the margin on the product that is not
manufactured and sold.
 Damaged product: Interruptions can damage a partially
complete product, cause the items to be rerun or scrapped.
 Maintenance: Reacting to a voltage disruption can involve
restoring production, diagnosing and correcting the
problem, clean up and repair, disposing of damaged
products and, in some cases, environment costs.
 Hidden costs: If the impact of voltage sag is a control
error, a product defect may be discovered after customer
delivery. The costs of losing repeat sales, product recalls
and negative public relations can be significant and hard to
quantify.
 Without the proper power, an electrical device may
malfunction, not operate at all.

 Power quality determines the fitness of electrical power

to consumer devices.

 Synchronization of the voltage frequency and phase

allows electrical systems to function properly.
The Good
 The Quality
wave of Power
should be can be Specified
a pure as:
sine wave within allowable limits for
distortion.
 Voltage should be balanced in all 3 phases.
 Supply should be reliable

Causes of poor power quality:

 Variations in voltage, magnitude and frequency
 Variations in frequency can rise of out of system dynamics or
harmonics injection.
 Consequently the voltage or current waveforms of a power system
causes to be purely sinusoidal in nature but consist of harmonics
and other noises.
 Power Quality Issues

 Voltage fluctuations

 Transients

 Harmonics

 Reactive power

 Wind turbine location in power system.

Voltage Fluctuations
Voltage fluctuations are changes or swings in the steady-state
voltage above or below the designated input range for a piece of
equipment. Fluctuations include both sags and swells.
Transients

Transients, commonly called "surges," are sub-cycle

disturbances of very short duration that vary greatly in
magnitude.
Harmonics

 The dynamic power system loads produce a time varying

amplitude in current waveforms depending on the load
characteristics which consists of the fundamental and
harmonics components.

 For assessing power quality it is important to know the

total harmonic distortion i.e. the voltage and current
distortion factors V THD & I THD
Vk = Voltage of Kth harmonic,
Ik = Current of Kth harmonic
  The total harmonic distortion or THD, of a signal is a
Total Harmonic Distortion

measurement of the harmonic distortion present and is

defined as the ratio of the sum of the powers of all
harmonic components to the power of the fundamental
frequency.
 THD is used to characterize the linearity of audio systems
and the power quality of electric power systems. Distortion
factor is a closely related term, sometimes used as a
synonym.
Harmonic Elimination Techniques:
The simplest way of eliminating harmonics of different
orders is to install filters at the location generated by
different loads are connected in two ways in power system
network.

Series connected filter

Such type of filters are connected in series with power

system network and offer high impedance at turning
frequencies high impedance offered by filters allow very little
harmonics are passed.
Shunt connected filter

It is most commonly used filters in A.C. power system network

and offers very low impedance path to harmonics.

Passive filters
These are LC resonating or parallel resonating circuits which
offer very high or low impedance at tuning frequency.
 Active filters

 Active filters compensates voltage of current harmonic signal

measured. The injected voltage or current harmonic signal
measured.
 It comprises power converter and control loop which controls
the harmonics injection of the filter as the function of harmonic
signal measure.
Solutions

Surge suppressors:
These are small plug-in devices designed to protect
equipment from moderate surges and spikes.

Isolation transformers:

These devices electrically separate the electronic

equipment from the incoming power system, reducing unwanted
electrical noise.
Applications
 Power system voltage control applications.

 Large electric arc furnace installations.

 Reactive power compensation applications.

 Railway or underground systems with huge load variations

Conclusion

 Harmonic distortion is increasing day by day at a faster

rate and is a matter of concern to the utility, customer
and manufacturers of different equipment.
 In India it is necessary first to create awareness
regarding harmonic problems, their effects and
elimination techniques among the utility, consumers and
manufacturers of different equipments to make power
system less polluted.
 The utility should monitor the installation of high
tension consumers periodically, regarding the harmonic
distortion and penalties should be imposed on
customers using equipments crossing specified limits.
References

 Power quality and Harmonics: JOHN H.

WAGGONER.
 Inside PQ: MAX McGRANAGHAN.
 Grounding and lightening protection: ROBISON,
M.D.
 Electric Power Quality: problems and means to
improve them: S.MOHANTY, B.R.MISHRA, Dr.
D.S. CHAUHAN.