2.

Operating System
Types of O.S. –

1. Single user O.S.

2. Multiuser O.S.

3. Multiprocessing O.S.

4. Multitasking O.S.

5. Real Time O.S.

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1. Single user O.S.-

• It has been developed and designed to use on a computer.

• It can be used on a similar device, and it only has one user at a time.

• Single-task operating systems can function on electronic devices, like a

computer, and will run only application at a time.

• It has CUI (Character User Interface).

• Cannot use mouse in Single User O.S.

• e.g. MS-DOS (Disk Operating System)

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2. Multiuser O.S.-

• It allows more than one user to run the program simultaneously.

• It allows multiple users to use the same computer at the same time.

e.g. Linux, Unix, Windows 2000

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3. Multiprocessing O.S.-

• It allows running a program on the more than one CPU

simultaneously.

• It is capable of supporting and utilizing more than one computer

processor.

• e.g. Linux, Unix, Windows 2000

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4. Multitasking O.S.-

• It allows executing more than one task at the same time.

• It is capable of processing multiple software processes to run

simultaneously.

• e.g. Unix, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista etc.

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5. Real Time O.S.-

• It has to finish the task within the deadline and respond instantly.

• It is intended to serve real time application requests.

• Processing time requirements are measured in tenths of seconds or

shorter.

• e.g. Rocket Launching, Air Traffic Control System etc.

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Overview of Windows O.S.-

Windows is a series of operating systems developed by Microsoft. Each

version of Windows includes a graphical user interface, with a desktop that
allows users to view files and folders in windows. For the past two
decades, Windows has been the most widely used operating system for
personal computers PCs. It is the most popular operating system in the world.

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Features-
a) Speed

b) Compatibility

c) Lower Hardware Requirements

d) Search and Organization

e) Safety and Security

f) Desktop

g) Start Menu / Taskbar

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Advantages-
a) Ease of use - Users familiar with earlier versions of Windows will probably also find
the more modern ones easy to work with.

b) Available software - There is a huge selection of software available for Windows.

c) Backwards compatibility - Old programs can work with newer version.

d) Support for new hardware. Virtually all hardware manufacturers will offer support for
a recent version of Windows when they go to market with a new product.

e) Games - Special gaming hardware is supported.

f) Plug & Play - competition in the area of Plug & Play support for PC hardware.

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Android O.S.
• Android offers a unified approach to application development for mobile devices
which means developers need only develop for Android, and their applications
should be able to run on different devices powered by Android.
• The first beta version of the Android Software Development Kit (SDK) was
released by Google in 2007 where as the first commercial version, Android 1.0,
was released in September 2008.
• On June 27, 2012, at the Google I/O conference, Google announced the next
Android version, 4.1 Jelly Bean. Jelly Bean is an incremental update, with the
primary aim of improving the user interface, both in terms of functionality and
performance.
• The source code for Android is available under free and open source software
licenses. Google publishes most of the code under the Apache License version
2.0 and the rest, Linux kernel changes, under the GNU General Public License
version 2.

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Features O.S.
Sr. Feature & Description
No.
1 Beautiful UI - Android OS basic screen provides a beautiful and intuitive user interface.

2 Connectivity - GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, NFC

3 Storage - SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes.

4 Media support - H.263, H.264, MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB, AAC, HE-AAC, AAC 5.1, MP3,
MIDI, Ogg Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, and BMP.
5 Messaging - SMS and MMS

6 Multi-tasking - User can jump from one task to another and same time various application can
run simultaneously.

7 Multi Language – Supports Single direction and bi-directional text.

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IOS-
IOS stands for i-phone operating system. It is a proprietary mobile operating system of
apple for its handheld. It supports Objective-C, C, C++, Swift programming language. It
is based on the Macintosh OS X. iPhone, ipod and iPad all comes with IOS.

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IOS Features-
1. Multitasking

2. Social Media

3. iCloud

4. In-App purchase

5. Game Center

6. Notification Center

7. Accelerometer

8. Gyroscope

9. Powerful APIs

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 2. Operating System
Definition-

• An operating system is a program which acts as an interface between user and

computer hardware.

• An operating system is the program that is initially being loaded into the computer
by a boot program, manages all other programs in the computer.

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Objectives-

1. To provide convenient interface to user to use the computer system.

2. To manage all the resources of computer system.

3. Making computer system convenient to use in an efficient manner.

4. To hide details of hardware resources from the user.

5. To act as an intermediary between user and the computer hardware.

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Functions-

Device
Management

File

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1) Memory Management- refers to management of Primary Memory or Main
Memory. Main memory provides a fast storage that can be accessed directly by the
CPU. For a program to be executed, it must in the main memory.

i. Keeps tracks of primary memory, i.e., what part of it are in use by whom, what
part are not in use.

ii. In multiprogramming, the OS decides which process will get memory when and
how much.

iii. Allocates the memory when a process requests it to do so.

iv. De-allocates the memory when a process no longer needs it or has been
terminated.
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2) Process Management- In multiprogramming environment, the OS decides
which process gets the processor when and for how much time. This function is
called process scheduling.

i. Keeps tracks of processor and status of process. The program responsible for
this task is known as traffic controller.

ii. Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process.

iii. De-allocates processor when a process is no longer required.

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3) Device Management- An Operating System manages device communication
via their respective drivers. It does the following activities for device management −

i. Keeps tracks of all devices. Program responsible for this task is known as
the I/O controller.

ii. Decides which process gets the device when and for how much time.

iii. Allocates the device in the efficient way.

iv. De-allocates devices.

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3) File Management- A file system is normally organized into directories for easy
navigation and usage. These directories may contain files and other directions.

i. Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc. The collective facilities
are often known as file system.

ii. Decides who gets the resources.

iii. Allocates the resources.

iv. De-allocates the resources.

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4) Security- Security module protects the data and information of a computer
system against malware threat and authorized access.

5) Networking-A distributed system is a group of processors which do not share

memory, hardware devices, or a clock. The processors communicate with one
another through the network.

6) Command Interpretation-This module is interpreting commands given by the

and acting system resources to process that commands.

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References-

• Computer Fundamentals (F.Y.B.Com) -Nirali Publications

• Computer Fundamentals – Pradeep Sinha and Priti Sinha

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