membrane

transport
ASTATINE - GROUP 4
 GOALS
1 To familiarize oneself with the concept of
membrane transport

2 To be able to identify the different types of

membrane transport

3
To be able to compare and contrast the
similarities and differences of the characteristics
of the different types of membrane transport.
01
BASIC
CONCEPTS
MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
DEFINITION

Membrane transport refers to the movement of particles

(solute) across or through a membranous barrier.
Membrane transport is dependent upon the permeability of the membrane,
transmembrane solute concentration, and the size and charge of the solute.
Solute particles can traverse the membrane via three mechanisms: passive,
facilitated, and active transport. Some of these transport mechanisms
require the input of energy and use of a transmembrane protein, whereas
other mechanisms do not incorporate secondary molecules.
02
FACILITATED
TRANSPORT
 FACILITATED TRANSPORT
Facilitated diffusion is the passive movement of molecules along the
concentration gradient. It is a selective process, i.e., the membrane
allows only selective molecules and ions to pass through it. It, however,
prevents other molecules from passing through the membrane. The
electric charge and pH helps in the diffusion across the membrane.

In living systems, the lipid based membrane creates compartments

which allow the transport of a selective concentration of water-soluble
substances. The ions, small molecules, proteins, and other solutes have
different concentration across the membranes. Hydrophilic, polar or
charged molecules cannot cross the membrane.
 FACILITATED TRANSPORT
PROPERTIES
Concentration gradient is required because it cannot
transport molecules from low to high concentration.
Energy is not needed.
Transport proteins are specific to the type of molecules
they can transport across the membrane.
The rate of transport reaches a maximum when all
membrane transport proteins are used up (saturation).
Membrane transport proteins are sensitive to inhibitors
that can cause them not to function.
 PROCESS
In facilitated diffusion hydrophilic substances
diffuse across the cell membrane via protein
molecules. These protein molecules allow the
hydrophilic substances to cross the
membrane without interacting with the
hydrophobic center of the phospholipid
bilayer. There are two types of protein
molecules involved in facilitated diffusion and
both of these are examples of intrinsic or
integral membrane proteins. In other words
they completely span the membrane from
one side to the other.
TRANSMEMBRANE
PROTEINS
Transmembrane proteins are the
proteins present in the cell membrane
that facilitate the movement of
certain molecules across the
membrane. There are certain channel
proteins and carrier proteins that
accelerate the transport process.
 CARRIER
PROTEINS
Carrier proteins have a binding site for a
specific chemical. When that chemical
binds, it causes the tertiary structure of the
carrier protein to change. This change in
tertiary structure brings the chemical
across the membrane where the chemical
is now released.
PROTEIN CHANNEL
A protein channel is a protein with a
central pore. This pore or channel is
lined with hydrophilic amino acids
and contains water hydrophilic
substances can pass through the
channel from one side of the
membrane to the other.
IMPORTANT POINTS ABOUT
PROTEIN CHANNEL
• selective for the chemical that can
pass through

• some protein channels are always

open while other protein channels only
opens in response to a certain trigger
 01 AFFECTING FACTORS ON
FACILITATED TRANSPORT
Brownian motion - the force behind diffusion of fluids.ther

Temperature - increase in temperature and movement of molecules

is directly proportional.
Concentration
- takes place from higher to lower concentration regions.

Diffusion Distance - rate is faster through smaller distance than larger.

Size of Molecules - smaller molecules are lighter and faster and vice versa.
02 IMPORTANCE OF
FACILITATED TRANSPORT
Not every molecule can cross the cell
membranes. The molecules should be
small and non-polar to traverse the
membrane. To facilitate these transfer of
substances across the membrane, certain
integral membrane proteins or the
transmembrane proteins are required.
They are channel proteins and carrier
proteins.
03
ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
 active transport
It is a process that involves the movement of
molecules from a region of lower concentration
to a region of higher concentration against a
gradient or an obstacle with the use of external
energy. It allows cells to maintain internal
concentrations of small solutes. Moreover, cells
have a large number of mitochondria when it
performs active transport.
 ACTIVE TRANSPORT
PROPERTIES
Energy is needed in the form of ATP (Adenosine
triphosphate).
Transport proteins are highly specific to the type of
molecules they can transport across the membrane.
The rate of transport reaches a maximum when all
membrane transport proteins are being used (saturation).
Membrane transport proteins are sensitive to inhibitors that
can cause them not to function.
 ACTIVE TRANSPORT
PROCCESS
Primary active transport
is one that uses chemical
energy in the form of ATP.
In primary active
transport, there is a direct
coupling of energy such
as ATP. Substances
moved in primary active
transport are Na+, K+,
Mg2+, and Ca2+. One
substrate moves down its
concentration gradient
while the other moves
against the concentration
gradient
In secondary active
transport, there is no direct
ATP coupling. Rather, the
transport is powered by
the energy from
electrochemical potential
difference as the ions are
pumped into and out of the
cell. In secondary active
transport, one ion is
allowed to move down its
electrochemical gradient.
This results in increased
entropy that can be used
as a source of energy.
 TYPES OF ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
PRIMARY ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
The energy is utilized by the breakdown of
the ATP – Adenosine triphosphate to
transport molecules across the membrane
against a concentration gradient.
Therefore, all the groups of ATP powered
pumps contain one or more binding sites
for the ATP molecules, which are present
on the cytosolic face of the membrane.
Basically, the primary active transport uses
external chemical energy such as the ATP.
SECONDARY ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
This transport uses electrochemical energy. It
takes place across a biological membrane
where a transporter protein couples the
movement of an electrochemical ion
(typically Na+ or H+) down its electrochemical
gradient to the upward movement of another
molecule or an ion against a concentration or
electrochemical gradient
 ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
AFFECTING FACTORS
Oxygen - higher oxygen concentrations increases
concentration the rate of respiration, hence a higher
energy production leading to a higher rate
of Active transport and vice versa.

Glucose - high glucose concentration leads to huge

Concentration productions of energy hence an increased
rate of active transport and vice versa.
 ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
AFFECTING FACTORS
- extreme PH conditions lower rate of active
change in PH transport.

temperature -must be maintained at around 40 degrees. If

changed, transport rate may be reduced or
stopped completely.

Presence of - metabolic inhibitors act as metabolic poisons. They

metabolic stop the rate of respiration leading to production of no
inhibitors energy thus active transport is stopped.
 IMPORTANCE
It is crucial for cell survival and rapid nutrient
absorption by the cells.
It is key for the excretion of toxins and signal
transduction.
It is also involved in the transport of ions,
nutrients, vitamins, and osmolytes in higher
organisms.
Gets rid of unwanted molecules such as sodium
from urine in the kidneys
Controls cellular pH levels
04
GENERAL
CONCLUSIONS
 VENN DIAGRAM
FACILITATED TRANSPORT ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Occurs through the Occurs against the
concentration gradient concentration gradient
Does not require energy • Need a concentration Active transport is the
to transport molecules gradient to occur transport of molecules across
Facilitated diffusion is the • Both are two ways of the plasma membrane from
transport of molecules transport of ions and low concentration to a higher
across the plasma molecules through the cell concentration by means of
membrane. transmembrane protein using
membrane from higher
• Both share the same goal – to
concentration to a lower ATP energy
ensure the transport of
concentration by means of substances across the cell
Requires energy to
membrane. transport molecules
transmembrane protein
Examples include Sodium • Both are executed across the membrane
through a Plays a crucial role in
channels, GLUT transporters, membrane carrier
maintaining homeostasis
and amino acid transporters (protein).
and ensuring cell survival.
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ASTATINE GROUP 4