LESSON 1

1. Philosophy - the systematic and critical examination of fundamental questions about the
nature of reality, knowledge, morality, existence, and the meaning of life; "love of
wisdom”.
2. Logos - everything that exists is based on a higher order or plan
3. “Limit situations" - philosophy helps us navigate challenging experiences
4. Framework - A way of thinking about the world and is composed of views and beliefs of
a person. -Abella, 2016
5. Examination of Knowledge - The central principle in philosophy is examination and
questioning, and this is often applied in the analysis of the frameworks of other areas of
science.
6. Discipline - the pursuit of wisdom through the critical investigation of the nature, causes,
or foundations of reality, knowledge, or values, rather than relying purely on empirical
investigation.
7. Logic - the art of thinking.
8. Deductive Reasoning - From a GENERAL truth to a SPECIFIC truth; From a universal
truth to particular.
9. Inductive Reasoning - From a SPECIFIC truth to a GENERAL truth; From a particular
truth to universal.
10. Epistemology - the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity,
and scope.
11. Rational School - The main source of Knowledge is deductive reasoning. based on self-
evident, principles or actions.
12. Empirical School - The source of knowledge is sense-perception.
13. Metaphysics - META – beyond; PHYSIKON – Nature.
14. Aesthetic - “AESTHETIKOS” Perceptive of things.
15. holistic thinking - often described as looking at the "big picture" when describing and
analyzing a situation or problem.
16. partial thinking - focuses on specific aspects of a situation.
17. holistic perspective - can enable a person to step back and consider the general aspects
of a certain problem.
18. Wisdom - is one intended product of philosophizing, and this refers to a person's ability
to apply knowledge to daily life particularly in making sound choices and judgment.
19. Self-knowledge - refers to knowledge of one's own mental states, processes, and
dispositions.
20. Reflection - requires a person to be willing to examine one's thoughts, feelings, and
actions and to learn more about one's life and experiences.

Lesson 2
1. Philosophizing - is to think or express oneself in a philosophical manner.
2. Truth - a fact or belief that is accepted as true.
3. Knowledge - is the clear awareness and understanding of something.
4. Claims - are statements that require further examination to determine their truthfulness.
5. Opinions - statements that go beyond providing facts.
6. Conclusion - a judgement based on certain facts.
7. Beliefs - the statement that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained
by facts.
8. Explanations - statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why the
statement is true.
9. Arguments - a series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or
listener that a claim or opinion is truthful
10. Phenomenology Method - • is the study of “phenomena”: appearances of things, or
things as they appear in our experience, or the ways we experience things, thus the
meanings things have in our experience
11. Socratic Method - • also know by greek term elechus that means "to inquire or to cross-
examine" is an exchange of ideas using socratic questioning
12. Historical Method - the process of gathering evidences, examining them, and formulating
ideas about the past to come up with present truths.
13. Critical Thinking - is the process of using and assessing reasons to evaluate statements,
assumptions, and arguments in ordinary situations.
14. DIALECTIC METHOD - the method of discussion that refers to coming up with answers
through the medium of the logical and reasonable discourse of arguments, keeping in
mind that no disrespectful arguments are made
15. ARGUMENTS - often take the form of statements that are either claims of facts and are
phrased in such a way that they seem reasonable.
16. ad hominem - attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument
itself.
17. appeal to force - using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an
argument.
18. appeal to emotion - using emotions such as pity or sympathy.\
19. appeal to the popular - the idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it.
20. appeal to tradition - the idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time.