Types of Sampling in Survey Research:

1. Probability Sampling: Collecting samples randomly. So, every member of the

population has a chance to be selected. This method tends to be more
representative and allows for statistical analysis. Types of probability sampling
methods include:
- Simple Random sampling: This is the most basic type of probability sampling,
where each member of the population has an equal probability of being selected. For
example, a researcher might use a random number generator to select participants
from a list of all registered voters in a particular state.
- Systematic Sampling: This method involves designing a systematic approach for
selecting a sample from the population. For example, a researcher might select every
10th person from a list of all employees in a company.
- Cluster Sampling: This method involves slicing the population into heterogeneous
groups based on certain characteristics, such as geographic location, and then
randomly selecting a cluster(s) for census. For example, a researcher might divide a
population of voters into clusters based on their precincts and then select a random
sample of precincts to be included in the study.
- Stratified random sampling: This method involves slicing the population into
homogeneous groups based on certain characteristics, such as age or gender, and
then selecting a random sample from each group. This method ensures that each
subgroup is represented in the sample. For example, a researcher might divide a
population of college students into subgroups based on their majors and then select
a random sample from each subgroup.

2. Non-Probability Sampling: Collecting samples based on specific characteristics.

So, not every member of the population has a chance of being selected. These
sampling methods are often used for online surveys. The different types of
non-probability sampling include:
- Convenience sampling: This is the quickest and easiest type of non-probability
sampling, where individuals are selected for inclusion in the sample because they are
the easiest for the researcher to access. All that matters is convenience. This means
the results are typically going to be less than scientific and therefore not applicable to
the wider population. For example, a college student wants to learn about alcohol
consumption among undergraduates, so she surveys people in her dorm because
they’re easily accessible to her (i.e. convenient).
- Snowball sampling: In a snowball sample, we rely on our initial survey respondents
to refer us to new participants. This method is useful when the population is hard to
reach, such as drug users or people with rare diseases.
- Consecutive sampling: This method involves selecting all individuals who meet the
inclusion criteria as they present themselves. For example, a researcher might select
all patients who come to a clinic during a certain period.
- Judgmental sampling: This method involves selecting participants based on the
researcher's judgment or expertise. For example, a researcher might select
participants based on their knowledge or experience in a particular field.
- Quota sampling: This method involves selecting participants based on specific
quotas, such as age, gender, or ethnicity. For example, a researcher might select
participants to ensure that the sample is representative of the population in terms of
age, gender, and ethnicity.