See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/346929694

Selected Questions & Answers in Aerodynamics

Preprint · December 2020

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.32835.02085

CITATIONS READS
0 4,900

1 author:

Bhar Kisabo Aliyu

National Space Research and Development Agency
45 PUBLICATIONS 116 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Bhar Kisabo Aliyu on 10 December 2020.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Selected Questions & Answers in Aerodynamics
Aliyu Bhar Kisabo
aliyukisabo@gmail.com+2348028908182

1. At the nose of a missile in flight, the pressure and temperature are 5.6atm and 850°R, respectively.
Calculate the density and specific volume.
(Note: 1 atm = 1.01x105Nm-2.)
Solution:
The free-body-diagram (FBD) of the problem is depicted in Fig. 1
Given parameters are temperature and pressure and taking 𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 287𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 and converting the
temperature to Kelvin we do T1 = 850 x 5/9 = 472.20 K.
Required parameters the density, 𝜌1 and specific volume 𝜈1 .

T1 , P1
1 , 1 = ?

Fig. 1: missile in flight

Recalling
P1 = 1RT1 (1.1)
Making density the subject in (1.1) gives (1.2)
P1 5.6 1.01105 N  m−2
1 = = −1 0 −1
= 4.17kg  m −3 (1.2)
RairT1 287 J  kg  K  472.2 K 0

Recalling that specific volume is expressed as given in (1.3)

V 1 1
= = = = 0.21m3  kg −1 (1.3)
m  4.17kg  m−3

2. In the reservoir of a supersonic wind tunnel, the pressure and temperature of air are 10 atm and 320 K,
respectively. Calculate the density, the number density, and the mole-mass ratio. (Note: 1 atm = 1.01 x
l05 Nm-2.)
Solution:
Assuming the FBD of the reservoir is rectangular as depicted in Fig. 2
Given: P1 = 10 x 1.10 x1105 Nm-2, T1 = 3200K
Required: 𝜌1 , 𝜂1 , 𝑛1

T1 , P1 1 ,1 , n1 = ?

Fig. 2: Reservoir of a wind tunnel

1
 Thus,

P1 10 1.01105 N  m−2
1 = = −1 0 −1
= 10.99kg  m −3 (2.1)
RairT1 287 J  kg  K  320 K
For mole number, Rair = R air
P1 10 1.01105 N  m −2
1 = = −1 0 −1 −3
= 0.035kg − mole  kg −1 (2.2)
R airT1 1 8314 J  mol  K  320 K 10.99kgm
Recalling the relations in (2.3)
P1 = n1kT1 (2.3)
Making the number density the subject in (2.3) and evaluating as given in (2.4)
P1 10 1.01105 N  m−2
n1 = = −23 −1
= 2.29 1026 mole  m −3 (2.4)
kT1 1.38 10 J  K  320 K 0

3. The pressure and temperature ratios across a given portion of a shock wave in air are P2/P1 = 4.5 and
T2/Tl = 1.687, where 1 and 2 denote conditions ahead of and behind the shock wave, respectively.
Calculate the change in entropy in units of (a) (ft . lb)/(slug . OR) and (b) J/(kg . K).
Solution:
Assuming the FBD of the shockwave and regions 1 and 2 are as depicted in Fig. 3
Given are the ratios; T2/Tl = 1.687 and P2/P1 = 4.5
Required is Δ𝑒
Shock wave
𝑃2 , 𝑇2

𝑃1 , 𝑇1

Fig. 3: shock wave across a body

−1
(a) Rair = 1716 ft − Ib  slug  0 R −1

Hence, recalling the expression in (3.1) and evaluating it

 Rair 1.4 1716

cp = = = 6006 ft − Ib  slug −1  0 R −1 (3.1)
 −1 1.4 − 1
Recalling that change entropy is as given in (3.2) and substituting the giving values to evaluate.

T  P 
s = c p ln  2  − R ln  2  = 6006 ft − Ib  slug −1  0 R −1 ln (1.687 )
 T1   P1  (3.2)
− 1716 ft − Ib  slug  R ln ( 4.5 ) = 559.85 ft − Ib  slug  R
−1 0 −1 −1 0 −1

(b) Rair = 287 J  kg −1  0 K

Hence, recalling the expression in (3.3) and evaluating it

2
  Rair 1.4  287 J  kg −1  0 K −1
cp = = = 1, 004.5 J  kg −1  0 K −1 (3.3)
 −1 1.4 − 1

Recalling that change entropy is as given in (3.4) and substituting the giving values to evaluate.

T  P 
s = c p ln  2  − R ln  2  = 1, 004.5 J  kg −1  0 K ln (1.687 ) − 287 J  kg −1  0 K ln ( 4.5 )
 T1   P1  (3.4)
= 93.63J  kg −1  0 K

4. Assume that the flow of air through a given duct is isentropic. At one point in the duct, the pressure and
temperature are Pl = 1800 lb/ft2 and TI = 500°R, respectively. At a second point, the temperature is 4000R.
Calculate the pressure and density at this second point.

Solution:
Considering the FBD of the duct as depicted in Fig. 4
Given are P1, T1 and 𝑇2
Required are P2 and 𝜌2
P2, T2, 𝜌2

P1, T1, 𝜌1

Fig. 4: flow in a duct

Converting the given pressure and temperatures to IS unit gives us (4.1) bearing in mind that 1 pound
per ft2 is equivalent to 47.88Nm-2
P1 = 1,800  47.88 = 86,184 N  m−2
5
T1 = 500  = 277.780 K (4.1)
9
5
T2 = 400  = 222.220 K
9
Recalling the relationship (4.2) and making P2 the subject of the formula we get (4.3)

P2  T2   −1
=  (4.2)
P1  T1 
where 𝛾 = 1.4
 1.4
 T   −1  222.220 K 1.4−1
P2 = P1  2  = 86,184 N  m −2   = 86,184 N  m −2  ( 0.799 ) = 39, 295.28 N  m −2 (4.3)
3.5
0 
 T1   277.78 K 
The required density can be computed as shown in (4.4)
P2 39, 295.28 N  m−2
2 = = −1 0 −1
= 0.62kg  m−3 (4.4)
RairT2 287 J  kg  K  222.22 K

5. Consider a room that is 20 ft long, 15 ft wide, and 8 ft high. For standard sea level conditions, calculate
the mass of air in the room in slugs(mass). Calculate the weight in pounds (Newtons). (Note: If you do
not know what standard sea level conditions are, consult any aerodynamics text).
3
Solution:
Considering the FBD as depicted in Fig.5
Given are dimensions of the room in ft and needs to be converted to meter, this is shown in (5.1)
20 ft = 0.3048  20 = 6.1m
15 ft = 0.3048 15 = 4.6m (5.1)
8 ft = 0.3048  8 = 2.4m
Thus, the volume of the room is 6.1m x 4.6m x 2.4m = 67.34m3
Required is the mass, mair and weight of air, wair in the room.

2.4m
4.6m

6.1m
Fig. 5: typical room

The standard sea level density is 1.255kgm-3 since we know the relationship in (5.2), making mass of air
the subject gives (5.3)
mair
air = (5.2)
vair
mair = air vair = 1.225kg  m−3  67.34m3 = 82.5kg (5.3)
The weight of the air in the room is computed as shown in (5.4) were gravity is given as 9.81ms-2 is a
computed in (5.4)
wair = mair  g = 82.5kg  m−3  9.81m  s −2 = 809.34 N (5.4)

4
 I

1. At a given point in the high-speed flow over an airplane wing, the local Mach number, pressure and
temperature are 0.7, 0.9 atm, and 2500K, respectively. Calculate the values of p0, T0 , p*, T*, and a* at this
point.

Solution:
The FBD for the problem is depicted as shown in Fig. 1.1 below

Fig.1: aircraft wing depicting 3 regimes of flow

Given; M1= 0.7, p1 = 0.9 atm, and T1 = 2500K

Required; p0, T0 , p*, T*, and a*

From Table A1, for M1 = 0.7, (1.1) and (1.2) were read-off directly and the require stagnation pressure
and temperature were computed accordingly’
p0
= 1.387
p1 (1.1)
−2
p0 = 1.387  p1 = 1.387  0.9 1.0110 N  m = 126.1KN  m
5 2

T0
= 1.098
T1 (1.2)
T0 = 1.098  250 K = 274.5 K
0 0

For the flow to get to the critical point this means Mach number 1. From Table A1, for Mach 1, we can
read off the following values in (1.3) and (1.4) and due the mathematical manipulations that follows to
obtain the required critical temperature and pressure accordingly.
p0
= 1.893
p
(1.3)
  p   p*  1.387
p = p1  0    =  0.9 1.01105 N  m−2 = 66.6 KNm−2
 p1  p0  1.893

1
 T0
= 1.2
T
(1.4)
 T  T*  1.098
T  = T1  0    = 2500 K = 228.750 K
 1  0 
T T 1.2
The velocity at the critical point can be computed as shown in (1.5)
a* =  air RairTair* = 1.4  287 J  kg −1 0 K  228.750 K −1 = 91,911.75 = 303.17m  s −1 (1.5)

2. At a given point in a supersonic wind tunnel, the pressure and temperature are 5 x 10 4Nm-2 and 2000K,
respectively. The total pressure at this point is 1.5 x 106Nm-2. Calculate the local Mach number and total
temperature.

Solution:
Given; p1 = 5 x 104Nm-2, T1 = 2000K, p0 = 1.5 x 106Nm-2, M1 >1.2 is a guide to validate the deduced local
Mach number
Required; M1 and T0
FBD of the wind tunnel is as given in Fig. 2 with designated fluid properties based on the problem.

Fig. 2: 1-D schematic of a supersonic wind tunnel

Hence, we can write (2.1) and from Table A1 page 709, the value closest to 30 is 29.29 and the
corresponding Mach number is 2.85 hence, M1 = 2.85.
p0 1.5 106 N  m 2
= = 30 (2.1)
p1 5 104 N  m 2
For M1 = 2.85, we can do (2.2)

T0
= 2.624
T1 (2.2)
T0 = 2.624  200 K = 524.8 K
0 0

3. Consider a normal shock wave in air. The upstream conditions are given by M1 = 3, p1 = 1 atm, 𝜌1 =
1.23𝑘𝑔𝑚 −3 . Calculate the downstream values of p2, T2, ρ2, M2, u2, po2,, and To2.

Solution:
Given; M1 = 3, p1 = 1 atm, 𝜌1 = 1.23𝑘𝑔𝑚 −3
Required; p2, T2, ρ2, M2, u2, po2,, and To2.
The FBD is depicted in Fig. 3.

2
 Fig. 3: Normal shock wave regime

From isentropic relationship, we can compute the following upstream properties as given in (3.1)
P1 1 x 1.01 x 105 Nm−2
T1 = = = 286.10 K
1R (1.23 kg  m−3  287 J  kg −1 0 K −1 )
a1 =  RT1 = 1.4  287 J  kg −1 0 K  286.1K = 339.1m  s −1 (3.1)
u1 = M 1  a1 = 3  339.1m  s −1 = 1,017.3m  s −1
For M1 = 3, and from Table A3(Normal shock wave properties), we can get the relationships in (3.2), (3.3)
and (3.4), from which the required downstream properties are computed appropriately.
P2
= 10.3333
P1 (3.2)
−2 −2
P2 = 10.3333  P1 = 10.3333  (1 x 1.01 x 10 N  m ) = 10.44 K N m
5

T2
= 2.6790
T1 (3.3)
T2 = 2.6790  T1 = 2.6790  (286.10 K ) = 766.50 K
2
= 3.8571
1 (3.4)
2 = 3.85711 = 3.85711.23 kg  m = 4.74kg  m
−3 −3

M2 is read-off directly from the Table as 0.4752

a2 =  air RairT2 = 1.4  287 J  kg −1 0 K −1  766.50 K = 307,979.7 = 554.96m  s −1 (3.5)
The velocity u2 can be computed as shown in (3.6)
u2 = M 2  a2 = 0.4752  554.96m  s −1 = 263.72m  s −1 (3.6)
p01 p
From Table A1 we read off = 36.73 and from Table A3, Normal schock, we read off 02 = 0.3282 .
p1 p01
The mathematical manipulation in (3.7)
p p 
p02 = p1  02  01  = 11.01105 N  m−2  36.73  0.3282 = 1.22 106 N  m−2 (3.7)
 p01 p1 
T
For a normal shock wave, T02 = T01 and reading off 01 = 1.018 from Table A1(corresponding with M1 =
T1
3) hence, T01 is computed as shown in (3.8)
T01
T01 = T1  = 286.10 K 1.018 = 291.25 0 K (3.8)
T1

3
4. During the entry of the Apollo space into the Earth’s atmosphere, the Mach number at the a given point
on the trajectory was M = 38 and the atmosphere temperature was 2700K. Calculate the temperature at
stagnation point of the vehicle, assuming a calorically perfect gas with 𝛾 = 1.4. Do you think this is an
accurate calculation? If not, why? If not, is your answer an overestimate or underestimate?

Solution:
Given; M1 = 38, T1 = 2700K
Required; To.
FBD of the problem is depicted in Fig. 4

Fig.: Apollo spacecraft during re-entry

From Table A1, at M1 = 38, we read off the relationship in (4.1) and computed the stagnation temperature
accordingly.
T0
= 289.9
T1 (4.1)
T0 = 289.9  T1 = 289.9  2700 K = 78, 2460 K
The computed temperature in (4.1) is almost 8 times the surface temperature of the sun. Long before this
temperature is even reached, the air will dissociate, and γ is no longer constant, nor anywhere close to 1.4.
Thus, the answer in (4.1) is totally inaccurate! Since dissociation and ionization require energy, the actual
temperature is considerably less, more like 11,0000K.

5. Consider air entering a heated duct at p1 = 1 atm and T1 =2880K. Ignore the effect of friction. Calculate
the amount of heat per unit mass (Joules per kilogram) necessary to choke the flow at the duct, as well
as the pressure and temperature at the duct exist, for an inlet Mach number of (a) M1 = 2.0 (b) M1 = 0.2

Solution:
Given; p1 = 1 atm, T1 =2880K
Required; q, p2 , T2
The FBD of the problem is depicted in Fig. 5

Fig. 5: Flow in a duct with heat addition

(a) M1 = 2.0, heat addition will de-accelerate the flow to M1 = 1 at the critical point

4
For the flow to be choked, critical value is reach (Mach 1) hence, from Table A3 (one dimensional flow with
heat addition) for M1 = 2.0 we read off the following values
p1 T T
*
= 0.363, 1* = 0.5289, 01* = 0.7934 (5.1)
p T T0
For the unchoked part of the flow, under M1 = 2.0 we read off the following values in Table A1
T01
= 1.8 (5.2)
T1
Hence, the critical or choked stagnation temperature is computed as given in (5.3)
 T *  T   1 
T0* =  0  01  T1 =   (1.8) 288 = 653.4 K (5.3)
0

 T01   T1   0.7934 
For chocked condition, T02 = T0* to get T01 we use (5.2) as evaluated in (5.4)
T01 = T1 = 1.8  288 0 K = 518.4 0 K (5.4)
Thus, the heat added to the flow is computed as given in (5.5)
q = c p (T02 − T01 ) = 1005 J  kg −1 0 K −1 ( 653 − 581.4 ) 0 K = 1.36 105 J  kg −1 (5.6)
For chocked condition, p2 = p* we use the critical pressure ratio (5.1) as evaluated in (5.7)
p1 11.01105 N  m−2
p2 = p* = = = 2.78 105 N  m−2 (5.8)
0.363 0.363
For chocked condition, T2 = T* we use the critical temperature ratio (5.1) as evaluated in (5.9)
T1 2880 K
T2 = T * = = = 544.40 K (5.9)
0.5289 0.5289

(b) M1 = 0.2, heat addition will accelerate the flow to M1 = 1. From Table A3 (one dimensional flow with heat
addition) for we read off the following values
p1 T T
*
= 2.273, 1* = 0.2066, 01* = 0.1736 (5.10)
p T T0
For the unchoked part of the flow, under M1 = 0.2 we read off the following values in Table A1
T01
= 1.008 (5.11)
T1
Hence, the critical or choked stagnation temperature is computed as given in (5.12)
 T *  T   1 
T0* =  0  01  T1 =   (1.008) 288 = 1, 672 K (5.12)
0

 T01   T1   0.1736 
For chocked condition, T02 = T0* to get T01 we use (5.11) as evaluated in (5.13)
T01 = T1 = 1.008  288 0 K = 290.3 0 K (5.13)
Thus, the heat added to the flow is computed as given in (5.14)
q = c p (T02 − T01 ) = 1005J  kg −1 0 K −1 (1, 672 − 290.3) 0 K = 1.39 106 J  kg −1 (5.14)
For chocked condition, p2 = p* we use the critical pressure ratio (5.10) as evaluated in (5.15)
p1 11.01105 N  m−2
p2 = p* = = = 4.44 104 N  m−2 (5.15)
2.273 2.273
For chocked condition, T2 = T* we use the critical temperature ratio (5.10) as evaluated in (5.16)
T1 2880 K
T2 = T * = = = 1,3940 K (5.16)
0.2066 0.2066
5
6. Air enters the combustor of a jet engine at p1 = 10 atm, and T1 =10000R, and M1= 0.2. fuel is injected and
burned, with a fuel-air ratio by mass 0.06. The heat released during the combustion is 4.5 x 108 ft-Ib per
slug of fuel. Assuming on-dimensional frictionless flow with 𝛾 = 1.4 for the air-fuel ratio mixture,
compute M2, p2 and T2 at the exit of the combustor.

Solution:
Given; p1 = 10 atm, T1 =10000R, M1= 0.2, fuel-air ratio 1: 0.06, q = 4.5 x 108 ft-Ibslug-1
Require; M2, p2 and T2
FBD is depicted in Fig. 6

Fig. 6: schematic of a 1D jet engine

Using isentropic relationship to compute cp as given and evaluated in (6.1)

 R 1.4 1716 ft  Ib  slug −1
cp = = = 6, 006 ft  Ib  slug −1t (6.1)
 −1 1.4 − 1
From the relationship of heat dissipated from the system, we can compute for T2 as shown in (6.2)
q = c p (T02 − T01 )
0.06  4.5 108 (6.2)
q 1.06
T02 − T01 = = = 4, 2410 R
cp 6, 006
From Table A1, the properties in (6.3) were obtained
p01 T
= 1.028, 01 = 1.008 (6.3)
p1 T1
Hence, we can compute T01 as shown in (6.4)
T01
= 1.008
T1 (6.4)
T01 = 1.008  T1 = 1.008 1000 R = 1, 008 R
0 0

Substituting (6.4) in (6.2), we compute T02 as given in (6.5)

T02 = 4, 2410 R + T01 = 4, 2410 R + 1,008 0 R = 5, 249 0 R (6.5)
Considering the critical region, from Table A3(1D flow with heat addition), we read-off the following
properties for M1 = 0.2 as captured in (6.6)
p1 T T

= 2.273, 1* = 0.2066, 01* = 0.1736 (6.6)
p T T0
Thus, we can now evaluate for T* as shown in (6.7)
6
 T01
= 0.1736
T0*
(6.7)
T01 1, 008
T0 =
*
= = 5,806 0 R
0.1736 0.1736
Combining (6.5) and (6.7) we can get the ratio in (6.8)
T02 5, 249 0 R
= = 0.904 (6.8)
T0* 5,806 0 R
From Table A3, the ratio in (6.8) corresponds with the following properties in (6.9)
p2 T
M 2 = 0.694, 
= 1.443, 2* = 0.9895 (6.9)
p T
Hence, the required exit Mach number is 0.694. The relations for corresponding to M2 = 0.694 are read-
off as given in (6.10)
p2 p T T

= 2.273, 1* = 1.433, 2* = 0.2066, 1* = 0.9895 (6.10)
p p T T

To compute p2 the mathematical manipulation in (6.11) was employed

 p2 
  p 
p1 = 
p p 1.433
p2 = 2   p1 =  10 = 6.3atm (6.11)
p p1  p1  2.273
 p 

To compute T2 the mathematical manipulation in (6.12) was employed
 T2 
  
T2 = 2  T1 =    T1 =
T T T 0.9895
1000 = 4, 789 0 R (6.12)
T T1  1
T 0.2066
 
T 

7. Air is flowing through a pipe of 0.02-m inside diameter and 40-m length. The conditions at the exit of
the pipe are M2 = 0.5, p2 = 1 atm, and T2 = 2700K. Assuming adiabatic, one-dimensional flow, with a local
friction coefficient of 0.005, calculate M1, p1, and T1 at the entrance to the pipe.

Solution:
Given; M2 = 0.5, p2 = 1 atm, and T2 = 2700K, f = 0.005
Required; M1, p1, and T1
FBD of the problem is depicted in Fig. 7.

Fig.7: flow in a pipe with friction

From Table A4, under M2 = 0.5, the properties in (7.1) were obtained.

7
 4 fL*2 p T
= 1.069, 2* = 2.138, 2* = 1.143 (7.1)
D p T
Hence, we can compute for L*1 as shown in (7.2)

4 fL*1 4 fL*2 4 fL 4  0.005  40

= + = 1.069 + = 41.07 (7.2)
D D D 0.02
Tracing properties from Table A4 corresponding to (7.2) we obtained (7.3)
4 fL*1 p T
= 41.069, 1* = 8.675, 1* = 1.196, M 1 = 0.127 (7.3)
D p T
Thus, the inlet temperature and pressure are computed as given in (7.4) and (7.5) respectively
 T  T 
*
1
T1 =  1*    T2 = 1.196   270 0 K = 282.5 0 K (7.4)
 T   T2  1.143
 p   p*  1
p1 =  1*    p2 = 8.675  1atm = 4.06atm (7.5)
 p  p2  2.138

8
1. In the flow past a compression corner, the upstream Mach number and pressure are 3.5 and 1 atm,
respectively. Downstream of the corner, the pressure is 5.48 atm. Calculate the deflection angle of the
corner.
Solution:
Given; M1 = 3.5, pl = 1 atm, p2 = 5.48 atm
Required; 𝜃
The FBD of the problem is depicted in Fig. 1

Fig. 1: Oblique shock wave

From pressure ratio can be computed as given (1.1)

p2 5.48atm
= = 5.48 (1.1)
p1 1atm
Looking up from Table A2, the ratio in (1.1) gives M n1 = 2.2 .
Recalling the relationship in (1.2), and evaluating the wave angle according.
M n1 = M 1 sin 
 M n1   2.2  (1.2)
 = sin −1  =  = 38.9
0

 M 1   3.5 
From the 𝜃 − 𝛽 − 𝑀 chart, for M1 = 3.5 and 𝛽 = 38.90 gives 𝜃 = 23.70

2. An incident shock wave with wave angle = 300 impinges on a straight wall. If the upstream flow
properties are M1 = 2.8, pl = 1 atm, and TI = 300 K, calculate the pressure, temperature, Mach number,
and total pressure downstream of the reflected wave.
Solutions:
Given; M1 = 2.8, pl = 1 atm, TI = 300 0K, 𝛽 = 300
Required; M2 , p2 , T2 , p02

1
 Fig. 2: Oblique shock wave with deflection angle at 300
From the 𝜃 − 𝛽 − 𝑀 chart, for M1 = 2.8 and 𝛽 = 300 gives 𝜃1 = 110
From (2.2), the resolved wave based on M1 is given in (2.1)
M n1 = M1 sin  = 2.8  0.5 = 1.4 (2.1)
From Table A2, corresponding to M = 1.4 the following properties in (2.2)
p2 T p
= 2.12, 2 = 1.255, 02 = 0.9582, M n 2 = 0.7297 (2.2)
p1 T1 p01
Recalling the relationship in (2.3), M2 is computed accordingly.
M n 2 = M 2 sin (  −  )
M n2 0.7397 (2.3)
M2 = = = 2.272
sin (  −  ) sin ( 30 − 11)
From the 𝜃 − 𝛽 − 𝑀 chart, for M2 = 2.272 and 𝛽2 = 35.50 = 38.90 , 𝜃2 = 110 for the reflected shock and
designate the upstream normal Mach number as Mn2. Thus, (2.4) was used to evaluate Mn2
M n 2 = M 2 sin  2 = 2.272  ( sin 35.50 ) = 1.319 (2.4)
Interpolating based on (2.4) as shown in Table 1

Table 1
Mn2 P3/P2 T3/T2 Po3/Po2 Mn3
1.300 1.805 1.191 0.9794 0.7860
1.319 w x y z
1.320 1.866 1.204 0.9758 0.7760

From Table 1 above, we can do all the interpolation shown in (2.5)

w − 1.805 1.319 − 1.300
=
1.866 − 1.804 1.320 − 1.3
p
w = 1.86295 = 3
p2
x − 1.91 1.319 − 1.300
=
1.204 − 1.191 1.320 − 1.3
T
x = 1.20335 = 3
T2 (2.5)
y − 0.9794 1.319 − 1.300
=
0.9758 − 0.9794 1.320 − 1.3
p
y = 0.9794 = 03
p02
z − 0.7860 1.319 − 1.300
=
0.7760 − 0.7860 1.320 − 1.3
M n 3 = 0.7955
From the value of Mn3 in (2.5), we can compute M3 as given in (2.6)
M n3 0.776
M3 = = = 1.87 (2.6)
sin (  2 −  2 ) sin ( 35.5 − 11)
Hence, we can compute, p3 and T3 as done in (2.7)
2
  p  p 
p3 = p1  3  2  = 1.866  2.12 1 3.956 1.01105 N  m −2 = 4.0 105 Nm −2
 p2  p1 
(2.8)
 T  T 
T3 = T1  3  2  = 1.204 1.255  300 = 453 0 K
 T2  T1 
p01
From the value of M1 = 2.8, = 27.4, p03 is computed as shown in (2.9).
p1
 p  p  p 
p03 =  03  02  01  p1 = 0.9758  0.9582  27.14 11.01105 N  m−2 = 2.5 106 Nm−2 (2.9)
 p02  p01   p1 
To validate the result in (2.9), we can use Table A1 directly and read off the value on (2.10) under M3 =
1.87.
p03
= 6.398
p3
(2.9)
p
p03 = 03 p3 = 6.398  4.0 105 Nm −2 = 1.0 107 N  m −2 = 2.5 106 Nm −2
p3

3. Consider the flow past a 300 expansion corner, as sketched in Fig. 3. The upstream conditions are M1 = 2,
pl = 3 atm, and TI = 400 K. Calculate the following downstream conditions: M2, p2. T2, To2, and po2
Solution:
Given; M1 = 2, pl = 3 atm, and TI = 400 0K, 𝜃2 = 300
Required; M2, p2. T2, To2, and po2

Fig. 3: Prandtl-Meyer expansion

From Table A5, for M1 = 2, 𝑣1 = 26.380 , 𝑣2 = 𝑣1 + 𝜃 0 = 26.380 + 300 = 56.380 and M2 = 3.37
From Table A1 we can read the properties in (3.1) and proceed with the computations for pressure in
(3.2) and temperature in (3.3)
p0 p T T
= 63.33, 0 = 7.824, 0 = 3.27, 0 = 1.8 (3.1)
p2 p1 T2 T1
 p  p   1 
 ( 7.824 )  3 1.0110 N  m = 3.03 10 N  m (3.2)
−2 −2
p2 =  2  0  p1 =  5 4

 p0   p1   63.33 
 T  T   1 
T2 =  2  0  T1 =   (1.8)  400 = 220 K (3.3)
0

 0  1 
T T  3.27 
Thus, from the fact that T0 = To1 = To2 = constant and p0 = po1 = po2 = constant we can compute To2 and po2
as given in (3.4)

3
 p01
p02 = p1 = 7.824  3 1.01105 N  m −2 = 2.37 106 N  m −2
p1
(3.4)
T
T02 = 01 T1 = 1.8  400 = 720 0 K
T1

4. For a given Prandtl-Meyer expansion, the upstream Mach number is 3 and the pressure ratio across the
wave is p2/p1 = 0.4. Calculate the angles of the forward and rearward Mach lines of the expansion fan
relative to the free-stream direction.
Solution:
Given; M1 = 3, p2/p1 = 0.4
Required; 𝜇1 , and 𝜇2
The FBD is as shown in Fig. 4

Fig. 4: Prandtl-Meyer expansion showing the angle 𝜇𝑟

p01
From Table A1, under M1 = 3, we get = 36.73 and recall that for Prandtl-Meyer’s expansion, p0 = po1
p1
= po2 = constant. Thus, we can do the computation in (4.1)
p02 p01 p1 1
=  = 36.73  = 91.83 (4.1)
p2 p1 p2 0.4
From Table A1, the value in (4.1) cannot be read-off directly hence interpolation is required. Thus, from
Table A1 the values in Table 1 were picked and used for the interpolation as shown.

Table 2
M2 𝑝02
𝑝01
3.6(𝑥1 ) 87.84(𝑦1)
x 91.83𝑦
3.65(𝑥2 ) 94.20(𝑦2)

From Table 1 we can write (4.2), to obtain the interpolated value.

x − x1 y − y1
=
x2 − x1 y2 − y1
(4.2)
 y − y1   91.83 − 87.84 
x=  ( x2 − x1 ) + x1 =   ( 3.65 − 3.6 ) + 3.6 = 0.6274  0.05 + 3.6 = 3.63
 y2 − y1   94.20 − 87.84 

4
 Hence, from (4.2), M2 = 3.63. v2 and 𝜇2 can be gotten by interpolation as captured in Table 3.

Table 3
M2 v2 𝜇2
3.6 60.9 16.13
3.63 x y
3.65 60.85 15.9

x − 60.09 3.631 − 3.60

= ,
60.85 − 60.09 3.650 − 3.6
x = v2 = 60.550
(4.3)
y − 16.13 3.631 − 3.60
= ,
15.9 − 16.13 3.650 − 3.6
y = 2 = 15.990
From Table A5 for M1 = 3, 𝑣1 = 49.760 and 𝜇1 = 19.470 .
For M2 = 3.63, 𝑣2 = 60.550 and 𝜇2 = 160 . we can deduce the deflection angle as given in (4.4)
𝜃 0 = 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 = 60.550 − 49.760 = 10.790 (4.4)
Hence, the forward Mach line, relative to the freestream, the angle 𝜇1 = 19.470 and the rearward Mach
line, relative to the freestream, denoted as 𝜇𝑟 is deduced as shown in (4.5)
r = 2 −  = 160 − 10.790 = 5.210 (4.5)

View publication stats