MSC Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences Graduation Thesis Studio Advanced Housing Booklet

F rom Ab an do n e d to A b u n d a n t
Po AS
st- t
Ind udy
for us of
a P tria Re
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tiv ronm ng
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ity ents
Dirk Janus
1 7 - 0 5- 2 02 3
Faculty of architecture, Technical university of Delft 1

R
C olop h on P r e f ace
A uthor: D i r k J an u s This booklet showcases the final project of my Master of Architecture degree at
Stu dy trac k: M s c A rc hite c ture , U rb an i s m & b u i l d i n g TU Delft, which was developed during the Advanced Housing Design graduation
scien ce s studio. The project focuses on Dutch housing design and aims to create an
in st it u t e : De lf t U niv e rs ity o f Te c hno log y inclusive living environment. The main question addressed in the project is how
Dat e: 18- 04 - 2 3 the mixed-use ideology can be rethought through a historical perspective to
address the expulsion of the productive economy from cities. This is especially
A dvisors Com mi ttee: relevant in the context of densely populated urban areas in the Netherlands.
Ir. Olv Klij n - A s s is ta nt P ro f e s s o r
Departme nt o f A rc hite c ture (A R ) - T UD My personal interest in mixing urban functions stems from a dislike of one-
Arch itecture M e nto r sided urban areas, such as large industrial sites and residential suburbs. I
believe that strict functional separation of areas is not necessary, and I have
Dr. An n e K o c ke lko rn - A s s is tant P ro f e s s or always sought ways to bring different functions together. A mixed-use urban
Departme nt o f A rc hite c ture (A R ) - T UD environment is not only important from a spatial perspective, but also from
Researc h M e nto r a social standpoint, as it can lead to a more sustainable and attractive city
where people, products, and goods do not have to travel long distances.
Ir. Ferry A d e ma - A s s is tant P ro f e s s or During this graduation project, my focus was on how architecture can
Departme nt o f A rc hite c tura l E ngine e r i n g encourage interaction between different functions of cities and promote a
+ T ech n o lo gy (A E + T) - TU D truly inclusive mixed-use city landscape. The research not only explored what
Bu ildin g E ng ine e ring M e nto r these functions entail but also how we can create a more just city for different
societal groups.
The proposed design location for this project is a plot along the Keile-haven in
the Merwe-vierhaven area, a former harbor area in the west of Rotterdam. The
design is aimed at income groups and encourages interaction between them,
as Rotterdam’s population is expected to grow mainly in families, the elderly,
and starters in the coming decade.
I am proud to present my work titled ‘from Abandoned to Abundant’ A study

on revitalizing Post-industrial environments for a productive city, which is the
result of my research and design work over the past year. I would like to thank
Ke yw ord s
my tutors for their guidance during this final project, as I have learned a great
P r o du cti v e ci ty , space-extensive industry, work-
deal during the process. I hope you find this booklet enjoyable to read. - Dirk
home, urban redevlopment, the creative class
Janus.
2 Graduation Studio Advanced Housing Design Faculty of architecture, Technical university of Delft 3
R
Ta b le of conte nts
R e s e ar c h Desi gn
06 4. Pr incip les 110

Introdu cti on
4 . 1 U s e r g r o up
Topi c, theme of i nvesti gati on
4 . 2 L e i t m o t i f s f o r Bui l d i ng t e c hno l o g y
probl em statement and research
Rel evance
5. Ur b a n d esig n 124
personal moti vati on
5 . 1 M a s t e r p l a n d r a wi ng 1 : 1 0 0 0
theoreti cal f ramework
5.2 Site plan 1:500
methodol ogy
5 . 3 ur b a n d i a g r a m s
5 . 4 ur b a n S e c t i o ns
1. The spl i t 14
1.1 definition of the mixed-use ideology
6. Pr og r a mma tic d ia g r a ms 152
1.2 the pre-industrial urban mix
6 . 1 p r o g r a m b a r ( % o f G F A / f unc t i o n) i
1.3 influence of industrial revolution
6 . 2 c i r c ul a t i o na l s y s t e m
1.4 the post-war urban mix
6 . 3 d we l l i ng t y p o l o g i e s
1.5 The contemporary mixed-Use City
6 . 4 i nf r a s t r uc t ur a l s up p o r t d i a g r a m s
1.6 Downside contemporary urbanism

1.7 sub-conclusion
7. Pla n d r a w ing s 154
7 . 1 f l o o r p l a ns 1 : 1 0 0
2. The pr oduc ti v e c i ty 44
7 . 2 s e c t i o ns 1 : 1 0 0
2 .1 Producti ve ci ty
7 . 3 E l e va t i o ns 1 : 1 0 0
2 .2 f or whom?
7 . 4 F l o o r p l a ns o f d we l l i ng s 1 : 5 0
2 .3 spati al justi ce
7 . 5 De t a i l s
2 .4 i ntersecti ons
2 .5 benef i ts, drawbacks and pol i ci es
8. T echnica l d ia g r a m 206
2 .6 sub-concl usi on
8 . 1 T he l o a d -b e a r i ng s t r uc t ur e
8 . 2 c i r c ul a t i o n s y s t e m
3. the K ei l e- mi x 54
8.3 Climate design
3 .1 Tender Kei l ecol l ecti ef
8 . 4 S us t a i na b i l i t y p r i nc i p l e s
3 .2 Concept 1
8 . 5 R e l a t i o n t o t he c o nt e xt
3 .3 Concept 2
8 . 6 E xp l a i n o n c o ns t r uc t i o n p r o c e s
3 .4 Concept 3
8.7 Materialisation
3 .5 sub-concl usi on
Reflection 300
Rese arch Conc l usi on 102
108 Bib liog r a p hy 314

Re comm endati ons
A p p end ix A & B 322
R Introduction
Cities in Europe are undergoing a significant industry into these areas using cleaner and more
transformation as more people migrate from rural areas sustainable methods. The Merwe-vierhaven in
to urban centers. Eurostat (2016) estimates suggest Rotterdam offers an example through a design
that by 2050, over 80% of the European population tender where the “productive city” concept is being
will live in cities, presenting a daunting challenge for implemented to create an inclusive mixed-use city
urban planners who must accommodate the growing block configuration, serving as a potential solution
population within already heavily urbanized areas. to this issue. This research therefor explored this
Many cities have responded by converting industrial approach by examining the historical background of
and port areas into new mixed-use residential the mixed-use city. By re-imagining the current mixed-
zones, with a primary focus on housing, offices, bars, use ideology, the study seeks to address the expulsion
shops, and restaurants. Unfortunately, this approach of the productive economy from cities and prioritize an
has displaced existing productive industries, which inclusive economic environment and spatial justice.
are often pushed to the periphery or out of the city The central focus of my research was to answer the
entirely, causing spatial injustice and limiting space question;
for industrial activity in urban centers.
“How can the expulsion of the productive economy
0.2 problem statement and research question from cities be addressed by rethinking the mixed-
The negative consequences of displacing the use ideology through a historical perspective?”
productive economy from urban areas can be
Hoek van Holland
addressed by exploring opportunities to reintroduce
Rotterdam
Rotterdam
M4h M4h
2023 P r o j e ct l o ca t i o n
Schiedam2050 Project location
Schiedam
Maassluis
Vlaardingen
Vlaardingen
Hoek van Holland Hoek van Holland
Rotterdam Rotterdam
Rozenburg Pernis
Pernis
Schiedam Schiedam
Maassluis Oostvoorne Brielle Maassluis
Vlaardingen Vlaardingen
Rozenburg Pernis Rozenburg Pernis
Oostvoorne Brielle Oostvoorne Brielle
Hoogvliet Hoogvliet
Hoogvliet Hoogvliet
General cargo/ Containers Dwelling

Wet bulk storage Mixed-use Dwelling/ Working
Dry bulk
Distribution
General cargo/ Containers Chemicals/ Refineries/ Energy
Other activities
Dwelling
Wet bulk storage Mixed-use Dwelling/ Working
Dry bulk
Distribution
Chemicals/ Refineries/ Energy
Other activities
Fig . 1.a : 20 2 3 “function mix Rotterdams’ port”, source: by author F i g. 1 . b: ‘ Vi s i o n o f a mix-used port of rotterdam”, source: by author
R
Relevance
This issue surrounding urban planning and spatial
justice had been extensively studied, drawing on the
work of experts from various fields. In a 2013 article
titled “Open city or the right to the city?” published in
the magazine Topos, Neil Brenner, an urban theorist at
the University of Chicago, argued that the mixed-use
Amsterd a m
ideology, which aimed to promote diversity, had been Arnhem
used to justify the exclusion of low-skilled workers. Ro tterd a m
Brenner asserted that the “open city” should be

accessible to all, but in reality, it primarily benefited high-
skilled workers and profited developers and investors. Kö l n
Saskia Sassen, a sociologist and economist, attributed Na mur
disparities in living and working conditions to the F ra nkfurt
prioritization of the service economy by cities, creating

a spatial and social mismatch for many inhabitants.
Lux emb o urg
In her book “The Global City,” (2018, p. 29-30) Sassen

emphasized how transnational business and financial
centers had become disconnected from their
hinterlands and national economies. Consequently,
while highly skilled professionals have many job
opportunities in the city, low-skilled workers are
left with limited employment prospects. Kristiaan
Borret, a Belgian architect and professor, discussed
the productive city concept as a solution in his 2021
article ‘Building better Brussels’, which aimed to create
jobs for blue-collar workers within the city. These
researchers emphasized different concerns about
the spatial justice of contemporary urbanism and
stressed the importance of urban planning to prioritize
the needs of vulnerable and low-skilled city dwellers.
F i g. 2: “ Hi n t e rl an d o f R o t t e rdam s ’ h arbo r” s o u rce : by author
R
personal motivation productive economy, which focuses on creation and
However, the literature lacks exploration of the distribution of goods and services, has been displaced
‘productive city’s potential to promote inclusive from urban areas due to the rise of the service economy.
urbanism, which led to my personal motivation to Novy suggests that integrating manufacturing back
investigate ways to create a configuration that can into cities can also lead to environmental and social
accommodate the diverse needs of a complex urban benefits. However, prioritizing economic growth over
environment. Through my research, I found that the social concerns could lead to gentrification and
productive city concept offers a unique opportunity displacement of low-income residents.
to promote inclusivity, sustainability, and justice in
urban planning and at a smaller scale in the dwelling methodology
typology. As a city dweller myself, I am fascinated This research aims to address the issue of the
by the way people interact with their environment displacement of the productive economy from cities by
and how we can design cities that better support rethinking the mixed-use ideology through a historical
our diverse needs. By providing recommendations perspective. The study consists of three chapters, each
on how to alternatively implement a mixed-use examining a different aspect of the issue. The first
approach to urban transformations of post-industrial chapter analyzes the historical background of mixed-
areas, my research has the potential to inform the use urbanism through a literature study and practical
development of more vibrant, dynamic, and livable examples. The second chapter explores the concept of
communities as the vision depicted in Figure 1.a-b. the productive city and how it helps to foster a more
just city in relation to urban planning. The chapter also
theoretical framework outlines a specification of four distinct urban functions
The theoretical framework for this research is based on that form a part of the proposal for the configuration
four key concepts: the mixed-use city, spatial justice, of the design tenders’ programming. The third
productive economy, and the productive city concept. chapter examines the implications of the theoretical
Mixed-use urbanism integrates different land uses to framework through the use of analyzing different
create vibrant neighborhoods, but it has been criticized case studies. Also, an analysis is made that looks at
for displacing existing industries. Spatial justice how the productive city influences the design of the
aims to address social and economic inequalities dwelling typology. The conclusion presents practical
in urban areas and is advocated by Dr. Caroline recommendations from the findings of these chapters
Newton as a guiding principle for future city planning. for the implementation of a re-imagined mixed-use
approach to urban planning at the Merwe-vierhaven
Urban planner Johannes Novy proposes in his 2022 location. These recommendations aim to support the
research paper that bringing back productive functions needs of diverse urban communities and promote
into cities through the productive city concept can an inclusive economic environment that supports
revitalize areas, offer jobs to diverse workers, and different scales and forms of productivity.
provide opportunities for low-skilled workers. The
R Framework
The Objective of My Overall Design D The elaboration of the Keile-mix proposal
was to formulate a proposal for a mixed-use urban city block that includes the design ambitions
sides of the productive economy to combat its exclusion out of urban Incorporating the four categorized functions into the Keile-mix
areas
The social The service The productive The supportive

reproductive- related function of the economy
function of the functions of the keile-mix function of the
Keile-mix Keile-mix keile-mix
R How I used research to reach this goal:
1. A historical analysis of Rotterdam's mixed-use city paradigm was

conducted to trace the roots of its contemporary functional differenti-
ation and visualize its future prospects .
2. A housing arrangement catering to different age groups, allowing

2. The second research step involved linking these findings with the
individuals to relocate within the city block for various life stages
productive city concept, aiming to comprehend the demographics of
its inhabitants and the reasons behind its capacity to promote spatial
Student s Starters F amilies
justice, as well as its importance for achieving urban sustainability.
3. The third step involved formulating a categorization of four urban

function categories based on the research findings, in order to create
an inclusive urban-mix approach for configuring a city block for the
Keile tender
3. Enveloping this programming within an energy-efficient building that
lasts over 100 years and enhances the city's ecologies and biotopes
4. The focus of the fourth step was on the development of multiple
conceptualizations based on the identified functions, as well as the
examination of different practical case studies to reflect upon them . energy efficiency Durable architecture Nature inclusiv e
5. Conclusion, The final step comprises selecting a functional config u-

ration that will be further developed as a mixed-use approach known
as the Keile-mix in the second part of the booklet.
15
Faculty of architecture, Technical university of Delft
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Graduation Studio Advanced Housing Design

The Split
14
R
R The Split
This chapter explores the historical evolution of scale of the neighborhood and the city block, to create
the mixed-use city paradigm, shedding light on its an integrated urban environment that intermingles
contemporary limitations. It delves into the impact various functions. Accurately defining these two types
of events such as the industrial revolution and the requires recognizing them as both a cultural issue and
modernism movement on urban design and society. a design strategy that varies according to time and
The central research question that this chapter place. An important aspect of their implementation is
addresses is: “What are the historical conceptions and determining the appropriate scale and specification
incarnations of the mixed-use city paradigm since of the urban function types, which belong to different
the advent of the industrial revolution?”. This chapter hierarchies within the city. This distinction is crucial
establishes a coherent timeline of the mixed-use city’s in understanding the complex relationship between
evolution in Rotterdam through a literature review and mixed-use architecture and urbanism and how they
case studies. Appendix A provides comprehensive shape the urban environment. As depicted in Figure
background information on the designated time 3, ‘a distinction between mixed-use architecture and
period. Some of the Wfindings of this analysis will be urbanism’.
illustrated as personal interpretations and reflections Figure 3: ‘Scales of a mixed-use city
in the form of diagrams, showcasing the typologies source: By author
of mixed-use cities across four time periods.
1.1 definition of the mixed-use ideology

Firstly, to better understand the paradigm of the mixed-
use city, it is important to establish a clear distinction
in its terminology. In her 2022 work “What’s in the Mix?”,
Inbal Ben-Asher Gitler, a senior lecturer of architecture
at Sapir College, highlighted an essential difference
between mixed-use housing and mixed-use zoning.
While mixed-use housing is intrinsically linked to the
larger urban plan, it is important to differentiate it from
other aspects of mixed-use urban planning (Gitler,
2022, p. 280). Gitler explains that mixed-use housing
broadly refers to homes that integrate functions
outside the housing unit, at the scale of the building
typology. This kind of architecture integrates housing
and additional urban functions that were historically
separated either structurally or by divisions into zones
and neighborhoods. While, mixed-use zoning refers to
the arrangement of different urban functions within the
R
Figure 4: “Rotterdam, Waterstad” by “Johannes de Vou, created in 1664” source:

https://www.roterodamum.nl/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/•-Atlas-Rotterdam-
1694-SAR-2017.03.09.pdf
1.2 the pre-industrial urban mix

According to the work of historian and urban planner,
Lewis Mumford, pre-industrial urban mixes in Europe
were characterized by a close relationship between
their residential and productive functions. In his
book “The City in History” (1961, p. 51 - 64), Mumford
argues that in pre-industrial cities, the majority of
the population was engaged in production activities,
such as craftsmanship and agriculture, which were
often carried out in or near their homes.The artwork
depicted in Figure 4, “Rotterdam, Waterstad” by Dutch
painter Johannes de Vou, created in 1695, illustrates
the spatial organization of the city’s productive land
use. Specifically, it depicts how the city’s agricultural
lands were situated right outside the cities boundaries,
while other productive activities were concentrated
within the city’s walls. Mumford explains that this
Figure 5: “Old houses, Rottedam” by “Cornelis Christiaan Dommelshuizen, created

in 1882” Source: https://www.invaluable.com/v2/auction-lot/cornelis-christiaan-
dommersen-dutch-1842-1928-old-233-c-z8xkj9tgqq
City block
outer edge made up of
houses and warehouses
resulted in a spatial organization where residential
R areas were intermixed with productive spaces, and

where the city was divided into neighborhoods based
on the type of production that took place there. Figure Courtyard
Combination of gardens
6, the ‘pre-industrial landscape of the city’, shows this and work places
hierarchy of the city. This type of organization led to
a high degree of self-sufficiency within the city, and
a close connection between the residents and their
work. Additionally, this organization of cities reinforced
the sense of community and social interaction
between residents, who were often engaged in similar
activities. In the painting, shown in figure 5: ‘Old houses,
Rotterdam , 1882’ by Dutch painter ‘Cornelis Christiaan
Dommelshuizen’ the former pre industrial organization
can be traced back. As the painting shows, trade and
movement of people and products where small in Backstreet
scale and locally organized. informal access for
Harbor servants and carriages
transport of products and
people largely by wate
Figure 7: pre-industrial city-block, source: by author
Frances Hollis an academic who focuses on labor

history and work-life balance writes in her 2018
research, “Work Home,” about this urban mix in the
context of the home typology. Prior to the Industrial
Revolution, Hollis argues that living and working in the
same building was a common practice and a guiding
principle for creating towns and cities that could be
mostly self-sufficient. These mixed-use buildings were
tall and narrow, with shops on the ground floor and
workshops and warehouses with living quarters above
and behind. Figure 8.A & 8.B, showcase this building
typology. They were densely packed in narrow streets,
resulting in vibrant, pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods.
Hollis emphasizes that the mixing of uses was essential
Figure 6: pre-industrial landscape of the city, source: by author
to the creation of these bustling neighborhoods. She
further explains that buildings were maximized by
R locating urban blocks around semi-public courtyards,

a concept known as the “soft edge.” Fig. 7 ‘pre-industrial
city-block’ shows a depiction of this typology. These
type of buildings were often designed specifically for
the dual function of living and working, and referred
to as a house with additional qualifications such as
bakery, bathhouse, or weaver’s house.
Figures 8.A and 8.B showcase the building typology

of the pre-industrial mix as described by Hollis, which
is based on the traditional canal house typology
found in the Netherlands, particularly in the Holland
provinces. These buildings featured business spaces
on the ground floor, with informal home functions
situated on the upper floors. Storage spaces were
commonly located above, utilizing built-in cranes
in the building facades to lift products to the attic
level. Additional functions such as the kitchen,
Warehouse
storage for goods
and bulk materials
Carriage house
and living quarters
for the servants
canal house
Main residence for the
merchants and his family
Figure 8.a: pre-industrial building typology source: by author Figure 8.b: pre-industrial building typology source: by author
R (1)
(2)
Figure 9: “City Plan of Rotterdam” by M. Wyt & Zonen, created in 1923

Residential function: (1) Spangen
productive f unction: (2) Merwe-vierhaven
source: https://hdl.handle.net/21.12133/BFC9DF8E6D0641ACBB19D382F6B86F4B
carriage house, and living quarters for servants

were situated at the back of the house, accessible
through a back street and facing the courtyard.
1.3 influence of industrial revolution

Mumford (1961, p. 143 - 161) argues that the industrial
revolution led to a separation of this urban mix
categorized by residential and productive activities,
resulting in a shift towards one-sided urban
configurations. As shown in figure 11; ‘industrial
landscape of the city’. Castells, a sociologist, urban
planner, and economist, argues in “The City and the
Grassroots” (1983, p. 27-37) that the factory system
was the primary factor behind this transition. This
steam-powered invention became the dominant
mode of production, increasing productivity levels and
attracting many new workers to the city. Despite the
Figure 10: “Justus van Effenblok, spangen” by “Architect Michiel Brinkman, created
in 1918” Source: https://www.archined.nl/molenaar/project/29760-justus-van-
effenblok-te-rotterdam/
rise of factory work, Hollis (2018) argues that home-
R based work continued during this time, but it faced

opposition from various groups. Employers for example
disapproved of the loss of control over their employees,
labor unions feared the exploitation of an unregulated
workforce and the undermining of the male family wage
campaign, while social reformers linked the practice
to poor sanitation and overcrowding. Conservative
opinion upheld that a woman’s place should be in the
domestic sphere, rather than in the workforce. This
opposition ultimately led to a gendered division, where
women were primarily associated with the domestic
sphere, and men participated in external productive
activity outside of the home. Additionally, the rapid
influx of workers led to the formation of new working-
class neighborhoods with poor living conditions and a
lack of basic services. The one-sidedness of these new
M4h
Industrial landscape of
m4h and Keile-haven Figure 12: City block Justus-van-Effencomplex
source: https://rotterdamwoont.nl/app/uploads/2018/01/2.1922.1-projectblad-Justus-2e-
restauratie-1.pdf
urban configurations resulted in new forms of political

consciousness among the urban working classes and
the emergence of labor and socialist movements,
contributing to the beginning of other forms of urban
spatial organization in the latter half of the industrial
revolution . In his article “Rotterdam’s manufacturing”
(2018), Han Meyer, a professor in Theory and Methods
of Urban Design at the Technological University Delft,
discussed this transition in relation to the city of
Rotterdam. He describes that the city transformed itself
from a staple market system in the late 19th century to
Spangen a modern port city focused on the throughput of bulk
Residential area with
a stark contrast and raw materials, as well as port-related industries.
This shift led to a transition of the city of Rotterdam
from a mercantile town, where a handful of merchant
families played a significant role in shaping the city
Figure 11: industrial landscape of m4h and residantial area of Spangen, 1920,
source: https://www.antennerotterdam.nl/read/antenne_item/id/170981/achter-de-
and market, to an industrial town with industrialists
spoordijk-lag-de-polder
and their workforce. Zoning regulations and physical
C7 C7 C7 B1 B2 B3 B4 A1
B2 B1 B4 B3 C7
A6 C7 C7 C7 C7
R
127 125 121 123 117 119 C7
153 155 151 149 147 113 115
169 167 165 163 111 C6
barriers were implemented in some instances to

A1 129 109
107
C7 157
C7 171 A1 131
C7
separate these new productive areas from the cities

A1 133 103
C7 D3 A1
173 135
C8 C7 101
A1 137 83
residential areas. The painting, shown in figure 9, “City B2

175
75
D1 A1 139 85 87 89 91 95 93
A2 99
A1 141 B1 B2 B4 B3 B2 B1
Plan of Rotterdam” by M. Wyt & Zonen, created in 1923,

B1 77
177
C14 179 130 C16 97
N
illustrates the expansion of Rotterdam. The Merwe B1 B2 B4 B3 B2 B1
A1 132 A2 96
Vierhaven Area, located on the western flank of the

C7 174
C12 A1 134 84 86 88 90 92 94
A1 136 C8 82
city’s expansion, is prominently featured as a large

C7 172 D2 C7 98
A1 138
A1 140
C7 170 C7 154 C7 100
and distinct new harbor that is situated away from the

A1 142
168 164 166 160 162 152 148 150 144 146 124 120 122 116 118 112 114 108 110 106 102 104
historic city center. The residential neighborhood of

A5 B4 B3 B2 B1 C7 B3 B4 B2 B1 C7 B3 B4 B2 B1 B2 B1 B3 B4 C7 A7 A1
Spangen, shown in figure 10; Justus van Effenblok’, just

north of this new harbor, was developed in response
to the poor living conditions of the overcrowded
inner city (Admin, 2018). The residential neighborhood
prioritized livability with green spaces and wide streets,
influenced by rationalism as a response to historicism.
P. Verhagen’s urban design, overseen by Berlage,
allocated building blocks to multiple architects for
careful consideration of architectural quality. This
approach included lower-level apartments and
upper-level maisonettes, as shown in Figure 12, 13.A &
13.B, depicting the urbanism approach in relation to
city blocks and building typology.
Figure 13.b: Justus-van-Effencomplex,

industrial building typologytypology analysis
Figure 13.a: Elevation courtyard Justus-van-Effencomplex with gallery access source: by author
source: by author
R
Figure 14: “Rotterdam, Waterstad” by “Johannes de Vou, created in 1664” source:

https://www.roterodamum.nl/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/•-Atlas-Rotterdam-
1694-SAR-2017.03.09.pdf
1.4 the post-war urban mix

These examples highlight how Rotterdam moved away
from its pre-industrial urban design to a separation
of areas with a focus on large-scale industrial
production for economic efficiency and industrialists’
interests, and areas mainly dedicated to residential
functions, prioritizing the well-being of city residents.
The destruction of Rotterdam’s mixed-use city center
during World War II posed the question of how the
city should be rebuilt, prompting city architect ir.
W.G. Witteveen to propose a reconstruction plan. The
plan aimed to enhance traffic flow, improve building
aesthetics, and eliminate slums while preserving
closed building blocks and traditional architectural
designs, the plan was officially adopted in 1941 (Plan
Witteveen, het eerste wederopbouw plan, z.d.).
Figure 15: “Maastorenflat, Rotterdam” by architect Herman Bakker, created in F i gu re 7 : ir. W.G. Witteveens’ proposal for rebuilding rotterdam
1956” Source :https://wederopbouwrotterdam.nl/artikelen/maastorenflat
source:
However, from 1942 onwards, a group of Rotterdam
R businesspeople led by C.H. van der Leeuw, the director

of Van Nelle, along with like-minded architects,
criticized Witteveen’s plans, as they believed that the
reconstruction of Rotterdam was primarily an economic
issue, rather than an aesthetic one.Most industrialists
favored this group of architects, like W. van Tijen and
J.H. van den Broek. This group eventually won out, and
the city center was designed primarily for commercial
spaces based on economic considerations, resulting
in a lack of residential housing. Figure 14, ‘het basisplan
van Van Traa, 1946’, illustrates this new urbanism for
Rotterdam during the rebuilding period, with numerous
retail and office buildings serving as the primary
functions of the city center. Figure 16 and 17 depicts this
urban approach relating to the cities landscape and
the neighborhood configuration during this period.
F i gu re 1 7 : post-war urbanism , showing lijnbaan as the primary shopping street

source: https://nieuws.top010.nl/lijnbaan-rotterdam.htm
Gitler (2022, p. 282-284) adds, that while the principle

of urban function segregation was the leading
approach during Rotterdams’ reconstruction, there
was also a growing desire among some modernists
to reimagine dwellings with additional productive
functions. Architects such as Le Corbusier promoted
this idea, with Le Corbusier’s Unités d’Habitation
complex integrating dwelling with urban functions. The
mixed-use buildings were constructed as multistory
buildings of exposed concrete with interlaced
balconies, promoting communality and accessibility
to modern urban functions. The idea of mixed-
use dwellings stood in stark contrast to the zoning
proposed in the functional city theory. One opponent
Figure 16: post-war urbanism of Rotterdam

source: https://nieuws.top010.nl/lijnbaan-rotterdam.htm
of the modernistic segregation of the city is Colin Ward,
R a British architectural historian and writer and wrote in

his book “The Child in the City” (1978, p.164 - 176) that
the modernist urban planners have dismissed the
complexity of human life and that the modernist urban
plan of zoning the city into separate and specialized
Residential
areas for living, working, and recreation resulted in a
fragmented and dehumanized city. He criticized the
modernist urban planning, which sought to separate
work and residential functions of the city, arguing that it
led to an increased distance between people’s homes
and places of work, and that this increased distance
made it more difficult for people to participate in the
social and economic life of the city. Buildings like the
Maastorenflat, build in 1956, shown in Figure 15, is a
good example of this new interpretation of mixed-
use typologies in Rotterdams’ city centre. The building
was designed as a stack of functions, with shops and
offices in the first layers of the plinth, then a transition
layer, and residences above, each with a different
external design, shown in figure 18.A & 18.B.
Building typology
Figure 18. Urban setting Maastoren flat, 1957 Offices

Stores
Figure 18.b: Maastoren flat elevation and function configuration
source: https://wederopbouwrotterdam.nl/artikelen/maastorenflat source: by author
R
Figure 19: “Masterplan Rijnhaven” by “Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates,

created in 2021” source: https://mvvainc.com/projects/rijnhavenpark
1.5 The contemporary mixed-Use City

During the period of 1970s to 1990s, Rotterdam saw a
significant reduction in its industrial and port activities,
primarily due to the construction of larger ports
upstream that could handle bigger container ships.
The authors, Brian Doucet, Ronald van Kempen, and
Jan van Weesep, discuss in their 2011 article “Resident
Perceptions of Flagship Waterfront Regeneration”
how these former industrial sites and waterfronts are
being transformed into gentrified spaces that prioritize
consumption and post-industrial development as
a trend that takes places in many cities across the
Western world. They explain that the waterfront closer
to Rotterdams’ city center became obsolete, and by
the 1980s, large sections of the city’s riverfront were
abandoned. Despite Rotterdam’s economic and social
problems, in the late 1980s, plans were first drawn up
Figure 20: “Rijnhaven, Rotterdam” by Barcode architects, created in 2019”

Source: https://barcodearchitects.com/projects/masterp lan-rijnhaven-
rotterdam/
for the redevelopment of the south side of the river
R opposite the city center, known as the Kop van Zuid. As a

waterfront regeneration project, this approach aimed to
modernize the mixed-use city concept by incorporating
high-end housing, office spaces, restaurants, cultural
facilities, supermarkets, neighborhood stores, a college,
and associated student housing (Doucet et al., 2011).
Figure 19, gives an overview of the site. While figure 20
depicts the urbanity of the area designed by Barcode
architects in 2019.
The Masterplan Rijnhaven, a project commissioned
by the Rotterdam municipality in 2019 and designed
by Barcode Architects, proposes the creation of new
land by draining a section of the harbor basin along
the southern bank of the Nieuwe Maas river. The plan
envisions the development of a new city park and
mixed-use city blocks, serving as a second city center
F i gu re 22: po s t -industrial city-blocks of Rijnhaven
source: https://rotterdamsedromers.nl/2019/09/24/rijnhaven-marina-
maakt-van-rijnhaven-internationale-toplocatie/
to enhance connectivity between the North and South

of Rotterdam. With approximately 2,000 to 2,500 new
homes, offices, and urban facilities, the plan aims to
contribute to the city’s densification goals. The high-
rise buildings in the proposed development will feature
green roof gardens and small-scale commercial
spaces in the plinth (Barcode, 2022).
Another collaborative project between the municipality
and renowned architects is the transformation of
the Codrico terrain, a former industrial land, into an
extension of the Masterplan Rijnhaven. The Codrico
Factory, a listed heritage site, will be restored and
converted into a space for living, working, leisure,
and culture. (Powerhouse Company - The Codrico
Figure 21: post-industrial landscape of Rijnhaven and Wilheminapier,
source: https://nieuws.top010.nl/codrico-terrein-herontwikkeling.htm
Terrain, 2022). The project aims to activate the
R waterfront, create new public spaces, and incorporate

extraordinary architecture that celebrates Rotterdam’s
industrial heritage. Key design principles of this
urban approach can be seen in figures 21 and 22,
showcasing the contemporary urbanism of the area.
An example of the mixed-use building typology that

was implemented in this scheme is Rem Koolhaas’
De Rotterdam project, completed in 2013. The
building is designed as a vertical city, consisting
of three interconnected towers that house offices,
apartments, a hotel, conference facilities, shops,
restaurants, and cafes. The goal of the towers is
to revive the vibrant urban activity, such as trade,
transport, and leisure, that was once present in the
neighborhood. (OMA, z.d.). Figure 23.A & 23.B shows
the configuration of the building as a vertical city.
Figure 23.a: the Rotterdam, building function configuration Figure 23.b: Section de Rotterdam
source: https://www.archdaily.com/451377/de-rotterdam- source: https://www.archdaily.com/451377/de-rotterdam-
oma/528faecce8e44e5368000221-de-rotterdam-oma-program-section oma/528faecce8e44e5368000221-de-rotterdam-oma-program-section
R 1.6 Downside contemporary urbanism
However, the success of the revitalization of the
Rijnhaven hinge on the expulsion of the Codrico
factory, a significant stakeholder in the area and a
contributor to the local economy that employs many
low-skilled workers. This raises the question of why
the city is promoting a mixed-use city approach that
displaces productive functions to make way for high-
end housing and workspaces for skilled and high-
educated professionals.
1.7 sub-conclusion
At the beginning of this chapter, the question was
raised regarding the different historical interpretations
of the urban paradigm for a mixed use city. The
historical research focused on Rotterdam, revealing
that before industrialization, the urban mix was a
collection of neighborhoods with a blend of residential
and productive functions, facilitated by the typology
of the work-home. With the emergence of industrial
production techniques, new city expansions aimed for
configurations where economic interests and residential
well-being were separated. After the bombing during
World War II, a new search for interpretation and
meaning of the city center arose, ultimately resulting
in a configuration consisting mainly of commercial
spaces for businesses and retailers. However, this
one-sided interpretation left a need for a better mix
of housing and productive functions, which was
addressed by the Maastorenflat, taking the first steps in
this direction. As industrial and port activities declined
in the late 20th century, there was a need to revitalize
these areas by adopting a mixed-use city approach.
This was in response to the poor function mix of the city
center. However, the pursuit of this mixed-use approach
led to the expulsion of productive functions that were
deemed unsuitable for the new urban mix. This resulted
in marginalized groups and low-skilled workers facing
unfair treatment and fewer job opportunities.
45
e
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p u d u
e eq an ro
th s s th
s e e
e c c g ”
o n r in ?
d va ou nn ce
s i
ys d e la t
a a r p us
w pt of n l j
t
a e n a ia
h c io rb at
w on ut n u sp
c ib i f
“In r
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c dis itie ns
n
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The Productive city

44
R
R The Productive city
Building on Ward’s critique of the dehumanizing effects of industrial sectors in these cities. Meanwhile, the rise of the
strict separation and segregation of urban functions, this knowledge-based economy, brought about new ways of
chapter explores the concept of the “productive city” as a working. As a result, industries such as finance, healthcare,
strategy for promoting equitable access to resources and education, and professional services became the primary
opportunities in the urban mix. The chapter aims to answer drivers of economic activity in Western cities. In “The Rise
the question of how the productive city concept advances of the Creative Class,” by Richard Florida, an urban studies
equitable distribution of resources and opportunities in theorist, suggests that this shift resulted in the emergence
urban planning through the lens of spatial justice. Through of a new creative class (2002, p. 44-49). According to Florida
a theoretical exploration of spatial justice theory and the these individuals are key drivers of economic growth due
productive city concept, the chapter will discuss potential to their ability to innovate and contribute to the economy.
benefits and drawbacks of this urban remixing approach, Florida notes that the emergence of the creative class can
and consider measures for achieving equitable outcomes be traced back to the 1960s in Western countries and that this
in productive city planning. Ultimately, the chapter aims to group has become increasingly important to the economy
contribute to a better understanding of how the productive and society, particularly with the rise of the information age
city can advance spatial justice and promote a mixed-used (2002, p. 60).
city that better fits the needs of contemporary urbanism
and its challenges. Because of this shift, there was a common belief in urban
discourse in Europe that manufacturers in cities were no
2.1 Productive city longer relevant and relics of the past. However, this view
Firstly, to understand the origins of the productive city changed in the first decade of the 21st century when the
concept, it is crucial to recognize the underlying reasons concept of the productive city emerged (Borret, 2021). One
for its emergence. Castells (1983, p. 67) explains that in the researcher who has written about this new desire of bringing
second half of the 20th century, many Western European back the productive economy into the urban mix is Matthew B.
cities experienced a significant shift in their economies, Crawford, a philosopher and writer. In his book “Shop Class as
transitioning from industrial societies to ones dominated by Soulcraft” (2009, p. 141 - 144) he explains the maker movement
the service sector. This shift, evident in changes in employment as a reaction to the deskilling and de-personalization of work
composition and production and consumption patterns, that he saw in the service economy. He argues that the maker
was influenced by factors such as globalization. This led to movement represents a resurgence of interest in the kind of
the relocation of industrial activities to low-wage countries, manual work that requires skill, creativity, and autonomy. He
thereby reducing the significance of manufacturing and suggests that this movement is not only a response to the
deskilling of the workforce but also a form of resistance to among different types of workers. It is overly broad because
R consumerism, by promoting the idea of individual creativity

and self-sufficiency. Crawford also points out that the maker
it lumps together a wide range of occupations that have
little in common beyond being relatively well-educated
movement is also a call for a more sustainable economy and well-paid. It is too narrow because it excludes many
and society, by promoting a culture of repair and reuse. of the key players in the knowledge-based economy, such
as managers and professionals in finance, health care, and
Borret (2021) also argues that the desire to reintegrate education. His critique suggests that Florida’s theory is overly
productive functions in the urban mix includes not only simplistic and that it fails to consider important distinctions
manufacturing but also maintenance, repair jobs and among different types of workers.
creative manufacturing industries such as custom bike
production, craft breweries, and fab labs. He explains that Sassen (2001, p. 329 - 342) also provides a critique of the
it is crucial to accommodate ordinary professions such urban mix of productive functions in contemporary western
as building material suppliers and plumbers to support cities, using the concept of the “global city” and its role in
the daily functioning of the city too. According to Borret, the global economy. According to Sassen, global cities are
intermixing these type of productive functions into the fabric important nodes in the worldwide system of trade, finance,
of cities and connecting it to daily life can improve the and communication, managing a significant portion of the
hybridization between local, regional and global economies. world’s economic transactions, as well as intellectual and
This approach can create new opportunities for recycling, cultural capital. However, Sassen argues that these financial
social interactions, and urbanity, ultimately leading to a and business centers are often disconnected from the local
more sustainable city. economy and its hinterlands. Although these centers of
advanced producer services are crucial to the creation of
2.2 for whom? global knowledge, power, and culture, Sassen stresses the
However, today’s cities have a wider range of work related importance of low-skilled workers, such as janitors, security
functions as described by Crawford, Borret and Florida. The guards, and food service workers, who are critical to the
American journalist Steven Malanga for example contradicts smooth functioning of these industries. She believes that
Florida’s emphasis on the creative class in his 2004 article these workers play a vital role in providing basic services that
“The Curse of the Creative Class” and that it can lead to an enable high-skilled workers to perform their jobs effectively.
overemphasis on attracting highly educated and skilled Sassen asserts that the urban mix of contemporary cities
workers at the expense of other groups, such as low-skilled offers a wide range of job opportunities for highly skilled
workers and immigrants, which can lead to exclusion and workers, but low-skilled workers are often left with few
marginalization of these groups and erosion of social options. She argues that a city can foster a more innovative
cohesion. Florida’s concept of the creative class is too environment by providing job opportunities for all types of
broad and fails to take into account important distinctions workers, as excluding low-skilled workers can result in labor
market polarization, ultimately damaging the city’s economy.
The significance of social reproduction as explained by to the city in spatial and urban planning. Edward W. Soja,
R Silvia Federici, an Italian-American academic in her 2019

article titled “Social Reproduction Theory: History, Issues, and
an American geographer and professor of urban planning,
discusses the concept of spatial justice, emphasizing
Present Challenges,” is another crucial aspect that these its conscious and deliberate emphasis on the spatial or
researchers overlook. As Hollis (2018) explained earlier, the geographic aspects of justice and injustice, specifically the
industrial revolution led to a gendered division of labor, fair and equitable distribution of socially valued resources
where women were confined to the domestic sphere, and opportunities to use them (Soja, 2009). However, Soja
while men worked outside the home. Federici argues that admits that complete socio-spatial equality are hardly
women’s work in the domestic sphere is equally essential for achievable and every geography has a certain degree of
the uphold of the cities functioning. According to Federici, injustice. Therefore, the selection of intervention locations
every mother is a working woman who produces social becomes a crucial decision.
wealth through informal and often unacknowledged labor.
She contends that dismissing this essential function of the 2.4 intersections
city’s productivity denies the productivity of unpaid work With the clarification of both theory and concept, it becomes
activities, and assumes that a significant portion of the apparent that addressing economic and social inequalities,
world’s population is irrelevant to capital accumulation. acknowledging the diverse needs of communities, and
empowering marginalized groups in decision- making
2.3 spatial justice processes are critical elements to create a just city.
To address these conflicting interests in urban planning, Dr. Soja emphasizes that achieving spatial justice is vital for
Caroline Newton, an architect, urban planner, and political constructing sustainable, resilient, and equitable cities and
scientist, emphasizes the need for spatial justice as a guiding urban planning should prioritize this goal according to Newton.
principle, which originated from critical theory as a response This philosophy aligns with the productive city concept,
to capitalism and fascism in the 1930s (Blend Ed & Newton, explained by Borret, which emphasizes the significance
2022). Peter Marcuse further developed this theory into a of integrating different economic activities to achieve
pragmatic method called radical urban practice, to address parity. While spatial justice centers on social integration,
contemporary urban problems and the right to the city for the productive city strives to offer equal opportunities for
all. Spatial justice involves the fair and equitable distribution various productive functions in urban areas and their users.
of socially valued resources and opportunities in space,
acknowledging that social processes shape the spatiality of 2.5 benefits, drawbacks and policies
injustice. The right to the city seeks to address inequality in However, the productive city concept has beside benefits also
cities by providing full access to the city and the collective some drawbacks, as highlighted by urban planner Johannes
right to participate in decision-making. The UN’s New Urban Novy in his research paper “Getting back into the ‘business
Agenda from 2016 also highlights the necessity of the right of making things’.” Novy suggests that integrating productive
functions back into the city can revitalize areas, offering created a sense of injustice where the benefits of economic
R stable and well-paid jobs to a diverse range of workers,

enabling individuals with lower levels of education and
growth are not equitably shared. Another challenge in
implementing the productive city approach is preventing
experience to gain skills and lift individuals and communities gentrification, where high-priced goods and services are
out of poverty. However, Novy also points out potential introduced in low-income neighborhoods. Novy suggests
drawbacks, such as prioritizing economic growth over that policymakers should prioritize the requirements of the
social concerns, leading to gentrification and displacement current local communities and guarantee that they are not
of low-income residents, and requiring significant public displaced by the arrival of new businesses and inhabitants.
investment. According to Novy, policies for achieving To create a more equitable and sustainable local economy,
equality must accompany the productive city approach to existing businesses that have been contributing to the
address social concerns and ensure equitable distribution local economy for a long time should not be overlooked or
of resources and opportunities. The approach can promote displaced.
economic diversity by encouraging a mix of economic
activities, including manufacturing, service, and creative 2.6 conclusion
industries, which can create jobs and generate revenue. In conclusion, the research studied how the productive city
It can also reduce the concentration of poverty in specific concept can promote equitable distribution of resources
areas and lead to greater participation from a diverse range and opportunities in urban planning through spatial justice.
of stakeholders in the planning process. Policymakers must Four categories were identified to classify urban functions:
focus not only on trendy developments but also on essential service economy, productive economy, supportive economy,
operations that keep the city functioning, such as maker- and social reproduction. These categories can help identify
spaces or mixed-use developments incorporating space for interventions for inclusive mixed-use configurations in
light-industrial use. cities. However, issues like gentrification, displacement,
and economic-focused policies need to be addressed
Novy also argues that implementing the productive city through equality-promoting policies that consider diverse
approach also requires considering the kind of producers communities and marginalized groups. The productive
and products that are meant, who is politically valued and city concept offers sustainability, economic diversity, and
supported, and who is not. Financial profit policies have social integration opportunities, but requires just policies for
hindered the approach, creating an unfair division between implementation.
industrial and commercial/residential developments. City
officials have often promoted new upscale developments reproductive economy economy economy
near industrial sites, leading to displacement of industry function functio n function function
and destruction of mixed-use neighborhoods. This has

resulted in the loss of vibrant, diverse communities and
55
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a u
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In n r c
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fo

The Keile-mix
54
R
R The Keile-mix
The goal of this chapter is to implement the theoretical
framework by applying it to the design challenges of Trucks
One-way traffic
the ‘Keilecollectief’ tender. In order to meet the design
goals, this analysis seeks to determine how the four
categories of productive functions, as previously
Cars
outlined, can be combined. Specifically, the focus of Two-way traffic
this research is to explore design strategies that can Hub Hub

Keileweg
formulate a mixed-use configuration for the Keile- Makersfoyer

tender, incorporating industry, small-scale commercial
spaces, educational facilities, and housing as the
Forklifts
city’s social reproductive function. In Appendix B, a Two-way traffic Havenallee
Transhipment
comprehensive compilation of analyses relating to
the four different functions can be found in the form
of case studies. This chapter will highlight the primary Keilestraa
findings of this analysis, exemplifying their relevance to

the chosen design approach for the Keile-mix.
3.1 Tender Keilecollectief

Figure 25: “masterplan ‘keile-haven’ and tender location”
Firstly, the Keilecollectief, a group of professionals Source: by author & Tim Raijmakers
Location
dedicated to improving the urban living environment
and the municipality of Rotterdam issued a tender
in September 2022 to develop a mixed-use building
spanning 48,716 m2, divided into 50% residential, 40%
commercial spaces, and 10% public facilities, as
R e s i de n t i al L M S
depicted in figure 24; ‘tender program devision. The
initiative aims to promote a mixed-use approach
that includes the productive economy in the form of
traditional and creative manufacturing industries.
Figure 25 highlights the positioning of the plot in relation S o cial re pro ductio n pro ductio n
to the masterplan of Keile-haven. 50% 40%
10%
Figure 24: “tender program devision”
Source: by author
R NOVA City
Location: Brussels, Belgium
Program: Living, working
Year: 2022
Architect: DSS+, Bogdan&Broeck
Client: Kairos, citydev.brussels
GFA: 15.422 m2
3.2 casestudy: NovaCity

To properly include these type of functions, it is
important to first examine a practical example of the
productive city concept. NovaCity, an architectural
project by DDS+ and Bogdan&Van Broeck, is a mixed-
use development located in Anderlecht, Brussels. This
project showcases the productive city approach by
presenting an urban mix of 51% residential and 49%
SME workshops. The project integrates housing units
on top of SME workshops located on the ground
floor, providing a central hub for daily interactions
between residents and business owners. The project
utilizes different public functions and shared spaces
to integrate different programs together, emphasizing
the connection between residential and productive
spaces. However, this approach also has potential
drawbacks, including negative environmental impacts
from industrial equipment and the financial investment
required to build housing on top of factories. Therefore,
a delicate balance had to be achieved between
economic development and preserving the well-being
of the residential community.
Figure 26: Nova city impression,

source: https://www.dds.plus/nl/projects/novacity
R A B C D E
G
F
The project’s function of mixing different land uses is clearly

demonstrated in this cross-section taken across the project.
The context is clearly portrayed with the railway infrastructure
and the commercial production spaces serving as buffers
between the residential functions and the rail. A service
road is located between these low-rise buildings, providing
access for freight traffic and separating it from the residential
street. One characteristic feature of this configuration is
that the residences are situated almost entirely on top of
the production spaces, with only their entrances at street
level. To activate the street, commercial spaces have been
added at the ground floor level on the residential street side.
Warehouse / manufacturing spaces

Section Figure 27: section NovaCity, scale 1:700
source: by author
Offices / commercial spaces
Dwellings
R A B C D E
G
F
In this isometric section of the project, a portion of the func-

tional stacking can be observed. The residential units are
arranged in a portico flat typology on top of the produc-
tive spaces of the industrial and office functions. The living
volumes are connected through a gallery circulation. In my
opinion, a significant design principle is the attention given
to the outdoor spaces on the roof of the industry, creating
a second ground level where residents can freely interact
and engage with communal functions that are intentionally
placed on the roof.
Industry
Circulation
Storage compartments
Dwelling
Outdoor spaces
Figure 28: Building fragment A+B NovaCity Figure 29: Exploded isometric overview of building fragment A+B
source: by author source: by author
C2
R A B C D E
G
F
C1
The project represents a new direction in the integration of brant intermeixing of functions. The incorporation of outdoor
urban functions. It demonstrates that it is indeed possible to spaces on the rooftop of the industrial spaces creates a se-
take a new look at the mixed-use city approach and that the cond ground level, offering a new type of urban experience
productive economy can be a part of urban redevelopment. for residents. The project’s findings and proposed principles
The proposed design embodies principles of sustainability, offer valuable insights and principles for the future develop-
accessibility, and inclusivity, with a focus on creating a vi- ment of a mixed-use urban block for the Keile-tender
Figure 30: Isometric overview 1 NovaCity, source: by author Figure 31: Isometric overview 1 NovaCity, source: by author
Passive design Logistical street Makers street

Collective outdoor plateau
Homes are passively designed Integral organization Place where
There are communal functions
and equipped with solar energy of traffic flows entrepreneurs meet
on the roof of the second floor
Patio
outdoor spaces of residents
combined with gallery access
Roof terraces Transit-oriented

roof as an outdoor space to 17 minute ride to Brussels'
keep the patio spacious central station
Parking
Loading and unloading areas
for companies and employees
Small parking lot

due to the proximity of
alternative mobility
Warehouses
Used as a buffer between
Pedestrian axis Industry entrances residential units and railway Public meeting place Residential street
Axis that brings the different rear entrance for forecourt with a coffee The street separates
volumes64 Graduation
together Studio Advanced Housing Design
industrial activities Faculty of architecture, Technical university of Delft 65
corner for social interaction residents from the industry
R Keile-mix concept 1
3.3 iteration 1 The next st ep, sho w n in F i gur e 33, i nvo l ves
With these findings a first configuration is proposed, c o nfi gur i ng t he bui l di ng w i t h a pr o duc t i o n hal l
that features a flexible and scalable production hall bo r der ed by l i vi ng and w o r k i ng uni t s, i nc l udi ng
with a modular building structure for productive work c o mmer c i al ameni t i es. These uni t s w i l l be fi ve
functions. Logistics flow is designed with user needs st o r eys hi gh, i n l i ne w i t h sur r o undi ng r esi dent i al
in mind, fostering a cooperative entrepreneurial bui l di ng hei ght s. A n ar c ade w i l l be i nt r o duc ed at
community. An industrial crane facilitates smooth t he bo undar y o f t he vo l umes t o c r eat e a smo o t h
product movement across the water. This creates a t r ansi t i o n bet w een publ i c and pr i vat e spac es.
creative, adaptive, and collaborative environment, V ar i o us br i dges w i l l c o nnec t t he vo l umes, c r eat i ng
ensuring safety for workers and visitors (Figure 32). an at t r ac t i ve o ut do o r spac e at a hi gher l evel .
Figure 32: Isometric overview Concept 1.A Keile-mix, source: by author Figure 33: Isometric overview Concept 1.B Keile-mix, source: by author
Industry
The requirement for a substantial ground floor area Offices / commercial spaces
school
11 %
Circulation
school
to accommodate industrial and commercial functi-

6%
Technical spaces
Dwelling
Residential
ons, coupled with the preference for direct accessi- Work

47 %
School
22 %
bility from ground level, has led to the adoption of a Ateliers

14 %
tower typology for the remaining residential program.

This approach enables high-density living while ensu-
ring that residents have access to natural light, fresh
air, and open space. This design approach strikes a
resemblance of the NovaCity design with a delicate
balance between production and residential functions.
Figure 34: Isometric overview Concept 1.C Keile-mix, source: by author Figure 35: Section Concep 1 Keile-mix, source: by author
Figure 36: Isometric function overview Concept 1 Keile-mix, source: by author
3.4 collaborative work environment research divides the logistics process of modular
R The first iteration of the Keile-mix

several key design principles that can be used as a
has provided construction into 8 steps, what translates in the need
for specialized zones within the modular factory
foundation for further development. However, upon itself. In the article “So You Want to Open a Modular
reflection, it becomes apparent that the design Factory?” (2022), written by Zena Ryder, a British-
falls short of achieving the desired inclusive mix, Colombian writer specialized in construction, the
particularly in relation to the varying scales of process is explained in more details, suggesting that
manufacturing enterprises. To cater to businesses of the space requirements for a modular construction
different sizes, a traditional large-scale manufacturing factory include a minimum area of approximately
facility should be included in addition to small and 1.900 square meters. In addition to the space needed
medium-sized enterprises that can accommodate for the production of the modules, reception areas,
the desired creative manufacturing businesses. lavatory, a cafeteria, offices for administrative work,
storage for materials and waste, and space for
In their book “Offsite Architecture: Constructing the loading and unloading must also be considered.
Future” (2019, p. 98 - 102), architect John Quale and
educator Ryan E. Smith suggest that a large-scale Connecting these different scales of production can
modular building factory could offer a sustainable be achieved through an educational program that
and efficient solution for the housing shortage issue in serves as the designated 10% for public amenities.
Rotterdam. This industrial typology could be supported This program can integrate apprenticeships with the
by the SME workshops that provide woodworking, metal work-environment, creating a collaborative setting
fabrication, painting, drywall installation, plumbing, where learning and production occur simultaneously.
and cabinet making services, creating a collaborative Richard Sennett, a proponent of craftsmanship
work-environment. These workshops could customize education, argues in his book “The Craftsman” (2008,
and compliment the modular units produced by the p. 278 - 286) that practical work experiences are
factory, producing one-of-a-kind buildings tailored to crucial for developing expertise in a craft or trade.
the specific needs and preferences of each client. By This aligns with the principle of the productive city
combining a traditional large-scale manufacturing concept as described by Novy. Sennett highlights the
facility with smaller, specialized SME workshops, an value of traditional apprenticeships, where young
inclusive configuration that caters to businesses of all people work alongside experienced craftspeople in
sizes could be achieved. real-world settings, ranging from small productive
The logistics organization for this approach is detailed activities to larger industrial practices. Such
in the article “Design for Modular Construction: An apprenticeships offer a unique form of education
Introduction for Architects” (2019) by James Wilson, a that cannot be replicated in a classroom alone .
member of the Editorial Board of Building Green. This
R Glarus Süd
Location: Glarus Süd, Switerland
Program: Modular buidling factory
Year: 2022
Architect: BAMJGS, Marti AG Matt
GFA: ±2500 m 2
Prior to iterating a second proposal, an analysis of

productive functions will be conducted. One of the
examples of a modular building factory is located in
Glarus Süd, Switerland. The building was designed by
AMJGS Architektur, Marti AG Matt and completed in
2019. The structure is composed of 16 slightly curved
glued laminated wooden trusses that are supported
by solid wooden columns. The interior of the building
is designed in a rectangular shape and is composed
of columns, beams, and roof elements, with a span of
23 meters. Steel cables are utilized as tension rods to
stabilize the trusses. The facade of the building is more
than 70 meters long, and the spacing between the
columns is reflected in the design of the facade. These
columns are visible as regular divisions, which are
further separated by slender windows and accentuated
by vertical wooden wind braces. The facade is
finished with larch planks that frame and intensify the
subdivisions and rough, carved spruce trims, resulting
in a cohesive whole. The new production facility serves
as an opportunity for the company to demonstrate the
versatility of wood as a building material.
Fig ure 37 : Impressions of Glarus Süd, Switerland, by BAMJGS, Marti

AG Matt
source: https://www.archdaily.com/960151/wooden-production-facility-
R New Aarch
Location: Aarhus, Denmark
Program: University, faculty of architecture
Year: 2019
Architect: ADEPT
GFA: ±12.500 m 2
One example of a collerabtive work-environment is the

“New Aarch” project in Aarhus, Denmark. The “Aarhus
School of Architecture” has a floor area of 12.500 square
meters and serves as a demonstration of how different
creative spaces can be integrated. The building
comprises of flexible studios, specialized functions such
as teaching rooms and study areas. The design of the
building serves to bridge the gap between the school
and the city, as well as the contrast between the large-
scale front street and the small-scale activities in the
green zone that runs through the building complex.
This is accomplished by designing the building with
a taller and more massive facade on the street side
while gradually lowering it to accommodate the more
casual ambiance of the Freight Rail area. The building
is organized as a city within a building, with diverse
programs within a simple industrial palette, and it allows
for accessibility of certain areas to people outside the
school, and the open spaces throughout the building
encourages interaction between students and the
public in both planned and unexpected ways. The
mixing rooms, where the school and local community
interact, are where the school truly comes alive.
location with three neighboring streets.
Fig ure 38: Impressions of New Aarch, Denmark, by ADEPT

source: https://divisare.com/projects/448478-adept-rasmus-hjortshoj-
coast-new-aarch
Based on the analysis of various case studies, a new The second step in the configuration efforts involves
approach has been developed for integrating different small-scale productive manufacturing clusters
functions of the tender program. In the second iteration, comprising specialized “making stations.” These stations,
the focus was on the entrepreneurs and factory with a combined floor area of 3,227 m2, and will be
owners of a modular construction factory, who are the utilized by a diverse group of users, including residents,
initial stakeholders utilizing the central function of the makers, students, educators, and entrepreneurs. They
project. The factory occupies an area of 3,437 m2 and will serve as a hub for collaboration and innovation.
includes a rectangular hall that serves as a covered Figure 40 displays the positioning of these spaces
environment for various operations. To minimize in relation to the factory, with the different buildings
disruptions in the public realm, logistical areas have united on a higher level by a shared roof garden.
been designated within the hall, shown in figure 39.
Figure 39: Isometric overview Concept 2.A Keile-mix, source: by author Figure 40: Isometric overview Concept 2.B Keile-mix, source: by author
R
1. Lobby
The fl o o r pl an r eveal s t he l o bby
as a r o o my r ec ept i o n ar ea.
F r o m her e, passages c o nnec t
2. 2.
t o t he no r t h and so ut h w i ngs o f
t he bui l di ng.
2 . Cor r idor
The user and r esi dent t r aver-
se a gl ass passagew ay, w i t h
c r eat i ve spac es l o c at ed o n
bo t h fl ank s, pl ac i ng t hem at t he
1. c ent er o f t he ac t i o n.
3. F actor y
1.
The fac t o r y’ s var i o us zo nes ar e
al so depi c t ed and di ffer ent i a-
t ed by di st i nc t fl o o r t r eat ment s,
pr o vi di ng c l ear demar c at i o n
bet w een eac h zo ne.
2.
5. Cafer tia
The fac t o r y’ s c ant een, i nt ended
fo r bo t h w o r k er s and vi si t o r s,
pr o vi di ng t hem t he o ppo r t u-
2. ni t y t o o bser ve t he pr o duc t i o n
ac t i vi t i es w hi l e t hey par t ak e i n
t hei r meal s.
R Keile-mix concept 2 Circulation
9.963 m2
4%
2%
Industry
26%
6.713 m2
The configuration of the building is visually striking, Dwelling 50%
19.421 m2
showcasing its unique role as the makershub of the
School 17%
Keile quarter. The isometric view reveals how the 901 m2
Offices / commercial
building volumes open up towards the makers park spaces
1.487 m2
across the Keileweg. However, with a total of 211 homes,
total: 34.614 m2
the industrial spaces on the ground floor dominate the
configuration, pushing other functions to higher levels,
which may not be ideal. The building has a FSI of 5.3,
indicating a dense utilization of space. Additionally,
there seems to be a lack of a clear framework for
integrating the four described productive functions
within the inclusive urban mix.
Figure 41: Isometric overview Concept 2.C Keile-mix, source: by author Figure 42, section function Concept 2 Keile-mix, source: by author
Figure 43, Isometric function overview Concept 2 Keile-mix, source: by author
3.5 Work-home in the Keile-mix majority being home-dominated and work-dominated
R The previous section primarily examined various

configurations that focused on the integration on the
in urban areas, and equal-status in rural areas. Hollis
categorizes dual-use buildings by their dominant
industrial function integration, but it is important to function and explores the relationship between work
note that the design of individual dwelling typologies and home in them. Three degrees of spatial separation
is also influenced by the concept of the productive are identified, with implications for both the building
city and as important for the design of building. The and the city. The most common type is “live-with,”
emergence of the creative class has led to a closer where the building has a single entrance for both
relationship between the working environment and the domestic and income-generating activities. In some
private sphere of the home. The work-home typology, cases, the functions are in the same space, while
which has gained popularity since the early 2000s, in others, a distinct space is created. However, in all
offers significant potentials for creating a more active cases, the functions overlap to some degree. This type
and vibrant living environment. tends to generate more conventional monofunctional
urban blocks, but thoughtful design can express the
Hollis (2018, p. 5-6) explains that the work-home dual-function, benefiting the individual, local economy
typology, which combines dwelling and workplace, and social networks.
was commonly referred to as a “house” in the pre- The concept of “live-adjacent” work-home refers
industrial era, but fell out of use in the 20th century according to Hollis to dual-use configurations that have
and was re-coined as “workhome” in 2007. She explains separate entrances for the dwelling and workplace
various types of contemporary home-based workers functions. This type of arrangement allows for a degree
and their specific needs for their work environment. Her of spatial separation that can be beneficial when the
research identified eight categories of home-based two functions have conflicting design requirements,
workers, including family care-givers, professionals such as interactions with the public, concerns about
and managers, 24/7 artists, craftworkers, top-up, live- privacy, or potential health and safety hazards. The
in, and start-up workers. Hollis emphasizes that a one- separate entrances of live-adjacent workhomes can
size-fits-all approach to designing these environments increase the visibility and status of the employment
is inadequate. The participants in her research were and/or dwelling spaces, contributing to the layering and
diverse, including individuals of varying ages, income differentiation of urban areas that result from home-
levels, and skill sets. She explains that some individuals based work. Hollis continues with the third type, live-
primarily use their work-home as a dwelling, while nearby, that involves total spatial separation between
others primarily use it as a workplace. Additionally, work and home, with the two functions taking place in
there is a third category of work-homes in which separate buildings or at a small distance from each
the dwelling and workplace elements are of equal other. The type of workhome chosen by individuals
importance. This typology has significant implications often aligns with their occupation, with some preferring
for design and urban planning. Urban blocks can also to blur the line between work and home, while others
be classified into the same three categories, with the preferring to keep them separate.
R Robin-wood
Location: Amsterdam,the Netherlands
Program: housing, library, offices, studio's
Year: 2020 - 2024
Architect: ANA architecten, Marc Koehler Architects
GFA: 24.400 m2
This 'live-with' typology is used in the Robin Wood

project. This interpretation of the typology is particularly
beneficial for professionals who don't require extensive
workspaces and often work remotely using digital
communication tools. It offers greater flexibility in
terms of work schedule and eliminates the need for
a daily commute, leading to a reduction in both time
and cost. In the Robin Wood project, the workspaces
are designed to be compact, making them ideal for
urban residents who work digitally.
Figure 44: Robin wood impressions and diagrams,

source: https://www.ana.nl/portfolio-item/robin-wood/
R Piazza Céramique
Location: Maastricht, The netherlands
Program: housing, offices
Year: 2006
Architect: Jo Janssen Architecten
GFA: 18.970 m2
The Piazza Céramique project, located in the

‘Céramique - Area’ of Maastricht is an example of
the ‘live-adjecent’ work home typology. The program
for the site includes a combination of residential
and commercial spaces, with a focus on integrated
forms of dwelling and working. The basic architectural
concept of the project, in terms of structure and
infrastructure, allows for a high degree of flexibility
while remaining within the constraints of the building
envelope. This flexibility was utilized by the client to
the maximum extent, resulting in a final project with
92 apartments, 27 of which include home offices, as
well as commercial spaces and 7 separate work units.
One of the key themes informing the design of the
integrated home office apartments is the concept of a
double entry and the psychological split between the
more private space of the family and living, and the
more public space for working and receiving clients,
harkening back to the 19th century mansion-annex
practice commonly inhabited by professionals such as
lawyers, doctors, and architects. Another advantage of
integrating dwelling and working within the same block
is the creation of a more spacious entry-hall, in this
case represented by a glassed atrium that serves as
a public lobby.
Figure 45: Piazza Céramique,
source: https://www.archdaily.com/508089/piazza-ceramique-jo-janssen-architecten
R Spaarndammer hart
Location: Amsterdam, Netherlands
Year: 2021
Architect: Korth Tielens architecten
GFA: 14.334 m2
Another example I use to formulate a third concept for

the Keile-Mix is the Spaarndammerbuurt, as it presents
an interesting incorporation of the live-work typology
into the streetscape, as shown in the upper right-hand
side of the page. In the design by Korth Tieles architects,
it was important to situate the work function of these
dwellings at street level to activate the street more.
The type of work space used is mainly for small-scale
productive functions and not a place for large-scale
manufacturing industry, which, in my opinion, presents
a mixed opportunity. Nevertheless, the design employs
other strategies that I use to formulate the third
concept for Keile-Mix alongside this small-scale work
function. Additionally, the design features a courtyard
typology with residential volumes surrounding it. The
residential street separates this courtyard from the
row of live-work dwellings, giving the courtyard a
predominantly residential character. However, there
are common social functions such as a community
center and social spaces where the neighborhood can
come together. The complete analysis of the project
is included in the appendix, and I will only address the
main points relevant to the program and design for
Keile-Mix.
Figure 46: impressions Spaarndammerhart,

source: https://arcam.nl/architectuur-gids/spaarndammerhart/
R
Figure 49: diagram 2 Spaarndammerhart architecture

Figure 47: diagram 1 Spaarndammerhart sun study
source: by author
source: by author
corners and shapes. Expressive facade detailing with

A quick overview of the design is depicted in these
bricks and ceramic tiling has been chosen to physically
diagrams and section. The row of work-live dwellings
translate the various programs into their appearance
and the residences in the opposite volume have been
in the environment. The parking facilities and storage
reduced in their basic volume to improve sun exposure.
areas are located below ground level, as depicted in
Additionally, the volume has a historical appearance
the section.
that relates to the residential area with rounded
Figure 48: Section 1 spaarndammerhart

source: by author
R
Figure 52: diagram 4 Spaarndammerhart communal spaces

Figure 50: diagram 3 Spaarndammerhart walk routes
source: by author
source: by author
The primary volume of the different building volumes strategically positioned along the residential street
is intersected by various walking routes that connect and directly adjacent to the courtyard and surrounding
the different courtyards with each other. The diagram garden, promoting social cohesion by increasing the
on the right illustrates the communal areas, which are number of people present in the area.
Figure 51: Section 2 spaarndammerhart

source: by author
The diagram below illustrates the vertical stacking of
R work-live units, with workspaces located at the street

level, followed by living spaces, such as kitchen and living
room areas accentuated by balconies on the facade,
and finally, sleeping quarters above. This configuration is
primarily designed for families, who often face difficulty
finding suitable housing in Amsterdam, let alone with a
workshop on the ground floor. The project represents
a novel approach to bringing the productive side of
the city into closer relation with its socially productive
functions. Thanks to its reinterpretation of the urban
city block, the provision of numerous green spaces,
and attention to its distinctive brick architecture, the
design won an award in 2022.
Apendix : Figure 53: overview work-homes

source: by author
Figure 54: impressions Spaarndammerhart,

Roof terrace
R
Additional outdoor spaces
Fourth floor
bedroom
Sleep level
Roof terrace
addiyional outdoorspace
Third floor
Bedroom
Topfloor parent bedroom
First floor
bedroom
Floor with primarly
bedrooms and bathrooms
Work area
with large window
Living level
large living space with
two distinct areas
Groundfloor
Work
Work area
Kicthen
Groundfloor with entrance
to the garden
Work area
Figure 55: overview of dwelling typology,
with large window
source: by author
R Workhome
Location: Nordvest, Denmark
Year: 2017
Architect: Rasmus Pikk
An example of the live-nearby typology is designed by ‘Rasmus
Pikk’. He focused in his research on the intersection of architecture
and urban design, specifically in the context of how the blending
of residential and work spaces can contribute to the overall
vitality of a city. He examines alternative forms of urban dwelling
in dense, urban environments and question traditional notions
of the separation between living and working spaces. Buildings
that combine residential and work spaces can be found globally,
and take on different forms depending on cultural context. These
spaces can serve as important centers for community and social
interaction, and have the potential to be deeply integrated into the
fabric of a city.
The proposed design, with the title “Workhome,” is a mixed-use
building in the Nordvest neighborhood in Den mark that combines
residential units, communal spaces, and a public workshop on the
ground floor. The building is designed to complete an existing urban
block and create a new courtyard that connects it to surrounding
uses. The residential units are composed of a single room with
shared spaces that facilitate a range of activities, including
dwelling, working, and production. The building is intended to serve
as a home for artists, makers, and other creatives in fields such
as advertising, architecture, crafts, design, media production, IT
services, and the performing and visual arts. By bringing together
this diverse group of residents, the building has the potential
to foster a sense of community, encourage networking and
collaboration, and provide opportunities for mutual critique and
exchange.
Figure 56: Work home,
source: https://royaldanishacademy.com/project/workhome
R Keile-mix concept 3 11%
Legend 31% 9%
These case studies have demonstrated how Circulation 3%

4.422 m2
work-related functions can be combined with Industry
2%
3.376 m2
residential typologies. These findings have led to the 4%
4% 36%
Offices / Commercial spaces
development of a third spatial concept, illustrated in 1.330 m2
Dwelling
the accompanying figures. The primary distinguishing 14.014 m2
feature is the diversity of functions on the ground School GFA: 36.855
1.516 m2
floor, including various residential and commercial Storage spaces / installations
1.546 m2
uses. This proposal for the Keile-mix project integrates
collective spaces
four distinct functions both vertically and horizontally 602 m2
Parking
across the building plot, resulting in a more inclusive 11.949 m2
approach that caters to the needs of both residential

occupants and users of commercial spaces. Further
details on this proposal can be found in the next Figure 58, section function Concept 3 Keile-mix, source: by author
section of this booklet Figure 59, Isometric function overview Concept 3 Keile-mix, source: by author
Figure 57: Isometric overview Concept 3 Keile-mix, source: by author
C onclusion
R
At the beginning of this research, the question was center arose, resulting in a configuration consisting
asked: ”How can the expulsion of the productive mainly of commercial spaces for businesses and
economy from cities be addressed by rethinking the retailers.
mixed-use ideology through a historical perspective?”
The aim was to investigate how the displacement 4. This one-sided interpretation left a need for a better
of the productive economy, as a result of urban mix of housing and productive functions at the end of
transformations in former industrial and port areas the 20th century.
such as the Merwe-Vierhaven area, could be mitigated
by better integration of this urban function into the 5.In response to the relocation of harbor activities
typology of the urban city block. to other areas, there arose a need to revitalize
former harbor and industrial areas in Rotterdam by
To investigate how the mixed-use urban city block implementing a mixed-use city approach, which
can be reconfigured to address this issue, a historical aimed to address the poor mix of functions in the city
analysis was used, focusing on the research question: center.
“What are the historical conceptions and incarnations
of the mixed-use city paradigm since the advent 6. However, pursuing a particular mixed-use approach
of the industrial revolution?” This analysis gave a led to the expulsion of productive functions that were
historical timeline of the city of Rotterdam, which can deemed unsuitable for the contemporary urban mix.
be summarized into the following significant moments
that resulted in the transformation of the configuration This timeline revealed that the contemporary function
of the urban city block from a mix of functions to a mix of the urban city block in Rotterdams revitalization
separation of functions: approaches are predominantly focused on a selective
set of urban functions. Particularly in current urban
1. Before industrialization, the urban mix was a blend of transformations, the productive economy, often
residential and productive functions, facilitated by the providing employment for lower-educated and
typology of the work-home. vulnerable minorities in society, is being replaced or
displaced by high-paying employment opportunities
2. With the emergence of industrial production in commercial spaces for higher-educated individuals.
techniques, new city expansions aimed for This raises the question of how to address this
configurations where economic interests and phenomenon, as the underlying intention of current
residential well-being were separated. urban transformations is actually to stimulate a
mixed-use living and working environment. However,
3. After World War II, a new interpretation of the city the unidirectional approach to commercial spaces
102 Graduation Studio Advanced Housing Design Faculty of architecture

architecture,, Technical university of Delft 103
targeting a specific group of individuals has resulted 2. productive economy
R in a new spatial and socio-economic problem. The category of productive economy

manufacturing and industrial spaces that provide
comprises
The second part of the study focused on exploring the employment opportunities for individuals with lower
Productive City concept as a potential solution to this levels of education. However, due to the heavy traffic
problem, with the central research question: “In what flow associated with these spaces, the function should
ways does the productive city concept advances be located away from residential programming. For
equitable distribution of resources and opportunities the design of the mixed-use city block, this means
in urban planning through the lens of spatial justice?” maximizing the potential of water transport and
The findings suggested that integrating functions of keeping the production activities within a centralized
the productive economy, such as small-scale and factory space. The design of the factory should allow
manufacturing industries, could be a viable approach for flexibility and adaptability to meet changing
to address the issue. However, it was noted that this production needs. Zoning regulations play a crucial
strategy may also lead to gentrification, particularly if role in supporting the productive economy, and mixed-
high-end manufacturing that requires advanced skills use city blocks should allow for a diverse range of
or produces luxury products is integrated. Therefore, production activities, from large-scale manufacturing
the study concluded that achieving an inclusive urban to small businesses and creative industries. To ensure
city block requires a proper mix of four urban functions. the activation of public space, the large factory should
These urban categories are: be placed in the middle of the plot, leaving space for
other urban functions that border the Keile-weg and
1. the service economy Oeverpark. The roof of the factory should also be
The service economy category includes commercial kept clear of other heavy programming to prevent
and retail spaces that provide essential goods and potential fire hazards and to maintain the necessary
services to the community. To create an inclusive overspanning for the factory space. The productive
and spatially just mixed-use city block, it should offer economy can be resource-intensive, and features
a diverse range of services that can meet the needs like green roofs, rainwater harvesting systems, and an
of a diverse community. In the case of keile-mix, integral energy system should be included to mitigate
this means including restaurants, retail stores, and this impact.
exhibition spaces. Additionally, the design of the block
should be flexible enough to accommodate changing 3. supportive economy
service needs, such as adaptable retail spaces, The supportive economy category comprises of
flexible workspaces, and open areas that can be used public amenities that enhance social cohesion
for multiple purposes and community development, such as schools
and community centers. In the Keile-tender
context, education serves as a key component
of this category and should be extended beyond

formal classroom settings. Open spaces can offer The expulsion of the productive economy from cities
R opportunities for informal learning and socialization,

which can be facilitated by a collaborative work and
can be addressed by designing an urban city block that
incorporates all these categories. This not only creates
educational environment within the mixed-use city a socially sustainable and equitable neighborhood but
block. Collaborative educational efforts involving also provides a usable framework for integrating the
partnerships between local businesses, educational productive function of the city. In the final chapter of
institutions, and community organizations can foster the research, the focus was on effectively integrating
community resilience. these four categories into the ‘Keilecollectief’ tender
through different conceptualizations of function
3. social reproduction configurations and case studies analysis. The design
The social reproduction category is an essential outcome achieved a balance where the lower layers
component of the mixed-use city block. This category of the urban block were primarily dedicated to service,
forms the largest part of the configuration scheme. To supportive, and productive functions, with the exception
make the city block accessible to all, including people of ground-bound dwellings with a private workshop
with disabilities and caregivers with strollers, features situated on the waterfront. Above these layers are the
such as ramps, wide sidewalks, and elevators should be social reproduction functions, consisting of various
included. A well-designed public space that promotes types of housing and shared spaces for residents.
social reproduction by providing opportunities for Categorizing the four urban functions helped evaluate
activities such as gardening, or community cooking, the final design. A leading theme in the design process
should also be incorporated. These spaces should be was carefully organizing the sequence of spaces in
easily accessible and include features like benches, varying scales and designing the transitions between
greenery, and play areas. Access to affordable housing these types of programs.
is crucial for this category and should include a variety
of housing types, such as family-sized units, housing
for marginalized groups like students and starters, and
live-work spaces. Community facilities such as libraries,
community centers, and health clinics should also be
included, located within easy reach of residents and
designed to be welcoming and accessible. Providing
easy access to transportation, including public transit
and bike infrastructure. Shared mobility is particularly
important in the M4H area, where adequate public
transportation is lacking.

Recomme ndations
R
Implications directly generalizable to other cities or regions. The
The research findings presented in this study have results may depend on local conditions such as
implications for the fields of urbanism and architectural economic development, land availability, and existing
design. By investigating how the expulsion of productive infrastructure. Secondly, the study relies on a qualitative
economy from cities can be addressed by rethinking approach, which may be subject to researcher bias
the mixed-use ideology, the study provides insights into and limited by the scope of available data. Thirdly,
the transformation of the configuration of the urban the proposed framework for an inclusive and spatially
city block from a mix of functions to a separation of just mixed-use city block is theoretical and requires
functions. The study highlights that contemporary further testing and refinement through practical
urban transformations predominantly focus on application. Lastly, the study does not address the
a selective set of urban functions, leading to the political and economic realities that influence urban
expulsion of productive functions that were deemed planning decisions, and the proposed approach may
unsuitable for the contemporary urban mix. This has face challenges in implementation due to conflicting
resulted in a new spatial and socio-economic problem, interests and priorities.
requiring a proper mix of four distinct urban functions.
The study proposes the Productive City concept Suggestions for future research
as a potential solution, which includes integrating Potential topics for future research could focus on
functions of the productive economy, such as small- the implementation and effectiveness of zoning
scale and manufacturing industries, to address the regulations and policies in promoting a more diverse
issue. Overall, the research findings contribute to and equitable mix of urban functions within mixed-use
the body of knowledge by offering a comprehensive city blocks relating to the productive city. Secondly,
understanding of how mixed-use urban city blocks can research could be done to investigate how zoning
be reconfigured to address the displacement of the policies can be used to prevent the displacement of
productive economy from cities, promoting a more productive functions and promote the inclusion of
inclusive and equitable city. small-scale and manufacturing industries, while also
addressing concerns of gentrification and socio-
Limitations economic equity. Additionally, future research could
My research has several limitations that should be explore the role of community engagement in the
considered. Firstly, the study focuses only on the development the desired urban-mix and how this can
historical and contemporary context of the city of lead to more inclusive and responsive urban planning
Rotterdam, and therefore, the findings may not be process.

P rinciple s
D
This section of the booklet contains the detailed
D The elaboration of the Keile-mix proposal
implementation of the Keile-mix design. It begins the design ambitions

by explaining the main themes and goals, and then Incorporating the four categorized functions into the Keile-mix
progresses from the urban scale to a smaller scale.

The research conducted has revealed how to create
a sustainable and inclusive urban mix within the
building block. It has also identified the potential for
a stronger integration between the residential and
working environments within the dwelling typology
itself. Building upon the findings from the research, the
chosen configuration of urban functions will be used
as a basis for the design of the Keile-mix.
This part will also focuses on the selected target groups,

providing an explanation of their housing needs through individuals to relocate within the city block for various life stages
practical examples. Apart from the social aspects of
the design, the section will also explain key principles Student S Starters Families
guiding the physical and architectural aspects of the
building’s design. The objective is to create a building
envelope for the Keile-mix that is not only sustainable
but also pays homage to its location and industrial
port history. 3. Enveloping this programming within an energy-efficient building that
energy efficiency Durable architectur e Nature inclusiv e
Principles
D
A mb ition 1
‘In t eg r a t in g t h e fo u r ca t eg o r ized fu n ct io n s in t o
t h e K eile-mix ’
One of the primary ambitions is to develop a configuration

for the Keile-mix that fulfills the requirements for an
inclusive and diverse urban function programming. This
objective has emerged from the findings presented in
the preceding research chapter, and it has provided
the initial foundation for shaping this configuration.
A key consideration within the overarching structure is

to ensure optimal accessibility and connectivity of the
public amenities through the use of the public space. It is
crucial to create an environment where individuals can
easily access and benefit from these shared facilities.
By placing emphasis on their accessibility, the Keile-mix
can foster a sense of community and facilitate social
interactions among its residents and visitors.
However, it is equally important to strike a balance and

ensure that the various functions integrated within the
Keile-mix are thoughtfully aligned and interconnected.
This harmonious relationship between different
functions is crucial to create a cohesive and well-
integrated program. By establishing a connection and
maintaining a sense of continuity between the different
elements, the Keile-mix can achieve a seamless flow
and transition within its programming.
Principles
D
A mb ition 2
‘A h o u sin g a r r a n g emen t t h a t ca t er s t o d iffer en t

a g e g r o u p s, a llo w in g in d iv id u a ls t o r elo ca t e
w it h in t h e cit y b lo ck a s t h eir life st a g es ch a n g e’
In order to implement this ambition, my section of the

city block will house three types of resident groups.
The first group, with the majority of housing units, will
be dedicated to student housing. This often overlooked
demographic can benefit greatly from the combination
of student housing and an educational program,
creating strong interconnections.
The second group will consist of young professionals

who face challenges in the Dutch housing market. Due
to this reason and the need for an inclusive resident
configuration across different generations, they serve
as an important transitional group between the other
two target groups. These residents will have workspace
within their homes, with most units having a separate
entrance for this work function.
The third group will be comprised of families with a

home workshop. These types of homes are particularly
suitable for entrepreneurs who require a larger
workspace within their residence.
By accommodating these three types of resident

groups, the city block provides residents with the
opportunity to transition from their student years to a
new segment of housing.
Principles
D
A mb ition 3
‘A b u ild in g t h a t en r ich es u r b a n b io t o p es a n d
eco lo g ies’
To achieve this ambition, the habitats of various urban

biotopes are transformed into a program that shapes
the exterior of the building volume. Incorporating this
ambition into the physical form of the building volume
will contribute to the character of the surrounding
environment and establish a direct relationship between
the public space and the building’s outdoor areas.
In the base of the building, the facades will predominantly

feature enclosed habitats in the form of nest boxes
for different animal species. This aligns well with the
materialization of this layer, which primarily consists of
stone materials.
On the other hand, the volumes placed on top of

this layer will be designed with an open structure to
accommodate various animal species, in the form of
hanging gardens with diverse greenery.
Both of these approaches are characterized by their

utilization of verticality, thereby contributing to the
enhancement of the diversity and stratification of
urban biotopes.
Principles
D
A mb ition 4
‘A d u r a b le b u ild in g t h a t la st s o v er a 100 yea r s’
To achieve this ambition, it is important to establish

a strong connection between the building and its
foundation with respect to its history. The industrial past
calls for a revaluation of steel, brick, and ornaments
in a sustainable manner. The pilasters in the building’s
base, which house the program from the previous
ambition, have the potential to shape this function in
a distinctive way. The stepped design of these pillars
not only provides a solid grounding for the volume on
the ground floor but also reflects the incorporation of
various types of nest boxes.
On top of this stone base, the main building volumes will

predominantly be constructed from wood, emphasizing
a contemporary desire for sustainability. While the base
relates to the site’s historical context, the upper levels
establish a connection to the present-day aspirations
for a sustainable aesthetic.
These two approaches ensure that the building stands

rooted in history while its body and head are oriented
towards the future of M4H as a sustainable icon of
Rotterdam.
Principles
D
A mb ition 5
‘An en er g y effiecien t b u ild in g t h a t u ses lo ca l

r eso u r ces’
This ambition focuses on reducing the energy needs of

the building. By implementing passive design strategies,
it is possible to significantly decrease the demand for
heating and cooling energy. This approach involves
utilizing architectural and engineering techniques that
optimize the building’s orientation, insulation, and natural
ventilation to passively regulate indoor temperatures.
To achieve this ambition, external sources will be

leveraged. Given the dense development of the block,
efforts will be made to maximize the surface areas of
the building’s facades for the generation of renewable
energy. Solar panels, for example, can be strategically
integrated into the facades to capture sunlight and
convert it into electricity, thereby reducing reliance on
non-renewable energy sources.
Furthermore, the building will incorporate ground heat

and cooling systems to further reduce its external energy
needs. These systems tap into the stable temperature of
the earth to provide efficient heating in the winter and
cooling in the summer. By utilizing the natural thermal
properties of the ground, the building can significantly
decrease its dependence on conventional heating and
cooling methods, which typically rely on fossil fuels.
Principles
D ci rcu l ati on pr i nci pl es
The various building volumes will each have a central building’s infrastructure. In Diagram 3, we can observe
core that houses the main vertical access elements. a central fire escape that is easily accessible from
Diagram 1 provides a visual representation of the every level. This safety feature is conveniently situated
central access system spanning across various floors, in the same location across all floors, ensuring quick
facilitated by multiple elevator shafts strategically and secure evacuation in the event of an emergency.
placed within the core. Furthermore, Diagram 2 Lastly, Diagram 4 highlights the spaces that separate
portrays the arrangement of distinct shafts dedicated residents’ dwellings from the designated areas for
to housing technical pipelines and drainage systems. access. These interstitial spaces are carefully designed
These shafts serve as conduits for various utilities, to promote privacy for the residents while allowing
ensuring proper functionality and maintenance of the smooth circulation throughout the building
Urban design
D Ma sterp l a n f unc ti ons
3,6 m 3,6 m
n the master plan from the P1 period, there was already

Provide flexibility
Open floorplans
a consideration for how the urban environment of
the Keile kwartier could contribute to a neighborhood
Education - Innovation - Production
where industrial production is integrated with other
urban functions. The above diagram provides a concise
Living - Working - Education
overview of design strategies that have been developed
during this period.
Shared outside space
Ceiling heights
Dwelling and working Rotterdams’ layer
Production
3,5 m
5 stories On the map below, the Keile kwartier is reconfigured
6,0 m
based on a three-part street pattern. Firstly, there is
Shared production hall
the Keile Road, primarily serving as a thoroughfare for
Clear entrance
traffic from the overarching district structure of Merwe-
For work and living
Clear logistic routing

Vierhaven. Adjacent to the Keile Road, an inner street
Plint will be established to provide logistical access to the
2 stories
production functions within the area. This inner street

Figure 70: Isometric overview section 3 with exterior part 2 is also referred to as the “makers foyer” and will only
source: by author
be accessible to local traffic and traffic flows from the
adjacent production spaces.
Trucks
One-way traffic
The third layer of the public network runs along the
Keile haven and will feature a linear park that connects
Cars various public spaces within the area.
Two-way traffic
Hub Hub
Keileweg
Makersfoyer This three-part division ensures that different traffic

flows do not hinder each other, thus guaranteeing a
Forklifts
Two-way traffic Havenallee high quality of living environment and public space.
Transhipment
Keilestraat
Figure 70: Isometric overview section 3 with exterior part 2

source: by author
Urban design
D Ma sterp l a n p ub l i c sp a c es
The second layer of the master plan focuses on
Rainwater collecting Solar collectors
expanding and enhancing green amenities within the
Shared inside space
At different levels
neighborhood. One of the proposed ideas is to extend
Green facade the riverside park along the entire Keile Harbor, thereby
Shared outside space
At different levels
strengthening the greening of the area. This additional
Footbridge
Safe walkability
space also presents an opportunity to transform the
Energy system
Share surplus energy quay into a linear park, creating a better connection
between the street level and the water of the Maas
Ground floor may flood River.
Extend Getijdenpark
By extending the green space along the harbor, several
benefits can be achieved. Firstly, it enhances the
Extend Getijdenpark
Connect green spaces
aesthetic appeal of the area, creating a more visually
Thermal Energy Storage
pleasing environment for residents and visitors. The
presence of greenery and vegetation can improve air
Figure 71: Isometric overview section 3 part 2 + function quality, mitigate urban heat island effects, and provide
source: by author
a sense of tranquility and relaxation.
+ 3,9m
Raised bike path
The linear park along the waterfront encourages
Trucks
One-way traffic
Footbridge
+ 3,9m recreational activities, such as walking, jogging, cycling,
and social gatherings. It offers opportunities for
residents to engage with nature, enjoy outdoor spaces,
and foster a sense of community.
Connect to water Connect parks Keileweg
Makersfoyer
Additionally, the greening of the harbor area can have
Havenallee
Connect parks
+ 15,0m
ecological advantages. It promotes biodiversity by
Extend Getijdenpark Openable bridge
Raised footpath providing habitats for various plant and animal species.
Trees and vegetation can help absorb rainwater,
Keilestraat
reducing the risk of flooding and enhancing water

Connect shores
management in the neighborhood. Furthermore, green
Tidal park
Connect parks spaces contribute to the overall sustainability and

Figure 71: Isometric overview section 3 part 2 + function resilience of the urban environment.
source: by author
Urban design
D urban sect i on - K ei l e w eg urb a n sec ti on - oev erp a rk
This cross-section illustrates how the Keile Road in the This cross-section provides insight into the design of the
master plan is envisioned to undergo a transformation riverside park. The profile clearly indicates that it will be
into a greener space, with a narrower profile for exclusively accessible to pedestrians and cyclists, with
automobiles, while pedestrians and cyclists are no vehicular traffic allowed. Additionally, the section
given more room. Additionally, four rows of trees are demonstrates how goods transportation from the
incorporated along the road profile to act as a buffer factory will be facilitated through the use of cranes. The
between different traffic flows. The cross-section also cranes will transfer goods from the water onto the park
reflects the characteristic Rotterdam building style, and vice versa. This approach ensures efficient and
featuring five-story structures, which can be observed. rapid movement of large factory components without
Above these five floors, there is a step-back in volume on significantly impacting the public space.
the remaining floors, creating a distinctive architectural
design.
Figure 70: Isometric overview section 3 with exterior part 2 Figure 71: Isometric overview section 3 part 2 + function
Urban design
D u r b a n s e c t io n - M a k e r s f o y e r
This cross-section illustrates how the makers

foyer will intersect with the Keile Mix. On
one hand, it will serve as a factory space
designed for efficient modular production
of building elements. On the other hand,
the sides of the foyer will contain various
specialized spaces, allowing for different
areas of expertise to thrive.

source: by author
Urban design
D u rban d i agr am - b uild ing se q ue nc e
1. modular building factory 2. the base with services 3. residential volumes

The initial stage of configuring the Keile Once the factory is completed, the Once the base is completed, the
Mix will involve the establishment of the construction process will commence, construction process will proceed with
Keile Factory, which will exclusively produce focusing on the brickwork foundation of the the wooden structure built upon the brick
building elements used in shaping the various building volumes. These volumes volumes. The modular construction factory
surrounding structures. By utilizing the will house public facilities, ensuring that will play a significant role in this phase,
factory’s function, the logistical planning future residents have direct access to as components will be prefabricated in
process of the building construction is essential urban amenities the factory, minimizing the need for on-
streamlined and simplified. site adjustments during assembly. This
streamlined approach ensures a smoother
construction process and enhances
efficiency.
Urban design
D u rban d i agr am - o rie nta tio n a nd sh a d i n g
Sun study
A typology of a city block with higher while still being integrated exposure to natural light. This can that both the towers and the
integrated towers in the volume into the overall fabric of the block. have a significant impact on the surrounding areas receive
can create a better urban fit for This allows for a greater density livability of the surrounding areas, adequate exposure. This can
a number of reasons, particularly of buildings, which can lead to a as well as the energy efficiency of help to create a more pleasant
when considering the impact of more vibrant and active urban the buildings themselves. and livable environment, as well
sunlight on the city. environment. as reduce the need for artificial
By carefully considering the position lighting and heating, leading
Firstly, integrating towers into the Secondly, the placement of and orientation of the towers, to increased sustainability and
volume of the city block allows towers within the block can be it is possible to create a more energy efficiency.
for a more efficient use of space, strategically planned in relation balanced distribution of sunlight
with buildings able to be built to the sun, allowing for maximum throughout the block, ensuring
Sun study: 21/12/22 Sun study: 21/12/22 Sun study: 21/06/23 Sun study: 21/06/23
09:00 18:00 09:00 18:00
Sun study: 21/03/23 Sun study: 21/03/23 Sun study: 21/09/23 Sun study: 21/09/23
09:00 18:00 09:00 18:00
Urban design
D u rban d i agr am - re la tio n to surro un d i n g
B ui l d i ng hei g hts
The building height of the construction volume is
primarily determined by a balance between optimizing
square footage and preserving natural light. As a result,
a tower typology emerges that aligns well with the
Brutus building volumes located at the head of the Keile
Quarter. Starting from the height of Brutus, the building
height gradually decreases. This means that the Keile
Mix will serve as a bridge between high-rise and low-rise
structures within the residential district.
S tree t p at t ern
In this diagram, you can observe arrows indicating
how the three distinct street patterns intersect the
Keile Quarter. The blue line represents the profile of the
Keile Road, the red line represents the trajectory of the
makers foyer, and the green line depicts the path of the
riverside park.
Urban design
D u rban d i agr am - Fa c to ry
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Shaping and profiling
Temporary storage of end

Storage bulk materials
Wood Preparation
Making CLT
Assembly
Transport
drying
Finishing
prducts
D
D
D
D
D
Tender location
D
Programmatic diagrams
D program bar
F uncti on di agram Legend restaurant and an educational institution.

Based on the research conducted at the Circulation
On the other hand, along the riverside park,
city block level, the configuration of the 11%
4.422 m2 there will be ground-level residential units
four urban functions has been established. 31% 9% Industry with their own front gardens, creating a
These diagrams represent the further 3%
3.376 m2 direct relationship with the public space
development of this concept. To address Offices / Commercial spaces of the park. The diagrams also illustrate
the parking issue, a semi-submerged 1.330 m2 how the factory will be integrated between
basement has been incorporated, which 2%
4%
Dwelling these different functions, effectively fitting
14.014 m2
will house the parking facilities. The 4% 36% within the overall composition.
School
first five floors along the Keile Road will 1.516 m2
accommodate public amenities such as a Storage spaces / installations
1.546 m2
GFA: 36.855
collective spaces
602 m2
Parking
11.949 m2
Plan drawings
D pl an drawi n g 1: 10 0 0
D
D
D
Urban design
D u rban Se c ti o n - Oe ve rp a rk
Urban design
D u rban Se c ti o n - K e ile we g
Plan drawings
D S i te pl an 1: 50 0 - par ki n g f l o o r (- 1)
Total of 380 par k i ng s pot s
Plan drawings
D S i te pl an 1: 50 0 - gr o u n d f l o o r (0 )
Plan drawings
D S i te pl an 1: 50 0 - gr o u n d f l o o r (0 )
Legend
Circulation
Industry
Dwelling
School
storage spaces / installations
Collective spaces
Parking

Plan drawings
D S i te pl an 1: 50 0 - f i r st f l o o r (+1)
Plan drawings
D S i te pl an 1: 50 0 - th i r d f l o o r (+3)
Usergroups
D
Tenture type
The housing within the Keile Mix urban city block The factory, as a pivotal stakeholder in the area, will
encompasses a diverse range of financial shoulder the initial responsibilities and costs associated
arrangements and ownership structures, each with the project. In conjunction with the construction
tailored to meet specific needs. In order to provide a of the Keile Mix block, the factory will play a key role
comprehensive overview, let’s delve into the tenure in establishing the underground parking facility.
types and ownership structures present in this vibrant Recognizing the importance of preserving the open
community. and inviting nature of the public space, the municipality

will contribute to ensuring that the area remains free
The majority of the residences in the Keile Mix block will from parking facilities, facilitating a pedestrian-friendly
be offered for rental. This rental housing segment aims environment for residents and visitors alike.
to cater to the evolving needs of the residents, providing

them with flexibility and a sense of community. Notably, Lastly, the third volume along the waterfront of the Keile
the student housing units will be managed and rented Haven will comprise an assortment of ground-level
out by a dedicated company. These accommodations family homes and maisonettes. These residential units
are designed to accommodate students during their will be offered as properties for purchase, presenting an
study period, offering a comfortable and convenient opportunity for individuals and families to invest in their
living environment. own piece of this thriving community. The financing

for these homes will be tailored to accommodate the
For the starter homes, a distinct ownership structure needs of prospective buyers, providing them with the
comes into play. These homes will be exclusively means to realize their homeownership aspirations
available for rent, but unlike the student housing units, within the Keile Mix block.
they will be constructed by a developer and/or investor.

This ownership model allows the developer or investor By offering a diverse array of tenure types and
to recoup their investment through rental income, while ownership structures, the Keile Mix block strives to
providing affordable and attractive housing options create an inclusive and vibrant neighborhood, catering
for individuals looking to establish themselves in the to the varied needs and aspirations of its residents.
community. Moreover, the ground floor of this section

of the project will feature commercial spaces that will
be leased out, fostering a vibrant mix of businesses
and services within the block.
Usergroups
D Age: 18 - 25
typology: Studio /
collective
FA: 25 - 30 m2
Productive function:
shared work and
study spaces
Dwelling amount:
110 studio apartments
Students
As urbanization continues to grow, cities around the
world are facing a pressing need for student housing.
With limited space and high housing costs, many
students are struggling to find affordable, comfortable
and convenient accommodation. Micro apartments
offer a solution to this problem, as they are designed to
maximize space and functionality in small living areas.
These apartments typically include space-saving
features like foldaway beds, convertible furniture
and compact appliances. Micro apartments are also
environmentally sustainable, as they use less energy
and resources than traditional apartments.
In addition to their practical benefits, micro apartments
can also promote social cohesion among students.
Many micro apartments offer shared spaces and
facilities such as communal kitchens, study areas and
common rooms, which encourage social interaction
and collaboration. This not only enhances the student
experience but can also help to build a sense of
community and belonging. With their efficient use
of space and emphasis on communal living, micro
apartments are an innovative and effective solution to Figure 60: Isometric overview section 1 with exterior part 1
source: by author
the student housing crisis in urban areas.
Usergroups
D Student hotel
Location: Delft, Netherlands
Program: Living, studying
Year: 2020
Architect: The Invisible Party, Kcap
Client: Student hotel
GFA: 14.000 m2
An example of housing for this target group is the

project, The Student Hotel, which opened its doors in
2020, directly located on the Stationsplein in Nieuw Delft,
as their first location in the university town of Delft. The
program comprises of 342 living spaces, a gym, bar-
restaurant, study rooms, library, and bicycle parking.
The concept is unique in that it is aimed at providing a
new form of student housing that is especially suitable
for a large university city like Delft. In addition to the
living spaces, there are many shared spaces where
students can come together, as their own living spaces
are not suitable for hosting large groups or communal
meals. For this purpose, the residents are required to
use the shared spaces, although they do have their
own kitchens in their own studios. In the case of larger
groups, they can reserve these communal spaces.
Figure 61: Student hotel, 2020

source: https://archello.com/nl/project/the-student-hotel-2
Usergroups Legend
D Students
On both pages, these isometric views depict the
Circulation
Industry
Dwelling
integration of studio apartments with various collective School
spaces throughout the building. The school is located Offices / commercial spaces
in the base of the building, and the left isometric view storage spaces / installations
Collective spaces
illustrates the buildings exterior.
Parking
source: By author source: by author
Usergroups
D sixth floor (+6)
Usergroups
D
Age: 25- 35
typology: 3 bedroom
apartment
FA: 75 - 90 m2
Productive function:
Home office
Dwelling amount:
77 apartments
starters
The need for homes for starters is increasing, as young
people struggle to find affordable and suitable housing
in urban areas. Starters are a diverse group, including
recent graduates, young professionals and singles
who are looking for a place to call home. Apartment
typologies are an attractive option for this target
group, as they offer compact, low-maintenance living
with easy access to urban amenities. Apartment living
can also provide a sense of community and belonging,
particularly for starters who are new to a city and
looking to build a social network.
The integration of starter homes in a neighborhood

can contribute to social cohesion by creating a
diverse and inclusive community. When starters live
alongside families, seniors and other groups, they
can learn from each other and build connections
that cross generational and cultural boundaries. This
social integration can also help to reduce isolation and
loneliness among starters, who may be living on their
own for the first time.

source: By author
Usergroups
D The Trudo tower
Location: Eindhoven, Netherlands
Program: Living
Year: 2017 - 2021
Architect: Stefano Boeri Architetti
Client: Sint Trudo
GFA: 14.500 m2
An example of a tower typology that integrates starter

dwellings is the Trudo Vertical Forest tower. It is a tower
located in Eindhoven and was designed by Stefano
Boeri, the architect behind Bosco Verticale in Milan.
The tower is 18 stories high and stands at 70 meters
tall. It consists of 125 social rental units for starters,
with eight lofts per floor from the 4th to the 18th story.
Meanwhile, the third floor houses five lofts, sharing
a large communal space and a rooftop terrace to
encourage interaction between residents and to
organize collective activities. Each loft consists of an
open 50 square meter space with a floor to ceiling
height of 3.5 meters.
What sets Trudo Tower apart is that each loft comes

with a balcony equipped with green bins, allowing for
the growth of 125 adult trees, some up to 6.5 meters
tall, within the tower. The tower is also home to over
5,200 shrubs, plants, climbers, and hangers, creating
a green oasis that spans 70 meters high. These plants
absorb 50,000 kilograms of CO2 and produce 13,750
kilograms of oxygen annually, making the building
environmentally friendly.
Figure 65: the trudo tower

source: https://www.trudo.nl/trudo-toren
Usergroups Legend
D Starters Circulation
Industry
Dwelling
School
Collective spaces
Parking
Usergroups
D Third floor (+3)
Usergroups
D Third floor (+3)
Usergroups
D Sixth floor (+6)
Usergroups
D Age: 30- 50
+ childern
typology: min. 3 bedroom apartment
FA: 100 - 150m2
Productive function: Work space or home office at ground floor
Dwelling amount: 25 maisonnettes
Families
Family homes are an essential component of a socially
sustainable neighborhood. They provide a stable and
secure environment for families to grow and thrive, and
they foster a sense of community and belonging among
residents. Family homes offer space for children to
play and learn, and they provide a place for families to
gather and socialize with neighbors. In addition, family
homes can also contribute to the economic vitality of
a neighborhood, as they often require nearby services
and amenities such as schools, parks, and shops.
Placing family homes on the ground floor of city

blocks can further enhance the social sustainability
of a neighborhood. This design allows families to have
direct access to outdoor spaces, which can increase
their sense of connection to the community. It also
creates opportunities for interaction with neighbors
and passersby, which can help to build relationships
and social cohesion. Ground-floor family homes can
provide an added layer of security and surveillance for
the neighborhood, as they can help to deter crime and
create a sense of vigilance among residents.
source: by author
Usergroups
D Aquartis
Year: 1996 - 2001
Architect: Dok architecten
Client: Heijmans vastgoed
GFA: 19.000 m2
Aquartis is a new building constructed on the site of a

previous coal storage unit. The supporting wall of the
old building has been preserved and is now part of the
new structure. The building is designed to resemble a
wharf and has a unique atmosphere. It coexists with
the surrounding buildings, such as the city zoo, a row of
warehouses, and the sluice gates, while still competing
for attention. The entire length of the plot is occupied
by the structure, which has a specific tapered form
that gives it a 19th-century feel.
To integrate the existing supporting wall, a new plinth

was constructed using a rhythm of brick piers. The front
façade is built with wooden frames that are filled with
glass and can fold inward to maximize light and views.
The extensive use of glass provides a modern look that
suits the new housing project. The building consists
of 110 luxury apartments, catering, and a car park. On
the ground floor along the quay, there are homes with
work-related spaces, as depicted in the figures.
Figure 69: Aquartis, 2001

source: https://dokarchitecten.nl/project/aquartis-amsterdam
Usergroups Legend
D Families
Circulation
Industry
Dwelling
School
Collective spaces
Parking
Usergroups
D Families
Technical drawing
D Climate design - ventilation The ventilation of the building will primarily rely on
natural air intake from the outside. To ensure efficient
airflow and maintain optimal indoor conditions, a
mechanical extraction system will be implemented,
equipped with a heat recovery system. This system
will be interconnected with a ground-water pump to
minimize heat loss and reduce energy consumption
for heating purposes. Additionally, the integrated green
features within the building’s façade will contribute to
improved air quality, allowing fresh and filtered air to
circulate indoors.
Technical drawing
D Climate design - heating and cooling To provide cooling and heating for the building, an open-
loop ground-water pump system will be employed. This
system utilizes floor heating elements to deliver cooling
or warmth to the various spaces. By utilizing an open-
loop system, both cooling and heating functions can
be achieved efficiently. Additionally, each dwelling will
be equipped with its own dedicated electric boiler to
ensure a reliable supply of hot water for personal use
and to enable residents to have individual control over
their cooling and heating preferences.
Technical drawing
D Climate design - power generation The integrated photovoltaic (PV) panels on the roof and
façades will generate electricity to meet the building’s
power needs. This renewable energy will be stored in
batteries to ensure a reliable supply for evening usage.
Additionally, these batteries will also serve the purpose
of charging shared electric vehicles, reducing the
reliance on external energy sources.
Technical drawing
D Climate design - Water management The water management system of the building
incorporates various elements to effectively handle
water resources. It features a combination of a water
retention roof and an additional water buffer tanks for
storing surplus water. One key aspect is the integrated
system that utilizes captured rainwater to provide flush
water for toilet. Additionally, the collected water is utilized
in a vertical irrigation system, automating the process
of watering plants and alleviating the need for residents
to manually perform this task. This holistic approach to
water management promotes resource efficiency and
relieves residents of certain responsibilities related to
water usage and maintenance.
Technical drawing
D Elevation - north
Technical drawing
D Elevation - east

Technical drawing
D Elevation - south
Technical drawing
D construction diagram
step 1.
For the majority of the basement and the first five floors,
reinforced concrete is utilized to prevent damage
in the event of potential flooding. This construction
material offers significant strength and durability. To
mitigate the environmental impact associated with
its production, recycled concrete is employed, which
helps reduce the overall CO2 footprint.
Recycled concrete is derived from secondary raw

materials, such as recycled sand, gravel, and/or crushed
concrete. These materials are obtained through the
demolition of existing buildings. Concrete debris can be
reused for more than 95% in the production of secondary
concrete. By carefully breaking down, recycling, and
cleaning the concrete debris, the resulting secondary
raw materials serve as aggregates in the production of
sustainable concrete. Recycled concrete is available in
various strength classes and can be used for a wide
range of applications, including foundations and floors.
The processing methods remain unchanged. However,
it is always advisable to seek proper information and
guidance to determine the most suitable type of
concrete for specific applications.
Technical drawing
step 2.
The second step involves the concrete core where

the various vertical circulation and utility shafts are
located. These elements are partially constructed
using recycled concrete, similar to the parking garage
structure. The concrete core also serves as the stability
core for the entire building. To stack the wooden CLT
(Cross-Laminated Timber) floor and wall elements,
metal bearing elements are attached to the concrete
core, allowing for greater flexibility in floor layouts on
each floor.
Steel is 100% recyclable, and approximately 95% of the

steel generated from building and structure demolition
is recycled. Not only is steel recyclable, but it is also
reusable at an equal or higher level than its original
use. Currently, 51% of hot-rolled beams (such as HE and
IPE profiles) are reused. Steel can be reused at both
the component level, as part of a new structure, and
at the building level, as a lasting component ready for
a “second life.”
By giving steel a second life through recycling

from demolition projects, the CO2 demand in the
construction of the Keile-Mix is also reduced.
Technical drawing
step 3.
The construction of the first two floors incorporates

a sustainable approach by utilizing a beam-column
structure made of reinforced concrete. This choice
offers several environmental benefits, making it an
ideal solution for the Keile-mix project.
By opting for a beam-column structure, the building

achieves greater structural integrity and load-bearing
capacity, ensuring long-term stability and safety. This
robustness reduces the need for excessive material
usage and allows for efficient space utilization,
maximizing the potential of the building.
The use of reinforced concrete in the beam-column

system allows for enhanced durability and longevity.
Concrete is known for its resistance to weathering,
corrosion, and fire, providing a long-lasting structural
solution that minimizes the need for frequent
maintenance or replacement.
Additionally, the beam-column structure offers flexibility

in design and adaptability for future modifications or
renovations. This adaptability is essential for creating
spaces that can accommodate evolving needs and
changing occupancy requirements, reducing the
likelihood of demolition and promoting a circular
approach to construction.
Technical drawing
step 4.
The remaining three floors of the building’s base are

also constructed using a column and beam structure
made of concrete. This design allows for future flexibility,
enabling the apartments to be reconfigured based on
the evolving needs and preferences of residents over
time. By incorporating this adaptable structure, the
building can serve its purpose for an extended period
and achieve its goal of exceeding a lifespan of 100
years.
To create outdoor spaces for the residents, external

steel beams and joists are attached to the floors. These
additional structural elements are carefully designed
to minimize thermal bridging, ensuring that heat
loss is minimized and the continuity of the building’s
thermal envelope is maintained. By addressing thermal
bridging, the building’s energy efficiency is improved,
and the risk of condensation or thermal discomfort is
reduced.
Furthermore, the integration of steel elements in the

construction process offers benefits in terms of speed
and efficiency. Steel components can be prefabricated
off-site, reducing construction time and minimizing
disruptions to the surrounding environment. This
streamlined approach also reduces waste generation
and optimizes resource usage, aligning with sustainable
construction practices.
Technical drawing
step 5.
The wooden construction of the building is achieved

through the use of prefabricated Cross-Laminated
Timber (CLT) walls and floors, which are assembled in the
Keile factory prior to transportation to the construction
site. This approach reduces logistical operations on-
site and streamlines the construction process. In this
section of the building, a “slab” construction method
is employed instead of a traditional column structure.
This decision is driven by the narrow dimensions of
the tower, allowing for ample open space within the
apartment layouts.
In addition to providing structural support, the CLT

wall and floor elements have the remarkable ability
to sequester a significant amount of carbon dioxide
within their physical properties. This means that the
use of recycled concrete can be further minimized, as
the carbon capture capacity of the wooden elements
contributes to a reduced carbon footprint.
By utilizing CLT, the building benefits from the inherent

advantages of this sustainable material. CLT is
renowned for its strength, stability, and fire-resistant
properties, making it a reliable and safe construction
solution. Furthermore, wood is a renewable resource,
and the use of CLT promotes responsible forest
management and reduces reliance on non-renewable
materials.
Technical drawing
step 6.
Step six focuses on the external steel skeleton that

supports the residents’ balconies. A steel tension
structure, connected to the CLT floors through steel
connection elements, forms the basis of this design.
To prevent thermal bridging, a cold bridge interruption
is incorporated. These balconies play a crucial role in
shading the façade during the summer, providing a
comfortable outdoor space for residents to enjoy the
Rotterdam skyline.
The external steel skeleton serves multiple purposes

in enhancing the functionality and aesthetics of
the building. By utilizing a steel tension structure, the
balconies achieve a high level of structural stability
and load-bearing capacity, ensuring the safety and
durability of the outdoor spaces. The steel connection
elements effectively transfer the loads from the
balconies to the CLT floors, creating a seamless
integration between the two components.
The integration of the external steel skeleton and

the carefully designed balconies adds a distinctive
architectural element to the Keile-mix project. Not
only do these features enhance the visual appeal of
the building, but they also provide functional benefits,
promoting sustainability, energy efficiency, and the
overall quality of living for its residents.
Technical drawing
D construction diagram - floor section
step 1.
The concrete core is essential for providing stiffness and

stability to the building, offering enhanced resistance
against lateral forces like wind. Its rigidity effectively
distributes these forces, ensuring the building remains
stable and structurally safe, even in adverse conditions.
Technical drawing
step 2.
By attaching the steel bearing elements to the concrete

core, the residential floor plans remain flexible and
customizable.
Technical drawing
step 3.
The floors are stacked and supported on these

elements, resting on the CLT wall elements. The dashed
lines provide a transparent view of the interior.
Technical drawing
step 4.
To enhance the stability of each floor, cross-bracings

are installed between the concrete core and the
external façade. The support elements for the external
balcony tension structure are highlighted in red,
featuring a thermal break. This design ensures both
structural integrity and thermal efficiency.
Technical drawing
step 5.
Step five involves the attachment of the external

balcony’s steel framework to the previously mentioned
steel connection elements. The structure is composed
of steel beams, which contribute to the overall strength
and stability of the construction.
Technical drawing
step 6.
The insulation will be provided by the Isofinish facade

insulation system, specifically designed for CLT
wall insulation. The Isofinish system ensures proper
ventilation, which is crucial for maintaining the CLT
elements dry and in optimal condition.
Technical drawing
step 7.
During this step, a wind and weather-resistant structural

panel, specifically the Siniat Duripanel, is securely
attached to the insulation. The Duripanel serves as an
additional layer of protection, ensuring durability and
resistance against external elements
Technical drawing
step 8.
To secure the facade cladding, a wooden framework is

installed. This framework serves as a structural support
for attaching and anchoring the facade materials.
Technical drawing
step 9.
The Moso Bamboo system is employed for the facade

cladding. Bamboo is renowned for its excellent fire
resistance properties, providing enhanced safety for
the building. Additionally, bamboo exhibits remarkable
durability, ensuring a long lifespan for the facade.
Technical drawing
step 10.
To ensure the load-bearing capacity of the balconies,

wooden beams are utilized to support the wooden
floor finishing.
Technical drawing
step 11.
During step 11, the hanging gardens are installed

onto the external steel frame. These green features
consist of raised planters, connected to the previously
mentioned irrigation system.
Technical drawing
step 12
The final step involves the installation of PV panels onto

the steel frame. This system not only enhances the
aesthetic appeal of the building but also serves as a
crucial source of electricity.
Technical drawing
Technical drawing
D construction - floor plan
Technical drawing
D construction diagram - detail 1 ver.
Floor
C LT lo ad beari n g f l o o r
lime ch i ppi n gs f i l l i n g
imp act sou n d i n so l ati o n
d a mp proo f membr an e
c oncrete sprea w i th f l o o r
he a ti n g
floor f i ni si ng
house separating wall

2 x 12,5 p la st er b o a r d
Met a l st u d w a ll
a ir ca v it y
Met a l st u d w a ll
2 x 12,5 p la st er b o a r d
Technical drawing
Balcony
St ea l HeA prof i l e
wooden beam
floor f i ni shi ng
Facade
Moso Bamboo cladding
w o o den fr amew o r k
Siniat Duripanel
Isofinish facade insulation
CLT load bearing wall
2 x 12 ,5 pl ast er bo ar d
Technical drawing
Facade
woo d en framew ork
Siniat Duripanel
2 x 12,5 plasterboard
Technical drawing
D construction diagram - detail 4 Hor.
Facade
w o o den fr amew o r k
Siniat Duripanel
2 x 12 ,5 pl ast er bo ar d
Technical drawing
D construction diagram - detail 4 Hor.
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Reflection
1. Project situation within the TU Delft
My graduation project, titled ‘From Abandoned
to Abundant,’ explores the revitalization of post-
industrial environments for a productive city, while
also contributing to the broader topic of creating
an ‘Ecology of inclusion.’ Specifically, I focused on
Rotterdam’s mixed-use approach to revitalizing
areas, like the Merwe-vierhaven project location, and
how it can incorporate diverse urban functions into
a single city block. This inclusive approach is critical
in rethinking contemporary urbanism, which tends
to exclude productive activities like industries and
manufacturing. As part of my master’s program in
architecture, urbanism, and building sciences, my
Po AS research and building design will contribute to the
st- tud
In
for dus y of ongoing discussion at TU Delft’s faculty of Architecture
a P tria Re on creating sustainable and inclusive urban and
rod l En vital
uc vi izi architectural designs for such locations.
tiv ronm ng
eC
ity ents 2. Relation research and design
My primary design objective was to propose a mixed-
use urban city block that incorporates the productive
economy to counter its exclusion from urban areas. A
schematic overview of my research and design process
is presented on the following page, which shows that
my research focused primarily on the programming
of the building design. To start the research process,
I conducted a historical investigation, followed by
a literature review on the concept of the productive
Dirk Janus city. Using the information gathered, I then developed
0 9- 05- 2 02 3 design strategies that were evaluated through case
studies. After completing the research section, I
proceeded to elaborate on the specific program parts
of the building and the overall building design.
Reflection
The Objective of My Overall Design D The elaboration of the Keile-mix proposal
was to formulate a proposal for a mixed-use urban city block that includes the design ambitions
sides of the productive economy to combat its exclusion out of urban Incorporating the four categorized functions into the Keile-mix
areas

R How I used research to reach this goal:
1. A historical analysis of Rotterdam's mixed-use city paradigm was

conducted to trace the roots of its contemporary functional differenti-
ation and visualize its future prospects .

2. The second research step involved linking these findings with the
individuals to relocate within the city block for various life stages
productive city concept, aiming to comprehend the demographics of
its inhabitants and the reasons behind its capacity to promote spatial
Student s Starters F amilies
justice, as well as its importance for achieving urban sustainability.
3. The third step involved formulating a categorization of four urban

function categories based on the research findings, in order to create
an inclusive urban-mix approach for configuring a city block for the
Keile tender
3. Enveloping this programming within an energy-efficient building that
4. The focus of the fourth step was on the development of multiple
conceptualizations based on the identified functions, as well as the
examination of different practical case studies to reflect upon them . energy efficiency Durable architecture Nature inclusiv e
5. Conclusion, The final step comprises selecting a functional config u-

ration that will be further developed as a mixed-use approach known
as the Keile-mix in the second part of the booklet.
1
Reflection
Research chapter: The split
“What are the historical conceptions and incarnations of
the mixed-use city paradigm since the advent of the indus-
trial revolution?”
2.1 historical investigation

I began my research by investigating the historical
development of function separation within cities. Initially, Figure : pre-industrial landscape of the city
source: by author
I referred to Inbal Ben-Asher Gitler’s 2022 publication
“What’s in the Mix?” for guidance. Gitler’s interpretation City block
outer edge made up of
houses and warehouses
2
provided me with a three-layer framework to examine
the different layers of the city over time, as depicted Courtyard
Combination of gardens
and work places
in the diagram below. Utilizing this definition and

methodology, I explored four distinct time periods to
determine where and how urban function separation
occurred and what lessons we can glean from the
past. A comprehensive analysis of this investigation
Backstreet
informal access for
Harbor servants and carriages
transport of products and
people largely by wate
is presented on the following page. The diagram
illustrates the various scale jumps in Rotterdam’s pre-
industrial function mixing. The critical finding from this
3 Figure: pre-industrial city-block
source: by author
period is the strong interweaving of urban functions
Warehouse
and the common practice of blending work-related

storage for goods
and bulk materials
functions with the residential programming of the

urban city block.
Carriage house
4
and living quarters
for the servants
canal house
Main residence for the
merchants and his family
Figure: pre-industrial building typology
source: by author
Figure:
function configuration
source: by author
Reflection Service program
To ensure an inclusive and
Productive program
The productive economy
spatially j u st mixed-use city includes manufacturing spaces,
Research chapter: The Productive city block, it should offer a diverse which should be located away
“In what ways does the productive city concept range of services including from residential programming
advances equitable distribution of resources and restaurants, retail stores, and due to heavy traffic flow. Design
opportunities in urban planning through the lens of exhibition spaces, and have a should maximize water transport,
spatial justice?” flexible design to accommodate provide flexible factory space,
changing service needs. and allow for a diverse range of
2.2 Literature review production activities.
In the second section, the literature review, I investigated
how the negative effects of contemporary mixed-use
strategies for urban development in Rotterdam can be
addressed through the application of principles from The Keile-mix
the Productive City concept. To argue for the social

sustainability of this concept, I linked it to theories of
reproductive economy economy economy
spatial justice to explain the relationship between the function functio n function function
application of productive economy and the benefits

in relation to social sustainability. I derived four crucial
programmatic categories, namely service economy,
productive economy, supportive economy, and social
reproduction, through this research, which can assist in
identifying interventions for creating inclusive mixed-
use configurations. However the literature also pointed
out that gentrification, displacement, and economic-
focused policies must be addressed through equality-
promoting policies that consider diverse communities supportive program Social reproductive program
and marginalized groups. The supportive economy includes The social reproduction
public amenities like schools and category is a crucial part of the
community centers for social mixed-use city block, focusing
cohesion. Education is important, on accessibility for all and
and open spaces can offer promoting community activities
informal learning. Collaborations like gardening and cooking. It
between businesses, schools, should include affordable housing,
and community orgs can foster community facilities, and easy
community resilience. public transportation options
1 s
Reflection
ie
u d
st
se
a
C
ith
Research chapter: The Keile-mix w
i ng
“In what ways can the ‘Keilecollectief’ tender ct
le
r ef
successfully integrate the four categories into a mixed-
use configuration?”
2.3 investigative design

In the final chapter of the research, investigative design
2
methodologies and case studies were utilized to aid in
the development of a proper fit for the Keile-mix. This step
re
involved the creation of multiple conceptualizations
fle
ct
in
based on the four identified functions, as well as an
g
w
examination of various practical case studies to reflect
ith
C
as
on them. By following this process, the design decisions
e
st
for the Keile-mix were grounded in established practices
ud
ie
and thus ensured to be substantiated. The final step
s
involved the selection of a functional configuration
that was further developed as a mixed-use approach
for the Keile-mix in the second part of the design
process. Through the use of investigative design and
case studies, the research provided a framework for
developing an inclusive mixed-use city block that can
3
meet the diverse needs of the community, while also
promoting social sustainability, spatial justice and the
inclusion of the cities’ productive function.
Reflection
2.4 elaboration of the design
After completing the initial research steps that focused
on optimizing the 50,000 m2 program for the Keile
tender, I proceeded to the first elaboration design
step. Determining the target groups of residents
was facilitated by reviewing literature on socially
vulnerable and marginalized communities, which
identified students, starters, and families as groups
facing challenges in the housing market. As a result, the
housing envelope was conceptualized as a program
that could accommodate these residents throughout
their life course, starting with a student studio and
progressing to a starter home and eventually a family
home.
To materialize and construct the necessary physical
infrastructure for the program, case studies from the
latter part of the research process were helpful in
formulating three guiding principles for the design.
The goal was to envelop the programming within an
energy-efficient building that would last over 100 years
and enhance the city’s ecologies and biotopes. The
program was divided into four parts: a mixed-use
building with family home-work units and additional
programs for a small-scale manufacturing company,
a large-scale factory hall for prefabricated wooden
housing elements, a mixed-use tower with dwelling
typologies for starters and additional rooms for
working from home, and a building that houses a
student hotel with studios for students and educational
programming for the ‘mbo vakschool.’ The scale of
these sections of the urban city block configuration is
shown in the diagram below, with the student hotel and
school highlighted.
Reflection
3. Relation research methods and insights
approach. By using case study reflections at each step,
The majority of my research findings were derived from
it enhanced the overall structure of the configuration.
reading literature and analyzing case studies. Adding
a chapter to investigate the different configurations
The literature and case studies were crucial in
was a helpful suggestion from my assistant professor,
providing a theoretical framework and practical
which provided a useful framework to critically reflect
examples for my research. However, the addition of
on design choices.
the investigative design methodology helped improve
the overall structure of my research and allowed for
Literature
a more practical approach. By combining all these
The literature served as the basis for the research in
methods, I was able to present a comprehensive and
almost every chapter, particularly at the beginning,
well-structured research paper.
where it was used to define various concepts such
as the mixed-use city, the productive city, and spatial
4. Contemporary societal issues and challenges
justice theory within the scope of my research.
My design project, which aims to create an inclusive
However, I found it challenging to critically reflect on
living environment through rethinking the mixed-
the literature due to the complexity of the chosen
use ideology, is particularly relevant given the
concepts and theories.
contemporary societal issues and challenges we face
today. One of the major challenges facing modern
Case Studies
society is the issue of social and economic inequality,
Fortunately, the case studies were helpful when the
particularly in urban areas where the concentration of
complexity of the literature became one-sided. The
wealth and resources can create significant disparities
practical examples helped me understand the theories
in access to housing, education, and job opportunities.
and concepts better. The use of case studies was quite
extensive, and looking back, much of my research
Academic and societal values are also important
ended up in the appendix, which was necessary to keep
considerations in my design. The academic value lies
the research concise and present the main findings in
in the interdisciplinary approach to problem-solving,
the main text.
combining historical, economic, and architectural
perspectives to create a holistic solution. On a societal
Investigative Design
level, the value lies in the potential to create a more
The investigative design methodology made the most
equitable and sustainable living environment that
significant contribution to improving the overall structure
benefits all members of society, regardless of their
of my research. It allowed me to move from describing
socioeconomic status.
the requirements for Keile-mix to a more practical
Reflection
The scope and implications of my design extends residential areas, it may be possible to reduce
beyond the realm of architecture and urban planning. commuting times and energy consumption associated
By addressing the expulsion of the productive with transportation. This approach may also encourage
economy from cities, my research raises important greater social interaction and community cohesion by
questions about the role of urban planning in shaping bringing together diverse populations and fostering
economic and social systems. This has implications mixed-use neighborhoods.
for policymakers and business who must consider
the impact of their decisions on communities and the On the other hand, there are potential challenges
environment. associated with implementing my approach. One
major concern is the risk of gentrification, as the
As with any design project, ethical considerations integration of such activities into residential areas may
are also important. In creating an inclusive living lead to rising property values and displacement of
environment, it is essential to consider issues such lower-income residents. Additionally, the integration of
as accessibility, affordability, and environmental industrial activities may result in increased noise and
sustainability. These ethical considerations are air pollution, which can negatively impact the health
particularly important in the context of densely and wellbeing of residents. There may be regulatory
populated urban areas in the Netherlands, where the challenges associated with integrating different types
impact of urban planning decisions can have far- of economic activities in a single block, as zoning
reaching consequences. laws and building codes may not be designed to
accommodate such uses.
5. the transferability of my project
The implementation of my city block typology that Another potential disadvantage is the difficulty
blends the productive economy, supportive economy, of balancing the needs and interests of different
service economy, and social reproduction through stakeholders. For example, the introduction of
housing programming at a larger scale in a city could productive activities may conflict with the desire
have both advantages and disadvantages. for quiet and peaceful residential areas, while the
integration of supportive and service activities may
On the one hand, my approach may lead to more conflict with the desire for privacy and security. Thus,
efficient use of urban space and better accessibility to careful planning and engagement of stakeholders
a variety of amenities and services, resulting in a more will be necessary to ensure that the benefits of this
vibrant and sustainable city. By integrating productive approach are maximized and potential negative
activities, such as small-scale manufacturing, into impacts are minimized.
Extra questions
Question 1
How might the integration of

productive activities into residential
areas impact the social dynamics
of a neighborhood, and what
steps could be taken to ensure
that this integration fosters greater
community cohesion rather than
causing social tensions?
Question 2
What strategies could be

used to mitigate the negative
environmental impacts associ-
ated with integrating industrial
activities into a mixed-use urban
block, and how might these
strategies be balanced with the
need for efficient use of space
and access to amenities and
services?
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Urbanism: Designing Places for Production. p 44, p.
The productive city 46-47
link: https://books.google.nl/books?hl=nl&lr=&id=wnd
Crawford, M. R. (2009). Shop class as soulcraft : an 3EAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT10&dq=New+Industrial+Ur
inquiry into the value of work. p. 141 - 144 banism+Designing+Places+for+Production&ots=nJ-
Link: https://books.google.nl/ dB6VSLS&sig=wMUWxj9_sGNWyiSg36r0GTzUuqU&redir_
esc=y#v=onepage&q=New%20Industrial%20
Blend Ed. (2022, 5 juni). Spatial Justice of the Urbanism%20Designing%20Places%20for%20
Commons - Part 1, by Roberto Rocco [Video]. Production&f=false
link: YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-
c4jR4O_6M
Novy, J. (2022). Getting back into the “business Johanneke. (2022). The Social Hub Delft | Interior
of making things”: On the promise and perils of Design. The Invisible Party - Amsterdam Design Studio
the “productive city”. European journal of spatial - We design spaces that make a brand stand out.
development, 19, 5–9. Party with us.
link: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6511439 link: https://theinvisibleparty.com/the-student-hotel-
delft/
Sassen, S. (2018). The Global City: New York, London,
Tokyo. Princeton University Press. p. 29-30, p 329 - 339, NovaCity. (2021, 23 maart). Home - NovaCity.
p. 341 - 342 link: https://novacity.be/
link: https://books.google.nl/books?id=Mv10t_
NovaCity - Projects - DDS+. (2023, 28 februari). DDS+.
Soja, E. W. & University of California, Los Angeles, USA. link: https://www.dds.plus/nl/projects/novacity
(2009). The city and spatial justice
link: https://www.jssj.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/ Ryder, Z. (2022, 7 april). So You Want to Open a
JSSJ1-1en2.pdf Modular Factory? – Offsite Builder Magazine.
link: https://offsitebuilder.com/so-you-want-to-open-a-
Thompson, E. P. (1966). The Making of the English modular-factory/
Working Class. History and Theory, 5 (2), p. 314–322.
link: https://doi.org/10.2307/2504519 Sociëteit Vastgoed. (27AD, januari 27). Een
woningvoorraad voor ouderen, wat is de oplossing?
Sennet, R. (2008). The craftsman. p. 278 - 286 societeitvastgoed.eu. Geraadpleegd op 21 maart
link: https://books.google.nl/ 2023,
link: https://societeitvastgoed.eu/een-woningvoorraad-
Ward, C. R. (1978). The child in the city. p.164 - 176 voor-ouderen-wat-is-de-oplossing/
link: https://archive.org/details/childincity00wardrich
Staff, H. (2017). Super Compact Spaces: A Minimalist
Studio Apartment Under 23 Square Meters. Home
The keile-mix Designing.
link: http://www.home-designing.com/super-compact-
De Rotterdam. (z.d.). OMA. spaces-a-minimalist-studio-apartment-under-23-
link: https://www.oma.com/projects/de-rotterdam square-meters
Iglesias, T. (2014). The Promises and Pitfalls of Micro- Starink, P. (2021, 5 oktober). Houten stadsblok Robin
Housing. Geraadpleegd op 4 maart 2023, Wood - Architectuur.nl. Architectuur.nl.
link: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_ link: https://www.architectuur.nl/nieuws/houten-
id=2536192 stadsblok-robin-wood/
The american institute of architects, & Wilson, J.
(2019). design for modular construction: :
an introduction for architects. National institute of
building sciences.
link: https://content.aia.org/sites/default/files/2019-03/
Materials_Practice_Guide_Modular_Construction.pdf
Quale, J., & Smith, R. E. (2019). Offsite Architecture:

Constructing the Future. p. 98 - 102
Th e grow th of Rotter dam
A
This appenix presents a study on the urban mix of the faced various challenges, including floods and the
city of Rotterdam. Through various historical stages, an bombing in 1940. Since the post-war reconstruction,
overview is given of the city and how it has developed at the city center has undergone significant changes,
O Nthe
TW I Klevel.
urban KE TheL population
I N G of R Rotterdam
O T T E has
R Dbeen
AM BK3ON3
but unfortunately, during the modernist movement of
rapidly increasing in recent years, with nearly 10,000 the previous century, many homes were lost in the city
people per year. According to the study “Population center. Fortunately, a transition is now underway. The
Forecast Rotterdam 2013 - 2030,” the population of municipality of Rotterdam aims to increase the number
Rotterdam is projected to increase by a significant of homes in the city center through densification, but
43,000 people by 2030. this process also presents challenges that need to be
carefully addressed.
TIJDLIJN
The plan for the Keile Quarter aligns with the
De stad Rotterdam heeft sinds haar geboorte in 1340 altijd in conflict gestaan met verschillende
development strategy of the municipality of The main hurdle in urban densification is to prevent the
factoren. Van overstromingen tot het bombardement in 1940. Sinds de wederopbouw is de
Rotterdam, which aims for further densification with displacement of different types of economic activities
binnenstad flink veranderd, helaas zijn door de modernistische stroming van de vorige eeuw
attractive and diverse urban environments where and functions that ensure economic vitality in favor of
tijdens deze tijd veel woningen binnen het centrum verdwenen. Er is nu gelukkig een transitie in
mixed urban configurations are realized. Since its new housing development. Striking a balance between
gang gegaan. De gemeente Rotterdam wil verdichten en kijkt hierbij naar gebieden binnen het
founding in 1340, the city of Rotterdam has always
stadscentrum om de woningen terug te brengen in het centrum. Het terugdensification
brengen vanand the preservation of diverse urban
woningen
functions is crucial.
in de stad gaat gepaard met verdichten. Het is een ingewikkeld proces en brengt problemen
met zich mee waar zorgvuldig mee omgegaan moet worden.
Apendix: Figure 1: timeline overview of Rotterdam, source: by author
1340: Birth
AO N T W I K K E L I N G
In 1340, Rotterdam was granted city rights. Rotterdam
ROTTERDAM
was founded around 1270, when inhabitants of the area
BK3ON3
around the Maas and the Rotte began building a dam

in the Rotte River. Similar to Amsterdam, Rotterdam
1340: GEBOORTE 1570: OVERSTROMINGEN
emerged at the foot of a dam, located at the point
Rotterdam ontstond omstreeks 1270, toen bewoners van het gebied In het midden van de veertiende eeuw werd de Oude Haven
where the Rotte and Hoogstraat meet today. While
rond de Maas en de Rotte begonnen met het aanleggen van een aangelegd. Rotterdam werd stapelplaats en een belangrijk centrum
the initial livelihood of Rotterdammers was based on
dam in de Rotte. Rotterdam ontstaat dus, net als amsterdam, aan de voor de haringvangst. In 1429 werd de Nieuwe Haven aangelegd.
fishing, the city quickly grew into a trading hub, with
voet van een dam. Deze dam lag ter hoogte van waar vandaag de Aan het einde van de middeleeuwen speelde de scheepsbouw een
dag de the emergence of its first ports. The city’s strategic
Rotte en de Hoogstraat samen komen. Hoewel de belangrijke rol in de uitbreiding van Rotterdam, maar ook andere
location, connecting the hinterland with the Rotte and
Rotterdammers in eerste instantie leefden van de visserij, werd de sectoren, zoals brouwerijen en lakennijverheid, waren van belang
Schie rivers, made Rotterdam an important economic
stad al snel een handelsplaats en ontstonden de eerste havens. In voor de ontwikkeling van de Maasstad. Dankzij het handelsverkeer
center. The surrounding area was characterized by
1340 kreeg Rotterdam stadsrechten. De stad vormt een belangrijk met Duitsland, Engeland en Frankrijk zou Rotterdam vanaf de
economischnarrow canalsdoordat
centrum and dikes,
deand Schiedam
Rotte en dewas larger
Schie hetin achterland zestiende eeuw verder groeien en uiteindelijk de belangrijkste
verbinden met de stad. De omgeving bestaat uit smalle slootjes en
size during that time. havenstad van Nederland worden. Rond 1570 is heel Ijselmonde
dijkjes. Schiedam is in deze tijd groter van omvang. b e d i j kApendix:
t e n Figure b e3:s context
c h e rofmRotterdam,
t d e 1360,
s t asource:
d thttp://www.engelfriet.net/Alie/
e g e n d e t e r u g ko m e n d e
Aad/rotta.htm
overstromingen.
1340 1570
Apendix: Figure 2: handsketch context of Rotterdam, 1340, source: by author Apendix: Figure 4: impression dam of Rotterdam, 1340, source: https://
PLANGEBIED HOBOKEN: PLANGEBIED HOBOKEN:

museumrotterdam.nl/ontdek/persbericht-750-jaar-rotte-dam
1570: FLOODS
A In the mid-fourteenth century, the Old Harbor was

constructed, and Rotterdam became a BK3ON3
staple
market and a significant center for herring fishing. In
1429, the New Harbor was built. Shipbuilding played
1570: OVERSTROMINGEN
a crucial role in Rotterdam’s expansion during the
In het midden van Ages,
late Middle de veertiende
along with eeuw werd de
other sectors suchOude
as Haven
aangelegd. Rotterdam
breweries and werd stapelplaats enThe
cloth manufacturing. een belangrijk
city’s growth centrum
voor de haringvangst. In 1429 werd de Nieuwe Haven
continued from the sixteenth century onwards, thanks
aangelegd.
Aan het einde van de middeleeuwen speelde de scheepsbouw een
to trade with Germany, England, and France, ultimately
belangrijke rol in de uitbreiding van Rotterdam, maar ook andere
making Rotterdam the most important port city in the
sectoren, zoals brouwerijen en lakennijverheid, waren van belang
Netherlands. Around 1570, the entire Ijselmonde area
voor de ontwikkeling van de Maasstad. Dankzij het handelsverkeer
was diked and protected the city from recurring floods.
met Duitsland, Engeland en Frankrijk zou Rotterdam vanaf de
zestiende eeuw verder groeien en uiteindelijk de belangrijkste
havenstad van Nederland worden. Rond 1570 is heel Ijselmonde
b e d i j k t e n b e s c h e r m t d e s t a d t e g e n d e t e r u g ko m e n d e
Apendix: Figure 6: plan of Rotterdam, 1562, by Jacob van Deventer source:
https://stadsarchief.rotterdam.nl/zoeken/resultaten/index.xml?mizk_alle=Rotterdam%20
overstromingen. 1500&mizig=299
1570
Apendix: Figure 5: handsketch context of Rotterdam, 1570, source: by author Apendix: Figure 7: context of Rotterdam, 1400, source: https://stadsarchief.
PLANGEBIED HOBOKEN: rotterdam.nl/zoeken/resultaten/index.xml?mizk_alle=Rotterdam%201400&mizig=299
1650: GOLDEN AGE
A
ONTWIKKELING
During the 17th century, Rotterdam experienced rapid
ROTTERDAM
growth as new harbors were built along the Maas River, BK3ON3
leading to a population boom from 1,300 in 1600 to over
30,000 by 1650. By the end of the century, Rotterdam’s
1650: GOUDEN
population EEUW
exceeded 50,000, making it the second 1750: VERVENING
In het begin van de 17eDutch
largest city in the eeuw kreeg The
Republic. decity
stad nieuwe
center was havens. Na de Gouden Eeuw ging het bergafwaarts met de Republiek en ook
Voorbeelden
fully hiervan
developed,zijn:
and Het Buizengat,
elegant merchant hethousesHaringvliet,
were de Rotterdam ondervond daar de nadelen van. Het inwoneraantal van
Leuvehaven, de Wijnhaven,
constructed de Scheepmakershaven,
in the Waterstad area, encompassingde theBierhaven de stad bleef ongeveer hetzelfde, maar de armoede nam na 1750
en de Glashaven.
Maas River Deharbors
havensfromwerden vernoemd
Haringvliet naar hetand
to Leuvehaven product dat flink toe. Driekwart van de bevolking leefde in grote armoede, terwijl
er verhandeld werd. Boompjes,
Boompjes. Het inwonersaantal
known for its groeide vandouble
beautiful 1300 in 1600 de handelaren en kooplieden de stad verrijkten met prachtige
tot 30.000row
in of
1650.
lindenSteden als Dordrecht,
trees, became one of theGouda en Delft werden
most renowned herenhuizen. De omgeving van Rotterdam kreeg te maken met
voorbijgestreefd. Aan het eind van de 17e eeuw
quays in the Netherlands. This transformation not only was het nieuwe plassen door turfwinning, een belangrijke energiebron in die
inwoneraantal gegroeid tot boven de 50.000 en was de
expanded Rotterdam’s harbor infrastructure but also tijd. Door de turfwinning kwamen grotere binnendijkse gebieden nat
enhanced
stadsdriehoek its aesthetic
(het centrum binnenappeal, establishing Goudsesingel
de Coolsingel, it as a en te staan en zorgde voor een steeds grotere bedreiging voor nieuwe
prominent and attractive city in the region.
de Maas) volgebouwd. De stad was na Amsterdam de tweede stad overstromingen. Deze plassen werden later ingepolderd en het
van de Republiek. geweer van hetFigure
Apendix: nieuwe binnenwater
9: impression of Rotterdams’verdween.
canals, 1650, source: https://www.
roterodamum.nl/over-roterodamum/onstaansgeschiedenis/
1650 1750
Apendix: Figure 8: handsketch context of Rotterdam, 1650, source: by author Apendix: Figure 10: map of Rotterdam, 1690 by Frederick de Wit, source: https://
inter-antiquariaat.nl/en/antiques/rare-city-plans/rotterdam/rotterdam-frederick-de-
1750: PEAT EXTRACTION
A After the Golden Age, the Dutch Republic experienced

BK3ON3
a decline, and Rotterdam also faced its disadvantages.
The population of the city remained roughly the same,
but poverty increased significantly after 1750. Three-
1750: VERVENING
quarters of the population lived in great poverty,
Na de Gouden Eeuw
while the ging het and
merchants bergafwaarts met de the
traders enriched Republiek
city en ook
Rotterdamwithondervond daar
magnificent de nadelen
mansions. van. Het inwoneraantal
The surrounding area of van
de stad bleef ongeveer
Rotterdam hetzelfde,
was affected maar
by the de armoede
formation nam na 1750
of new lakes
flink toe. Driekwart
due to peat van de bevolking
extraction, leefde source
an important in grote
of armoede,
energy terwijl
de handelaren en Peat
at that time. kooplieden
extractionde stad larger
caused verrijkten met prachtige
inland areas
herenhuizen. De flooded,
to become omgeving vananRotterdam
posing kreegoftenew
increasing threat maken met
nieuwe plassen door turfwinning, een belangrijke energiebron in die
floods. These lakes were later reclaimed, and the threat
tijd. Door of
deinland
turfwinning kwamen grotere binnendijkse gebieden nat
water disappeared.
te staan en zorgde voor een steeds grotere bedreiging voor nieuwe

overstromingen. Deze plassen werden later ingepolderd en het
geweer van het nieuwe binnenwater verdween. Apendix: Figure 12: The Bleekveld behind the St. Laurens Church in Rotterdam,
1790, source: http://www.engelfriet.net/Alie/Hans/stadspoorten.htm
1750
Apendix: Figure 11: handsketch context of Rotterdam, 1750, source: by author Apendix: Figure 13: The Blaak in Rotterdam, 1790, source: https://www.prenten-web.
PLANGEBIED HOBOKEN: nl/en_GB/a-39942423/rotterdam/town-view-of-rotterdam/#description
1850: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
During the course of the 19th century, Rotterdam’s
ROTTERDAM
position as a global port was challenged. The river
BK3ON3
Maas became silted, preventing large ships from
sailing to Rotterdam. Between 1866 and 1872, the Nieuwe
1850: INDUSTRIËLE REVOLUTIE
Waterweg (New Waterway) was dug, allowing sea
1937: WERELDSTAD
In de loopvessels
van detonegentiende eeuwonce
sail to Rotterdam werd de positie
again. van Rotterdam
This resulted Aan het begin van de twintigste eeuw groeit werkstad. De nieuwe
als wereldhaven
in an economic revival for the city. The Maas and er geen
aangetast. De Maas verzandde, waardoor straten van de nieuwe wijken volgen de eeuwenoude verkaveling en
grote schepen meer naar
Waal harbors wereRotterdam
constructed,konden
and manyvaren. Tussen 1866 en
job seekers het sloten netwerk van het polderlandschap. De haven van rotterdam
1872 werd de Nieuwe
flocked Waterweg
to Rotterdam. gegraven,
The city expanded waardoor
beyond its old er weer groeit met de aanleg van nieuwe havens zoals de Rijnhaven,
zeeschepencity center, with new neighborhoods being built. Ingevolg
naar Rotterdam konden varen. Dit had tot 1871, dat de Maashaven en de Waalhaven. Rotterdam ontwikkelt zich ook sterk
stad economische gezienwas
a railway bridge weer
evenopleefde.
constructed Deover
Maas- en Waalhaven
the Nieuwe aan de zuidzijde van de Maas met als kroon de opening van het
werden aangelegd en velethe
Maas, connecting werkzoekenden trokken
city to the railway network. naar Rotterdam. stadion de Kuip. Door deze grote groei van economische
De stad barstte uit haar voegen en er werden nieuw wijken buiten het ontwikkeling ontploft de bevolking en worden grote nieuwe
oude stadscentrum gebouwd. In 1871 werd er zelfs een spoorbrug stadswijken gebouwd. Een groot gedeelte van de bebouwing van
over de Nieuw Maas gebouwd, waardoor de stad verbonden werd deze wijken bestaat vandaag de dag nog steeds. Hoboken is
met het spoorwegnetwerk. omringdApendix:
met gebouwen uit Panorama
Figure 15: Rotterdam deze tijdVanafen
Het komt inindeze
Witte Huis tijd steeds meer
Rotterdam,
binnen het stedelijk weefsel te liggen.

source: https://www.ebay.com/itm/265958360138
1850 1937
Apendix: Figure 16: Binnenhaven of Rotterdam, by Frans von Pöppinghausen
PLANGEBIED HOBOKEN:
Apendix: Figure 14: handsketch context of Rotterdam, 1850, source: by author
PLANGEBIED HOBOKEN:
1891, source: https://stadsarchief.rotterdam.nl/zoek-en-ontdek/themas/kop-van-zuid/
sprong-naar-zuid/#gallery-gen_id_256-1
1937: GLOBAL CITY
A At the beginning of the 20th century, Rotterdam

experienced significant growth. The new streets of
BK3ON3
the emerging neighborhoods followed the centuries-
old pattern of land division and canal network of the
1937: WERELDSTAD
polder landscape. The port of Rotterdam expanded
Aan het begin van de twintigste eeuw groeit werkstad. De nieuwe
with the construction of new harbors such as the
straten vanRijnhaven,
de nieuwe wijken volgen de eeuwenoude verkaveling en
Maashaven, and Waalhaven. Rotterdam
het sloten netwerk van
also developed hetrapidly
polderlandschap. De haven
on the south side van rotterdam
of the Maas
groeit metRiver,
de highlighted
aanleg van by thenieuwe
openinghavens zoalsDede
of the iconic KuipRijnhaven,
Maashavenstadium.
en deThe Waalhaven.
population exploded due to this economic ook sterk
Rotterdam ontwikkelt zich
aan de zuidzijde van detoMaas
growth, leading met als kroon
the construction de new
of large opening
city van het
stadion de Kuip. DoorMany
neighborhoods. deze grote
of the groei
buildings fromvan
this economische
era
ontwikkeling ontploft de bevolking en worden grote nieuwe
still stand today. Hoboken, surrounded by structures
stadswijkenfrom
gebouwd. Een groot
this time, became gedeelteintegrated
increasingly van de intobebouwing
the van
deze wijkenurban bestaat vandaag
fabric during de dag nog steeds. Hoboken is
this period.
omringd met gebouwen uit deze tijd en komt in deze tijd steeds meer Apendix: Figure 18: TBrinkmans Justus van Effencomplex in Rotterdam,
binnen het stedelijk weefsel te liggen. Rotterdam, source: https://architecturalodyssey.wordpress.com/2013/02/26/brinkmans-

justus-van-effencomplex-in-rotterdam/
1937
Apendix: Figure 17: handsketch context of Rotterdam, 1937, source: by author Apendix: Figure 19: Spangen, source: https://www.planviewer.nl/imro/files/NL.IMRO.0599.
PLANGEBIED HOBOKEN: BP1035Spangen-oh01/t_NL.IMRO.0599.BP1035Spangen-oh01_3.4.html
1940: BOMBARDMENT
The bombing of Rotterdam took place on May 14, 1940,
ROTTERDAM
around 13:30 hours, carried out by German bombers as
BK3ON3
part of the German military invasion of the Netherlands.
The 15-minute bombardment destroyed almost the
1940: BOMBARDEMENT 1955: WEDEROPBOUW
entire historic city center, exacerbated by the fires
Het bombardement op Rotterdam werd op 14 mei 1940 rond 13:30 N a he t bombardement op Ro tt erdam van1940 gaf he t
that broke out. An estimated 650 to 900 people were
uur uitgevoerd door Duitse bommenwerpers in het kader van de
killed, and approximately 80,000 were left homeless.
gemeentebestuur van Rotterdam aan de stadsarchitect W.G.
Duitse militaire overval op Nederland. Het bombardement van een
The entire city center was wiped off the map. However,
Witteveen de opdracht voor het maken van een wederopbouwplan.
kwartier vernietigde
some important bijnabuildings,
de gehelesuchhistorische
as the City binnenstad,
Hall, the mede De verwoeste panden werden gesloopt waarbij ook de funderingen
door de branden die ontstonden. Naar schatting kwamen
post office, and the Schielandshuis, were spared along 650 tot werden verwijderd. Hiermee werd de mogelijkheid geschapen om
900 mensen om en ongeveer 80.000 werden dakloos.
the Coolsingel. Along with the occupation, the cleanup Het gehele een totaal nieuw stratenpatroon aan te leggen. Het Basisplan was
centrum was verdwenen
of debris van de
also began, withkaart. Aan
some of thede Coolsingel
rubble used to bleef een een rigoureuze breuk met het verleden, waarbij van de vooroorlogse
aantal belangrijke gebouwen
fill in the waters of Blaak and gespaard:
the Schie. het Stadhuis, het plattegrond alleen de stadsdriehoek van Coolsingel, Goudsesingel en
postkantoor, het Schielandshuis. Tegelijk met de bezetting begon ook Boompjes nog herkenbaar waren. De gebouwen die het
het puinruimen. De wateren Blaak en de Schie werden gedempt met bombardement hadden overleefd, werden gezien als belemmering
een deel van het puin. voor deApendix:
ontwerpers en Reconstruction
Figure 21: Witteveen’s enkele van Plan of deze gebouwen zijn ook
1941 Rotterdam,
daadwerkelijk gesloopt.
source: https://wederopbouwrotterdam.nl/artikelen/wederopbouwplan-witteveen
1940 1955
Apendix: Figure 22: Sketch of the building block on Westewagenstraat

by architect Sutterland from 1942. Characteristic of the Witteveen urban
development is the building-based design and the archaic architecture.,
source: https://wederopbouwrotterdam.nl/artikelen/wederopbouwplan-witteveen
Apendix: Figure 20: handsketch context of Rotterdam, 1940, source: by author

1955: RECONSTRUCTION
A After the bombing of Rotterdam in 1940, the city

council of Rotterdam commissioned city architect
W.G. Witteveen to create a reconstruction plan. The
destroyed buildings were demolished, including the
removal of foundations, creating the opportunity to
lay out a completely new street pattern. The Basisplan
(Basic Plan) was a drastic departure from Witteveens’
originial plan and that focused on the past, with only
the city triangle formed by Coolsingel, Goudsesingel,
and Boompjes still recognizable from the pre-war
layout. The buildings that had survived the bombing
were seen as hindrances to the designers, and some
of these buildings were actually demolished.
Apendix: Figure 24: Hofplein in Rotterdam, 1967,

Source: https://indebuurt.nl/rotterdam/toen-in/toen-in-rotterdam-de-wederopbouw-in-
volle-glorie~50391/#slide-9
Apendix: Figure 23: plan of Rotterdam, 1950, source: https://www.google.com/

Apendix: Figure 25: Lijnbaan shopping street of Rotterdam
url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgeschiedenislokaal010.nl%2Fbronnen%2Fplattegrond-
, source: https://wederopbouwrotterdam.nl/artikelen/winkelcentrum-de-lijnbaan
van-rotterdam-en-omgeving-1942&psig=AOvVaw3ZanfOdzq_Y9i_
PRESENT DAY FUTURE PROSPECTS
A The city of Rotterdam has undergone numerous

developments throughout the centuries, shaping it
The city is experiencing growth and is projected to
have around 700,000 inhabitants by 2050. This growth
into what it is today. Known as the architecture city of can only be accommodated through the construction
the Netherlands, Rotterdam boasts a diverse range of of more housing. To achieve this, areas within the A13
architectural styles. Since the 1980s and 1990s, the city ring road will be redeveloped into new residential
has been increasingly focused on reconnecting the neighborhoods. This phenomenon is not unique to
inner city with its surrounding areas. The construction Rotterdam, but is also occurring in other cities such as
of the Erasmus Bridge created a new connection Amsterdam and The Hague. The new areas will prioritize
with Rotterdam South, leading to the revitalization of public transportation, where the focus is no longer
areas such as Wilhelminapier and Katendrecht. This on the car, but on cyclists and pedestrians. These
revitalization of new areas is characteristic of the areas will have a relatively high residential density,
present time. The city aims to densify and develop new leading to the emergence of new urban focal points.
areas into mixed-use neighborhoods within the A13 The new residential neighborhoods will have a mix of
highway corridor. residential and commercial functions, as described in
the Rotterdam vision.
Apendix: Figure 26: Little C by Iris van den Apendix: Figure 27: The revitalization of the Rijnhaven’s old harbor,
Broek, source: https://rotterdam.info/architectuur/ source: https://barcodearchitects.com/projects/masterplan-rijnhaven-rotterdam/
Evolution of the dutch canal house “binnenhaard.”
A The evolution of Dutch canal houses can be traced

back to simple wooden houses with just one room,
The front part of the house, known as the “voorhuis,” was
not heated and was often used as a workshop or shop,
known as “zaal,” which served as the central living space with the door and shutters open in the summer but closed
where all activities like cooking, eating, and sleeping during the winter due to the cold. To have a heated space
took place around the hearth (Gijsen & Eindhoven in the voorhuis during the winter, a narrow side room
University of Technology, 2011). The high ceiling of the with a second hearth, called the “comptoir,” was added,
room allowed the smoke to rise and collect in the roof’s which served as the office of the head of the household
ridge. With the introduction of chimneys, the smoke for managing financial affairs and keeping records.
could be directed outside, enabling the use of vertical Over time, this side room grew larger, reducing the size
space. An additional floor, known as “hangkamer” or of the voorhuis. The family life was centered around
“insteek,” was often added above the hearth, which the binnenhaard, located at the back of the house, and
served as a heated living room. The lower space was receiving guests there was not preferred as it exposed
used as a kitchen. However, the chimney also created everything happening in the house. Thus, the need for a
a draft in the house, which was solved by enclosing the formal reception room arose.
hearth with walls, creating a separate room called the
To address the space constraints in the growing city
of Amsterdam and the high cost of land, houses were
expanded by adding one or two floors. The ground floor
was raised to one and a half meters above street level, as
the groundwater level in Amsterdam was one and a half
meters below street level. This created a basement, known
as “souterrain,” three meters below the house by placing
a floor just above the groundwater level. Another option
was to add an extra floor on top of the house. Wooden
houses gradually disappeared from the cityscape due to
the risk of fire, and roofs were replaced with tiles or slate,
and wooden walls were replaced with brick. In the early
17th century, the brick walls became load-bearing walls,
and only the floors and roof structure were made of wood.
With the growing economy, the upper class had more

money to spend, leading to an increasing demand for
larger houses with multiple floors. Houses in the 17th
century, known as “koopmanshuizen,” were often used as
residences and storage spaces for trade goods in the
Apendix : Figure 28: Canal house with warehouse typolgy , source:

https://www.pauldeboerbouw.nl/portfolio/grachtenpand-amsterdam/
souterrain and attic. The main living spaces were on
A the “bel-etage” or the main floor and the first floor,

connected by a small spiral staircase. The layout of
the bel-etage underwent significant changes, with the
character of the voorhuis transforming into a more
formal and representative reception room, while the
achterhuis, or the back part of the house, remained the
center of family life.
The city of Rotterdam has undergone numerous
developments throughout the centuries, shaping it
into what it is today. Known as the architecture city of
the Netherlands, Rotterdam boasts a diverse range of
architectural styles. Since the 1980s and 1990s, the city
has been increasingly focused on reconnecting the
inner city with its surrounding areas. The construction
of the Erasmus Bridge created a new connection
with Rotterdam South, leading to the revitalization of
areas such as Wilhelminapier and Katendrecht. This
revitalization of new areas is characteristic of the
present time. The city aims to densify and develop new
areas into mixed-use neighborhoods within the A13
highway corridor.
Apendix: Figure 29: Section canal house, source: https://www.

amsterdam-monumentenstad.nl/database/grachtenboek_tekst.
A The Schaerholzbau
workshop
Location: Altbüron, Switerland
Year: 2001
Architect: BAMJGS, Marti AG MattBlum
GFA: 2500 m 2
The first case study that relates to a large productive
functions is a practical example; “The Schaerholzbau
workshop, which was completed in 2001 and designed
by Blum und Grossenbacher Architekten, comprises
a central workshop of approximately 2500 square
meters. It serves as a practical example from which
architectural and spatial specifications can be
derived. The space features a functional rectangular
shape, measuring 32 meters in width, 78 meters in
length, and 10.5 meters in height. The open floor
plan is achieved through a steel frame construction
consisting of six lattice trusses, paired with wind
braces to form three table-like trestles, serving as a
transverse support structure and providing support
for the integrated mobile transport cranes in the
upper space of the workshop. The exterior facade is
finished with a self-supporting wooden construction
of prefabricated elements. The open floor plan and
abundant natural lighting from above contribute to
a pleasant working environment within the hall. The
workshop offers ample space for the production of
larger wooden elements.”
Apendix : Figure 30: The Schaerholzbau workshop, source:

https://www.schaerholzbau.ch/dienstleistungen/innenausbau/
A Glarus Süd
Location: Glarus Süd, Switerland
Year: 2022
Architect: BAMJGS, Marti AG Matt
GFA: ±2500 m 2
The second case study is a building located in Glarus
Süd, Switerland. The building was designed by AMJGS
Architektur, Marti AG Matt and completed in 2019.
The structure is composed of 16 slightly curved glued
laminated wooden trusses that are supported by
solid wooden columns. The interior of the building is
designed in a rectangular shape and is composed
of columns, beams, and roof elements, with a span
of 23 meters. Steel cables are utilized as tension rods
to stabilize the trusses. The facade of the building is
more than 70 meters long, and the spacing between
the columns is reflected in the design of the facade.
These columns are visible as regular divisions,
which are further separated by slender windows
and accentuated by vertical wooden wind braces.
The facade is finished with larch planks that frame
and intensify the subdivisions and rough, carved
spruce trims, resulting in a cohesive whole. The new
production facility serves as an opportunity for the
company to demonstrate the versatility of wood as a
building material and the high quality
Apendix : Figure 31: Glarus Süd, source: https://www.archdaily.com/city/glarus-sudTS

VqJl9R&ust=1682015191688000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CBEQjRxqFwoTCNjH5YHJtv4
CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAR
A New Aarch
Location: Aarhus, Denmark
Program: University, faculty of architecture
Year: 2019
Architect: ADEPT
GFA: ±12.500 m 2
One example of a eduactional program is the “New

Aarch” project in Aarhus, Denmark. The “Aarhus
School of Architecture” has a floor area of 12.500
square meters and serves as a demonstration of
how different creative spaces can be integrated. The
building comprises of flexible studios, specialized
functions such as teaching rooms and study areas.
The design of the building serves to bridge the gap
between the school and the city, as well as the
contrast between the large-scale front street and
the small-scale activities in the green zone that runs
through the building complex. This is accomplished
by designing the building with a taller and more
massive facade on the street side while gradually
lowering it to accommodate the more casual
ambiance of the Freight Rail area. The building is
organized as a city within a building, with diverse
programs within a simple industrial palette, and it
allows for accessibility of certain areas to people
Apendix : Figure 32: New Aarch, source: https://www10.aeccafe.com/blogs/arch-

showcase/2022/12/11/new-aarch-in-aarhus-denmark-by-adept/
A 1 2
Diagram 1 illustrates the building’s location with

the open spaces throughout the building encourages
three neighboring streets. A pedestrian path with
interaction between students and the public in both
green space, known as the “green pedestrian ax,”
planned and unexpected ways. The mixing rooms,
runs through the front courtyard. In Diagram 2, the
where the school and local community interact, are
layout of the building is presented, starting from
where the school truly comes alive. The Aarhus School
the front courtyard and progressing to the upper
of Architecture called for a flexible framework for
levels. Each floor has a connection to an outdoor
workshops, studios, architectural experimentation,
area and provides additional space for exhibitions or
and interaction.
experimentation.
Apendix : Figure 33: New Aarch elevation
A 3
4
Diagram 3 illustrates the fragmented organizational

Diagram 4 illustrates the horizontal connection of the
structure of the program, comprising variously sized
volumes through the use of four distinct floors. The
spaces that are delimited by a central access point.
floor levels are incrementally offset, creating outdoor
The spaces in between are left open for flexible
spaces while also facilitating the vertical organization
interpretation. In practice, these open spaces serve
of larger indoor spaces. The structure is composed
as adaptable workspaces that can be reconfigured
of a simple grid of columns placed at 7.2-meter
for different purposes at various intervals.
intervals.
Apendix : Figure 33: New Aarch section
A
Floor +1
1. Exhibition space
Exhibition spaces for makers provide a platform
to showcase skills, connect with customers, and
gain exposure in the industry.
2 2. Lecture room
3
4 Lecture rooms provide a space for learning,
discussion and knowledge sharing, enhancing
education and personal development.
3 3. Atrium
Atrium space provides natural light, a connection
3
to nature, increased social interaction, and
improved air quality.
1
4. cafeteria
5
Communal cafeteria for makers promotes
community, collaboration, and networking while
providing a convenient place to eat and rest.
5. Study spaces
Small study spaces for makers provide a
quiet and focused environment for learning,
experimentation and idea generation
Apendix : Figure 34: Floorplan New Aarch
A tobacco factory
Location: Bristol, United kingdom
Program: Bar, bistro, creative industry work space,
apartments and performing artschool
Year: 1993 - 2001
Architect: Ferguson Mann Architects
Client: George Ferguson
GFA: 4.200 m2
A first design approach is to repurpose or redesign
factory buildings for mixed-use development, which
combines residential, commercial, and industrial uses
in a single building or on a single site. This allows
factories to coexist with other urban uses and can
create a more vibrant and diverse community.
The Tobacco Factory is a historic building in Bristol
that was saved from demolition and transformed
into a vibrant community space. Originally built in
1912 by architect Sir Frank Wills, it was converted
by Bristol architect George Ferguson and his firm,
Ferguson Mann Architects. The conversion preserved
the integrity of the interior while adding modern
elements that complement the original design. The
building now houses a bar, bistro, creative work
space, apartments, and schools for animation and
performing arts. The Tobacco Factory Theatre, which
has been in operation since 1998, is also located in
the building and is considered one of the best small
theatres in the country.
Apendix : Figure 35: tobacco factory, source: https://tobaccofactory.com/history/
A Werkspoorfabriek
Location: Utrecht, The Netherlands
Program: Multi-company building
Year: 2019
Architect: Zecc Architecten
Client: Collective
GFA: 9.200 m2
A second strategy to revitalize urban areas is to

adapt existing industrial buildings for new uses
such as artist studios, co-working spaces, or retail
outlets, preserving the character and history
of the urban environment while providing new
economic opportunities. An example of this is the
transformation of the Werkspoor factory in Utrecht,
a 175-meter-long industrial warehouse that is part
of the old Werkspoor. The factory now houses a
diverse range of businesses, including creative
independent entrepreneurs and a large brewery,
forming a community in both the creative sector
and the manufacturing industry and serves as a
symbol of circular area development. The repurposed
industrial facility also provides spaces for events and
gatherings, promoting collaboration and learning
among businesses that specialize in manufacturing.
This includes training centers and innovation hubs
focused on areas such as 3D printing.
Apendix : Figure 36: Werkspoorfabriek, source: https://www.duic.nl/algemeen/

werkspoorfabriek-opent-de-deuren-voor-ondernemers-en-publiek/
A Jakob Factory
Location: Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam
Program: Factory
Year: 2020
Architect: G8A and rollimarchini architekten
Client: Jakob Rope Systems
GFA: 30.000 m2
Factory owners can reduce their environmental

impact and create more attractive urban spaces
by incorporating green infrastructure such as green
roofs, rain gardens, and permeable pavement. An
example of this third approach is the Vietnamese
factory by G8A Architects and Rollimarchini
Architects. This 30,000 sqm factory serves as a design
reference for tropical sustainable architecture,
located in an industrial park 50km north of Ho Chi
Minh City. The country has seen a grappling rise in
national GDP, with industries and populations moving
from a primarily agricultural industry to a focused
industrial practice. With little regulations and priorities
focused on economic gain rather than environmental
impact, many of these zones have witnessed highly
polluting and detrimental construction practices,
transforming the previously porous land to large
zones of impermeable slab development.
Apendix : Figure 37: Jacob factory, source: https://www.archdaily.com/947300/jakob-

factory-g8a-architecture-and-urban-planning-plus-rollimarchini-architekten
A Copenhill
Location: Copenhagen, Denmark
Program: electricity factory, skislope
Year: 2019,
Architect: Bjarke Ingels Group
Client: mager Ressourcecenter
GFA: 41.000 m2
A fourth approach is for factory owners to

collaborate with architects and urban planners to
design factories that seamlessly blend with their
surrounding urban environment. This can include
designing factories with visually appealing exteriors,
incorporating public spaces or amenities, and
providing easy access for pedestrians and bicyclists.
One example of this approach is the Copenhill project
by BIG Architects, which transforms a waste-to-
energy plant into a recreational and educational
hub, complete with a ski slope, hiking trail, and
climbing wall. The Copenhill project, also known as
Amager Bakke, exemplifies the concept of sustainable
design and aligns with the city of Copenhagen’s
goal of becoming the world’s first carbon-neutral
city by 2025. At 41,000 square meters, Copenhill
not only serves as a functional waste-to-energy
plant, but also serves as a social infrastructure and
architectural landmark.
Apendix : Figure 38: Copen hill, source: https://www.dezeen.com/2019/10/08/big-

copenhill-power-plant-ski-slope-copenhagen/
A NOVA City
Location: Brussels, Belgium
Year: 2022
Architect: DSS+
Client: Kairos, citydev.brussels
GFA: 15.422 m2
The DDS+ project and Bogdan&Van Broeck have taken

the concept of interweaving industrial infrastructure
with city housing to a new level. This approach has
both benefits and drawbacks.
The NovaCity development project is situated in

Anderlecht, Brussels, occupying the last remaining
undeveloped area along the Grand Ring, which
historically reflects the marshy nature of the
western region of the city. This location also serves
as a junction for various key transportation
routes, including the railway, Ring road, and
Bergensesteenweg.
The project incorporates a multi-functional approach,

with a focus on facilitating exchange and interaction
in the new district. This is achieved through the
construction of an interior street for small and
Apendix : Figure 39: NOVA city,

source: https://novacity.be
A
S ocia l r ep r od uctive sp a ces: thir d floor
1. Dwellings
Exhibition spaces for makers provide a platform to
showcase skills, connect with customers, and gain
exposure in the industry.
2. Roof terraces
Lecture rooms provide a space for learning,
3. Communal outdoor spaces

4. Gallery acces
Apendix : Figure 40: NOVA city ground floor plan,

A
Pr od uctive sp a ces: g r ound floor
1. SME work units

Exhibition spaces for makers provide a platform to
showcase skills, connect with customers, and gain
exposure in the industry.
2. offices
Lecture rooms provide a space for learning,
3. Makersstreet
4. parking
Apendix : Figure 41: Second floor NOVA city,

A Robin-wood
Location: Amsterdam,the Netherlands
Year: 2020 - 2024
Architect: ANA architecten, Marc Koehler Architects
GFA: 24.400 m2
An example of the ‘live-with’ typology of the work

home will be implemented in the project ‘Robin Wood
project’ designed by Marc Koehler Architects and
ANA Architects. The project is a mixed-use wooden
city block currently under construction on the Center
Island of IJburg in Amsterdam. The block, which is
set to be completed in 2024, will feature 165 homes
and various other functions, including a breeding
ground with studios and social facilities. The homes
are intended for the middle segment and the private
rental sector and will range in floor space from 65 to
140 square meters.
The block will also feature a seven-meter-high

transparent plinth containing retail and social
facilities, as well as underground parking for shared
bicycles and cars. The design of the block is intended
to create an “urban village” with ample space for
movement and social interaction, as well as the
ability for residents to have input in the programming
and selection of businesses within the block. The
Apendix : Figure 42: Robin wood impressions,

block will be constructed using a combination of
A timber frame construction, CLT, and concrete, . The

project will also use a modular prefab construction
system of wooden modules for fast assembly on site.
The “live-with” typology of the work-home is

beneficial because it promotes a harmonious
balance between one’s professional and personal
lives. It allows for greater flexibility in terms of
work schedule and eliminates the need for a daily
commute, leading to a reduction in both time and
cost. Additionally, it enables individuals to create a
personalized and comfortable work environment,
leading to increased productivity and job satisfaction.
Overall, the “live-with” typology of the work-home
provides a range of benefits that can improve the
overall well-being of individuals, while also promoting
economic development.
Work space
Dwelling
Apendix : Figure 43: Robin wood diagrams,

A Piazza Céramique
Location: Maastricht, The netherlands
Program: housing, offices
Year: 2006
Architect: Jo Janssen Architecten
GFA: 18.970 m2
The Piazza Céramique project, located in the ‘Céramique

- Area’ of Maastricht is an example of the ‘live-adjecent’
work home typology. The program for the site includes a
combination of residential and commercial spaces, with
a focus on integrated forms of dwelling and working.
The basic architectural concept of the project, in terms
of structure and infrastructure, allows for a high degree
of flexibility while remaining within the constraints of the
building envelope. This flexibility was utilized by the client
to the maximum extent, resulting in a final project with 92
apartments, 27 of which include home offices, as well as
commercial spaces and 7 individual work units.
One of the key themes informing the design of the
integrated home office apartments is the concept of a
double entry and the psychological split between the more
private space of the family and living, and the more public
space for working and receiving clients, harkening back
to the 19th century mansion-annex practice commonly
inhabited by professionals such as lawyers, doctors, and
Apendix : Figure 44: Piazza Céramique,

source: https://www.archdaily.com/508089/piazza-ceramique-jo-janssen-architecten
A architects. Another advantage of integrating dwelling and
working within the same block is the creation of a more
spacious entry-hall, in this case represented by a glassed
atrium that serves as a public lobby for both the apartments
and the workspaces.
The benefits of an adjacent home workspace with a

separate entrance are numerous. One of the main benefits
is the ability to have a dedicated and private space for
work, separate from the living areas of the home. This can
help to improve focus and productivity, as well as reduce
distractions and interruptions that can occur when working
from home. Another benefit is the ability to maintain a clear
distinction between work and personal life, which can help
to improve work-life balance and reduce stress. Additionally,
Having a separate entrance for your home office allows for
the benefit of hosting guests or clients without disrupting
your personal living space. This provides privacy and
professionalism in hosting visitors to your home-based
busines
Apendix : Figure 45: Analsysis Piazza Céramique, Work space

source: by author
Dwelling
A Workhome
Location: Nordvest, Denmark
Year: 2017
Architect: Rasmus Pikk
An example of the live-nearby typology is designed

by ‘Rasmus Pikk’. He focused in his research on the
intersection of architecture and urban design, specifically
in the context of how the blending of residential and work
spaces can contribute to the overall vitality of a city. He
examines alternative forms of urban dwelling in dense,
urban environments and question traditional notions of the
separation between living and working spaces. Buildings
that combine residential and work spaces can be found
globally, and take on different forms depending on cultural
context. These spaces can serve as important centers for
community and social interaction, and have the potential to
be deeply integrated into the fabric of a city.
The proposed design, with the title “Workhome,” is a mixed-

use building in the Nordvest neighborhood in Den mark that
combines residential units, communal spaces, and a public
workshop on the ground floor. The building is designed to
complete an existing urban block and create
Apendix : Figure 46: Work home,

source: https://royaldanishacademy.com/project/workhome
a new courtyard that connects it to surrounding uses.
A The residential units are composed of a single room with

shared spaces that facilitate a range of activities, including
dwelling, working, and production. The building is intended
to serve as a home for artists, makers, and other creatives
in fields such as advertising, architecture, crafts, design,
media production, IT services, and the performing and
visual arts. By bringing together this diverse group of
residents, the building has the potential to foster a sense of
community, encourage networking and collaboration, and
provide opportunities for mutual critique and exchange.
Work space
Dwelling
Apendix : Figure 47: analysis Work home,

source: by author
A Spaarndammer hart
Year: 2021
Architect: Korth Tielens architecten
GFA: 14.334 m2
An additional example utilized in formulating a third

concept for the Keile-mix is the Spaarndammerbuurt
due to its interesting integration of work and residential
typologies into the streetscape, as depicted in the
upper right portion of the page. In the design by Korth
Tieles architects, it was important to situate the work
function of these residences at street level to activate
the street further. The type of workspace is typically
suited for small-scale productive functions, rather
than large-scale manufacturing, making it a mixed
opportunity. Despite this small-scale work function,
the design also incorporates other design strategies
which are useful in formulating the third concept for
the Keile-mix. The complete project analysis is included
in the appendix, and only the key points related to the
program and design for the Keile-mix will be discussed.
The design features a courtyard typology, where the
residential buildings surround a central courtyard.
The residential street separates this volume from the
row of work-residential buildings, giving the courtyard
a predominantly residential character. Additionally,
there are shared social functions such as a community
center and social spaces where the neighborhood can
come together.
Apendix : Figure 48: impressions Spaarndammerhart,

The first step in my analysis of the “Spaarndammerhart”
A project was to examine how the building block has

developed over the past 100 years. It is evident that
the building block has taken on various forms, from
residential blocks to a school complex in the 1970s,
and has now been restored to a residential block in
the contemporary context of the Spaarndammer
neighborhood. The location of the project is indicated
on the map below.
Apendix : Figure 50: Dwelling types and amounts

source: by author
Apendix : Figure 49: Context and historic analyis spaarndammerhart, Apendix : Figure 51: Site plan spaarndammerhart,
The second step of my analysis was to determine the
A configuration of the urban building block. The analysis

revealed that the building block consists of two distinct
parts to better align with the existing structure of the
surrounding area. Firstly, there is a closed building
block with a central courtyard, and secondly, there is
a row of work-living units opposite this building block.
Both have different materials but share the same
design language. The function analysis revealed a
mix of social, middle, and high-end segment homes,
including both purchased and rented units.
Apendix : Figure 53: Section en elevation

source: by author
Apendix : Figure 52: Exploded overview of functions Apendix : Figure 54: Diagram context with function overview
In the third step of my analysis, I examined the four
A typologies and how they are configured in their

individual dwelling functions. The Spaarndammerhart
project includes a diverse range of dwelling types
within its various volumes. In this section, all dwellings
within these volumes were categorized, and the four
primary dwelling typologies are analyzed in depth.
This results in a configuration that not only brings
together different types of tenture segments, but also
different age groups, creating a courtyard typology
that encourages a sense of community and mutual
support.
Apendix : Figure 55: overview of dwelling typology Apendix : Figure 56: Exploded Diagram with dwelling overview
A Maisonnettes
The maisonette dwellings are expansive social housing
units that offer ample living space for families. Each
unit features a private garden on the ground floor and
four bedrooms throughout. This typology presents an
affordable option for larger families in need of spacious
housing.
These dwellings have direct street access from the
ground level, and their kitchen facilities are situated on
the same floor. Bedrooms and bathrooms are located
on the second floor, providing the necessary privacy
for these functions.
Apendix : Figure 57: overview diagram masonnettes Apendix : Figure 58: impressions Spaarndammerhart,
source: by author source: https://arcam.nl/architectuur-gids/spaarndammerhart/
A Maisonnettes
Apendix : Figure 59: Floorplans maisonnettes Apendix : Figure 60: Diagrams maisonnettes
A Family home
The residential units surrounding the central courtyard
of the Spaarndammerhart consist of three-story family
dwellings that feature a communal courtyard-facing
side and a more secluded garden-facing side. The
entrance to each unit is located on the courtyard-
facing side, promoting social interaction among
residents in the shared space, while also providing
increased privacy on the outer periphery where the
individual gardens are located.
Apendix : Figure 61: overview family housing Apendix : Figure 62: impressions Spaarndammerhart,
source: by author source: https://arcam.nl/architectuur-gids/spaarndammerhart/
A Family home
Apendix : Figure 63: Floorplans Family housing

Apendix : Figure 64: Diagrams family housing
source: by author
source: by author
A Apartment
The upper levels of the central block consists of
apartments for rental in the private sector, also
a few for social housing and at the upper levels
seniors apartments. The inclusion of this diversity in
housing typologies stems from the ambition to allow
every type of urban dweller to live together. The
Spaarndammerbuurt has to deal with many older
residents that live a too large home compared to their
household configuration, most of whom are seniors
who do not want to leave their neighbourhood. These
residents can move from their current home (often
family homes) to the new senior apartments. This makes
homes free for families to move into the neighborhood ,
which is why these homes are also called flow-through
homes. This is reflected in the floor plan in the wide
corridors, which guarantee wheelchair accessibility.
Apendix : Figure 65: overview of apartments

source: by author
A Apartment
Apendix : Figure 67: floorplan apartments

Apendix : Figure 68: Diagram apartment
source: by author
source: by author
A Work home
As the lines between living and working continue to
blur with the increasing popularity of remote work and
flexible employment contracts, more and more people
are working from home. The dwellings located along
Krommenniestraat offer an ideal live/work typology,
with spacious floor plans that provide enough room
for workspaces on the ground floor complete with its
own entrance. While these four-story dwellings are
part of the Spaarndammerhart plan, they differ visually
from the main block with its central courtyard. Situated
across the street from the block, they need to blend in
with the surrounding neighborhood’s street profile. To
achieve this, the brick color matches the surroundings,
and the dimensions of the neighboring streets serve
as a guide.
Apendix : Figure 69: overview of work-homes

source: by author
A Work home
Apendix : Figure 71: Floorplan work home

Apendix : Figure 72: Diagram overview work-home
source: by author
source: by author
K e i l e m ix
A Co n c ep t 2
Factory ow n e rs
The e ntre p re ne urs and

f actory o wne rs of the
modu lar c o ns truc tio n f a c to ry
are t h e initia l s take ho ld e rs
u t ilizin g the c e ntra l f unc tio n
of t h e p ro j e c t. The f ac to ry
en comp a s s e s an a re a of
3,437 m ,
2
c o ns is ting of a
rect an g ula r ha ll tha t p ro v id e s
a cover e d e nv iro nme nt f o r
th e var io us o p e ra tio ns . To
min imiz e dis turba nc e in the
pu blic re alm, s p ac e within
th e h all has b e e n allo c a te d
f or logis tic a l purpo s e s .
The c e ntra l po s itio ning
offers a tra ns itio n z o ne in
th e form a s malle r- s c a le
produ ctio n ac tiv itie s in
design a te d make r s pa c e s .

source: by author
K e i l e m ix
A Co n c ep t 2
M akersp a ce s
The small- s c ale pro d uc tiv e

man u f ac turing c lus te rs
con sist of s e v e ra l s pe c ia liz e d
man u f ac turing units , or
“mak in g s ta tio ns ,” with a to ta l
combin e d f lo o r are a o f 3,227
m 2 , loca te d o n the build ing
plot. T he s e s ta tio ns will be
u t ilized b y a div e rs e gro up
of u sers, inc lud ing re s ide nts ,
mak ers, s tud e nts , e duc ato rs ,
an d en tre p re ne urs , s e rv ing
as a h ub f o r c o lla bo ra tio n
an d inno v atio n. The
commu nity of us e rs be a rs
join t res p o ns ibility for the
costs as s o c iate d with
main ten anc e a nd upke e p .

source: by author
K e i l e m ix
A Co n c ep t 2
En trances
The sh are d e ntranc e for

the bu ilding is de s igne d to
provide a ba la nc e b e twe e n a
w elcomin g and p ro f e s s io na l
at mosph ere f o r a div e rs e ra nge
of u sers and v is ito rs . The c e ntral
position in g o f the e ntra nc e s in
t h e bu ildin g e nha nc e s the v is ito r
experien ce b y d ire c ting the m to
a cen traliz e d lo b by, whe re the y
are greet e d b y a c o nc ie rg e o r
recept ion is t. This typ e o f lo bb y
t ypology off e rs v a rio us b e ne f its ,
su ch as imp ro v e d nav iga tio n,
en h an ced s e c urity thro ugh a
cen t raliz ed po int o f e ntry, a nd
t h e ability to c re a te a we lc o ming
an d prof ess io na l imag e f o r the
bu ildin g an d its o c c up ants .

source: by author
K e i l e m ix
A Co n c ep t 2
Form fo l l ow s funct i on
The struc ture of the

bu ildin g c o ns is ts of thre e
separate s e c tio ns , each
accomm o d ating a d is tinc t
demogra phic of re s id e nts .
The Ro tte rda m build ing
lay er (1) c o nta ins s tud io
apartme nts de s igna te d
as st arte r ho me s . In the
terraced v o lume (2 ), mo re
u pscale ho me s with ho me -
office sp ac e s a re s ituate d.
(3) T h e m id- re nta l o f ho us ing
is loca te d in a to we r-
lik e vo lume that b o rde rs
th e make r’s c o urt and is
compris e d of mid - ra nge
h omes in the ho me o f f ic e
typology.

source: by author
K e i l e m ix
A Co n c ep t 2
The base:
Work-studio
T h e bas e c o mp ris e s 8 8
h om es of the wo rk- s tudio
typology. The ho me s hav e
f loor are as ra nging f ro m 5 5
to 90 m 2 .
29%
47%
25%
Legend
Low-segment (47%)
11.630 m2
High-segment (25%)
6.112 m2
Mid-segment (29)
7.180 m2
total: 19.421 m2

source: by author
K e i l e m ix
A Co n c ep t 2
location: 3th floor

The base:
Work-studio
K e i l e m ix
A Co n c ep t 2
The base:
Work-studio
Form fo l l ow s funct i on location: 3th floor

The Wor k stu di o i s si m pl e
and sma l l i n si z e . D u e to th e
S co n f i gu r ati o n , di f f e r e n t
zo n es h ave be e n c r e ate d
rel ated to th e i n te n si ty o f
acti vi ty.
Outd oor s p a ce Resting space

Room f o r a b re a th The bedr o o m fo r r ec har-
of fr e s h a ir o r to gi ng
en joy the s un
rela xin g s p a ce Centr al living

Zon e f o r re s t a nd re c o- Li vi ng spac e i n a c ent r al
very f ro m the d ay l o c at i o n
Slidi n g d oors A ctive space

T h e s p ac e is f le x ib le by the Ki t c hen as an ext ensi o n o f
u s o f s lid ing d o o rs w o r k pl ac e
S tor age
En tra n ce Ent r anc e c an ser ve as a
Forma l e ntranc e f o r w ai t er i ng
visito rs
K e i l e m ix
A Co n c ep t 2
The middle:
Home-office
T h e ‘Mid d le ’ c o mpris e s 55
h igh - end ap artme nts with
f loor are as ra nging f ro m 1 00
to 250 s qua re me te r a nd
h ave a ho me - o f f ic e typ o-
logy.
29%
47%
25%
Legend
Low-segment (47%)
11.630 m2
High-segment (25%)
6.112 m2
Mid-segment (29)
7.180 m2
total: 19.421 m2

source: by author
K e i l e m ix
A Co n c ep t 2
The middle:
Home-office
location: 5th floor
K e i l e m ix
A Co n c ep t 2
The skyrise:
Virtual-office
T h e reside ntia l to we r c o n-
tain s 68 ho me s with a s ur-
f ace are a o f 7
5 to 1 00 m^2 .
29%
47%
25%
Legend
Low-segment (47%)
11.630 m2
High-segment (25%)
6.112 m2
Mid-segment (29)
7.180 m2
total: 19.421 m2

source: by author
K e i l e m ix
A Co n c ep t 2
The skyrise:
Virtual-office
3600 mm
K e i l e m ix
A Co n c ep t 2
The skyrise:
Virtual-office
T h e mid d le s e gme nt re nta l

location: 24th floor
h omes a re lo c ate d in the to-
w er. T h e s e are c harac te riz e d
by th e virtual o f f ic e s p ac e .
T h is give s the re s id e nt the
opportunity to wo rk f ro m
bed r oom s
h ome in a q uie t p la c e .
sl eepi ng quar t er s t o r est
O u t d oor s p a ce H allway
Outd o o r s pa c e with a v ie w buffer bet w een c o r r i do r and
ov e r R o tte rd am pr i vat e quar t er s
L ivin g room
Ce ntra l plac e in the ho us e
V irt u a l Of f ice Lift

Own o f f ic e s p ac e to wo rk D i r ec t ac c es t o t he gr o und
fro m ho me v ia a d ig ital p la t- l o bby
fo rm
3600 mm
K e i l e m ix
A Co n c ep t 2
location: north-elevation
K e i l e m ix
A Co n c ep t 2
S ecti on
T h e bu ild ing is c e ntrally location: section A-A
accessed thro ugh thre e s e-

parate e le v ato r s ha f ts . Fro m
th e lobb y, o ne c an e nte r the
tw o w in g s a nd as c e nd to
24
h igh er flo o rs . The f irs t f iv e
23
f loors ar e ac c e s s ible a t the
22
en d of t he c o rrid o rs thro ugh
21
vert ical s ta irc a s e s lo c ate d
20
on t h e side s o f the b uilding.
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
09
08
07
06
05
04
03
02
00
K e i l e m ix
A Co n c ep t 2
K e i l e m ix
A Co n c ep t 2

MSC Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences Graduation Thesis Studio Advanced Housing Booklet

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MSC Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences Graduation Thesis Studio Advanced Housing Booklet

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F rom Ab an do n e d to A b u n d a n t

Faculty of architecture, Technical university of Delft 1

I am proud to present my work titled ‘from Abandoned to Abundant’ A study

06 4. Pr incip les 110

108 Bib liog r a p hy 314

A p p end ix A & B 322

Rozenburg Pernis Rozenburg Pernis

Oostvoorne Brielle Oostvoorne Brielle

General cargo/ Containers Dwelling

ideology, which aimed to promote diversity, had been Arnhem

used to justify the exclusion of low-skilled workers. Ro tterd a m

Brenner asserted that the “open city” should be

Saskia Sassen, a sociologist and economist, attributed Na mur

disparities in living and working conditions to the F ra nkfurt

prioritization of the service economy by cities, creating

In her book “The Global City,” (2018, p. 29-30) Sassen

F i g. 2: “ Hi n t e rl an d o f R o t t e rdam s ’ h arbo r” s o u rce : by author

The social The service The productive The supportive

R How I used research to reach this goal:

1. A historical analysis of Rotterdam's mixed-use city paradigm was

2. A housing arrangement catering to different age groups, allowing

3. The third step involved formulating a categorization of four urban

5. Conclusion, The final step comprises selecting a functional config u-

Graduation Studio Advanced Housing Design

of mixed-use cities across four time periods.

1.1 definition of the mixed-use ideology

Figure 4: “Rotterdam, Waterstad” by “Johannes de Vou, created in 1664” source:

1.2 the pre-industrial urban mix

Figure 5: “Old houses, Rottedam” by “Cornelis Christiaan Dommelshuizen, created

R areas were intermixed with productive spaces, and

Figure 7: pre-industrial city-block, source: by author

Frances Hollis an academic who focuses on labor

R locating urban blocks around semi-public courtyards,

Figures 8.A and 8.B showcase the building typology

Figure 9: “City Plan of Rotterdam” by M. Wyt & Zonen, created in 1923

carriage house, and living quarters for servants

1.3 influence of industrial revolution

R based work continued during this time, but it faced

urban configurations resulted in new forms of political

barriers were implemented in some instances to

separate these new productive areas from the cities

residential areas. The painting, shown in figure 9, “City B2

Plan of Rotterdam” by M. Wyt & Zonen, created in 1923,

C14 179 130 C16 97

Vierhaven Area, located on the western flank of the

city’s expansion, is prominently featured as a large

and distinct new harbor that is situated away from the

historic city center. The residential neighborhood of

Spangen, shown in figure 10; Justus van Effenblok’, just

Figure 13.b: Justus-van-Effencomplex,

Figure 14: “Rotterdam, Waterstad” by “Johannes de Vou, created in 1664” source:

1.4 the post-war urban mix

R businesspeople led by C.H. van der Leeuw, the director

F i gu re 1 7 : post-war urbanism , showing lijnbaan as the primary shopping street

Gitler (2022, p. 282-284) adds, that while the principle

Figure 16: post-war urbanism of Rotterdam

R a British architectural historian and writer and wrote in

Figure 18. Urban setting Maastoren flat, 1957 Offices

Figure 19: “Masterplan Rijnhaven” by “Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates,

1.5 The contemporary mixed-Use City

Figure 20: “Rijnhaven, Rotterdam” by Barcode architects, created in 2019”

R opposite the city center, known as the Kop van Zuid. As a

F i gu re 22: po s t -industrial city-blocks of Rijnhaven