Delhi School of Economics

M.A. ECONOMICS, SUMMER SEMESTER 2022

COURSE 002. INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS
Midterm Examination
25th February 2023

Instructions. Time: 70 minutes. Maximum Marks 30. Closed book closed notes exam.
TWO SECTIONS. Use separate booklet for each section.
Attempt all questions from both sections. Marks for each question given in the parenthesis.

Part - A
1. Can you logically replace (p () q) with (p ^ q) _ (:p ^ :q)?
Explain your answer. [Where p and q are the atomic statements]. [4]
p p 1
2. Does f n + 1 ng1 converge to 0? Explain your answer. [5]
3. Let E = f0g [ f n1 jn 2 N g. f (x) is de…ned as follows: [5]
(
n
if x = n1 ; n = 1; 2; 3; ::::
f (x) = n+1
1 if x = 0

Using de…nition, show that f is a continuous function on E

Part - B
1. Consider the following system of equations Ax = b : -

2x1 + x2 + 7x3 2x4 = 4

3x1 2x2 + 11x4 = 13
x1 + x2 + 5x3 3x4 = 1

(a) Does the system have a general solution? Show it. [3]
0 1 0 1
2 1 7 2 j 4 1 0 2 1 j 3
Ans: A = @ 3 2 0 11 j 13 A, row echelon form: @ 0 1 3 4 j 2 A
1 1 5 3 j 1 0 0 0 0 j 0
8 9 0 1 0 1 0 1
>
> 3 2x3 x4 > > 3 2 1
< = B C B 3 C B C
2 3x3 + x4 2 C+x4 B 4
General Solution: =B C B
@ 0 A+x3 @ 1 A @ 0
C ; where x3 ; x4 2 R
A
>
> x3 >
>
: ;
x4 0 0 1
(b) Derive the subspace perpendicular to the Kernel space of A , call it H. [2]
Ans: You are supposed to …nd ker(A ) i.e. nullspace of AT ; and call it H:
0 1 0 5
1
2 3 1 1 0 7
B 1 2 1 C C B 0 1 1 C
A = tranpose(A) = @ B B
; row echelon form: @ 7 C
7 0 5 A 0 0 0 A
2 11 3 0 0 0
0 5 1
7
Therefore, Kernel space basis of A : @ 1
7
A=H
1

1
 (c) Derive the minimum distance to the subspace H from the vector (4; 5; 1)T : [3]
Ans: Do it yourself. Hint: Project the vector (4; 5; 1)T on H. Determine the point :H where
the perpedicular is falling. Then derive the distance from (4; 5; 1)T to :H point by any method
you know.

2. (a) For a polinomial of degree 2, …nd the change of co-ordinates matrix from the basis B = f1 2t +
t2 ; 3 5t + 4t2 ; 2t + 3t2 g to the standard basis S = f1; t; t2 g:
Then …nd the B-coordinate vector for f 1+2tg: [2]
Ans: C-cordinate vectors of b1 ; b2 and b3 are -
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
1 3 0 1 3 0
[b1 ]C = 4 2 5 ; [b2 ]C = 4 5 5 ; [b3 ]C = 4 2 5 : So PC B = 4 2 5 2 5
1 4 3 1 4 3
Let x = 1 + 2t. Then the coordinate vector [x]B satis…es -
2 3
1
PC B [x]B = [x]C = 4 2 5
0
This system maybe solved by row reducing its augmented matrix, as follows:
2 3 2 3 2 3
1 3 0 j 1 1 0 0 j 5 5
4 2 5 2 j 2 5~4 0 1 0 j 2 5 ; so [x]B = 4 2 5
1 4 3 j 0 0 0 1 j 1 1
(b) Consider two nxn matrices, where A is non-singular and B is singular.
Prove that AB is singular. [2]
Ans: If B is singular, then there exists a vector x 6= 0; so that x 2 N ull(B). Thus, Bx = 0,
so A(Bx) = (AB)x = 0, so x 2 N ull(AB). Since the null space of (AB) is not trivial, AB is a
singular matrix.
3. (a) Suppose A has a right inverse B. Then AB = I leads to AT AB = AT or B = (AT A) 1 AT . But
that satis…es BA = I; it is left-inverse.
Which step is not justi…ed? Show your calculations. [2]
T 1 T
Ans: Your guess is right if you have identi…ed that the problem lies with the step B = (A A) A ,
which presumes that A A is invertible. Now you can invoke the theorem of inner product spaces
to justify your answer.
(b) Let P be a self-adjoint matrix such that P 2 = P . Show that P is the matrix of an orthogonal
projection. (Hint: consider the decomposition x = x1 + x2 , where x1 2 RanP , and x2 ? RanP ).
. [2]
Ans: Following the hint, let’s write x = x1 + x2 2 RanP (RanP )? for arbitrary x 2 V .
Since (RanP )? = ker P and P = P , we have x2 2 ker P , so P x2 = 0.
Now, x1 2 RanP means x1 = P y for some y, hence P x1 = P (P y) = P 2 y = P y = x1 .
We see that P x = P (x1 + x2 ) = x1 .
In other words, P is the (matrix of) orthogonal projection onto RanP .