A

BC÷÷DE
AD AE D
M N

E
BPT
Formula book
=
DB EC
B C
10
composed by
altitude from the vertex
Y
A A¢
q

altitude
Y O
A
A¢
C.Mayil vahanan
q C M.Sc.,(maths)B.Ed.,M.Sc.,(yoga)
O B
m

q
ed
ia
n

B C X
q

X
median from the vertex

“ Appreciate your maths “

A
BC÷÷DE
AD AE D
M N

E
BPT
Formula book
=
DB EC
B C
10
composed by
altitude from the vertex
Y
A A¢
q
altitude

Y O
A
A¢
C.Mayil vahanan
q C M.Sc.,(maths)B.Ed.,M.Sc.,(yoga)
O B
m

q
ed
ia
n

B C X
q

X
median from the vertex

“ Appreciate your maths “

 Formula book 10
By

C. Mayil Vahanan,M.Sc.,maths, B.Ed.,M.Sc.,yoga,

I hear I forget Price: 40

I see I remember
I do I can challenge By Saraswathi Educational Trust
so, 2/564 mugappair East
do math problems by yourselves Chennai 600 037
don’t copy from anybody, anywhere email: mayilvedic@yahoo.com
cell: 9841447473
64 1

3. Algebra
18) Right angled triangle hyp
(hyp)2=(opp)2+(adj)2
opp 1) Solution to linear eqn. of two variable is
q an ordered pair which satisfy
adj the equations
19) Area of rhombus = ½ d1 x d2
where d1 and d2 are the length of diagonals 2) Consistent at least one solution
3) Inconsistent no solution
34. If a < b then 4) Elimination Method
ka < kb for k>0 make coefficient of the eliminating
variable of both the equations equal
35. If a < b then 5) Cross multiplication Method
ka > kb for k<0 a1x + b1y + c1=0
a2x + b2y + c2=0
x y 1
b1 c1 a1 b1
®
®
®
®
®
®

b2 c2 a2 b2
a1 b1
6) unique solution ¹
a2 b2
a1 b1 c1
7) Infinitely many solution = =
a2 b2 c2
a 1 b 1 c1
8) No solution = ¹
a 2 b 2 c2

48 17
 Introduction
Dear Maths Genius,
greeting, really if you want to become excel
in maths you have to follow the following words
I am an excellent maths scholar because,...
I glance the formula everyday
I take the formula book everywhere I go.
I try to remember the formula every time I use.
You will be what you are...
I never copy any steps from any body else Speak truth, you will be awarded.
or any where else but I do always by myself Work hard, you will be appreciated.
I understand the maths concept Help others, you will be praised.
I appreciate maths logic Love others, you will be loved.
I enjoy the thrilling of finding answer Study well, you will be promoted.
I have critical and logical thinking skills Keep trying, you will be succeed.
because of maths Pray to God, you will be blessed.
I suggest you to read the above ‘manthras’ Be friend, you will be accompanied.
everyday, so that you can become great in Be sportive, you will be liked.
maths. Be truthful to parents,
With Wishes,.. you will become great in life.
C.Mayilvahanan
2 63

5. Coordinate Geometry - Basic Concepts

Basic relationships between the zeros 1. (0,0) is Origin
2
and coefficients of ax + bx +c (x,y) coordinates
b 2. x abscissa - vertical distance from origin
9) Sum of zeros a + b = - 3. y ordinate horizontal distance
a
c from origin y
10) Product of zeros ab = 4. (+,+) points on I quadrant (-,+) (+,+)
a
5. (-,+) points on II quadrant II I
11) If a and b be the zeros of a polynomial 6. (-,-) points on III quadrant x’ 0
x
2
then the equation is x - (a+b)x +ab 7. (+,-) points on IV quadrant III IV
8. X axis horizontal line (-,-) (+,-)
12) If sum of coefficient is 0 passing through origin y’
then x-1 is a factor 9. Y axis vertical line passing through origin
10) Distance formula A(x1,y1), B(x2,y2)
13) If sum of coefficient of even powers of x 2 2
equal to sum odd powers and constant AB =Ö (x2-x1) +(y2-y1)
then x+1 is a factor 11) Collinear = points on same line
12) Square = all sides are equal
14) LCM X GCD = f(x) X g(x) & diagonals are equal
13) Rectangle = opposite sides are equal
p(x) r(x) p(x)s(x)±q(x)r(x) & diagonals are equal
15) ± = q(x)s(x)
q(x) s(x) 14) Rhombus = all sides are equal
16) solutions of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are 15) Parallelogram
2
opposite sides are equal
- b ±Öb - 4ac 16) Equilateral triangle = all sides are equal
x=
2a 18 17) Isosceles triangle=any two sides are equal
47
 Index
1. Sets and Functions 4

2. Sequences and series 15

You learn more
from your mistakes 3. Algebra 17

then 4. Matrices 20
others will learn 5. Coordinate Geometry 23
from your success.
6. Geometry 25

7. Trigonometry 30

8. Mensuration 32

9. Practical Geometry 34

10. Graphs 36

11. Statistics 37

12. Probability 39

62 3

2 2 2
16) (a+b) = a + 2ab + b 2
D = b - 4ac If
17) (a-b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
2 2 17) D > 0 then
18) (a+b)(a-b) = a - b
roots are real and unequal
19) (x+a)(x+b) = x2 + (a+b)x + ab
2 2 2 2
20) (x+y+z) = x + y + z + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
18) D = 0 then roots are real and equal
3 3 2 2 3
21) (x+y) = x + 3x y + 3xy + y
22) (x-y)3 = x3 - 3x2y + 3xy2 - y3 19) D < 0 then roots are not real
2
23) (x+y)3 = x3 + y3 + 3xy(x+y) 20) |a - b| = Ö(a+b) - 4ab
3 3 3
24) (x-y) = x - y - 3xy(x-y)
21) a2+b2 = [(a+b)2 - 2ab]
25) x3 + y3 =(x+y)3 - 3xy(x+y) 22) a2 - b2 = (a+b)(a-b)
3 3 3
26) x - y =(x-y) + 3xy(x-y) 23) a3+b3 = (a+b)3 - 3ab(a+b)
24) a3 - b3 = (a-b)3 + 3ab(a-b)
27) x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz 25) a4+b4 = (a2+b2)2 - 2a2b2
2 2 2
= (x+y+z)(x + y + z - xy - yz - zx) 26) a4 - b4 = (a+b)(a-b)(a2+b2)
28) If x+y+z=0 then x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz
29) x3 + y3 =(x+y)( x2 - xy + y2)
3 3 2 2
30) x - y =(x - y)( x + xy + y )
31) (x+a)(x+b)(x+c)
3 2
= x + (a+b+c)x + (ab+bc+ac)x + abc
32. If -a > -b then
a<b 1 1
33. If a < b then a >b 46 19
 1. Theory of sets - Basic Concepts
1. Set is a collection of well defined different
objects.
2. The objects which belong to the set are
called elements of the set. Mistakes increases
3. epsilon Î - element belongs to a set.
4. Ï - element does not belong to a set. your experience.
5. Tabulation form/Roster form Experience decreases
A set is described by listing all its elements your mistakes.
enclosed in curly brackets.
A={elements separated by commas}
6. Set builder form
A set is defined by specifying the property.
A = {x/x property to determine the elements}
7. A empty set which does not contain any
element.
8. Null set is denoted by f or {}
9. A set is finite if it consists of definite
number of different elements.
10. A set, which is not finite is called an
infinite set.
4 61

4. Matrices 4. Algebra - Basic Concepts

1) Matrix is a rectangular array of numbers in
rows and columns enclosed within square
brackets or parenthesis
2) Order of matrix m x n ,
m - number of rows
n - number of columns
3) Row matrix - has only one row
4) Column matrix - has only one column
5) Square matrix
number of rows = number of column
6) Diagonal matrix
a square matrix in which all elements zero
other than leading diagonal
7) Scalar matrix
a diagonal matrix in which all elements
in the leading diagonal are equal
8) Unit matrix
a diagonal matrix in which all elements in
the leading diagonal = 1
20
1) Monomial = only one term
2) Binomial = only two terms
3) Trinomial = only three terms
4) Polynomials = an algebraic expression
5) Variables = any unknown value letters
6) Constant = no variable
7) Coefficients = numerical value in front of
8) Degree = the highest power of the poly.
9) Linear = highest power is one
10) Quadratic = the highest power is two
11) Cubic = the highest power is three
12) Number of roots = degree of poly.
13) Remainder Theorem
If p(x) is divided by x-a,
then the remainder is p(a)
14) If p(x) is divided by x+a
then the remainder is p(-a).
15) Factor Theorem
Let p(x) be a polynomial . If p(a) =0,
then (x-a) is a factor of p(x). 45
 11. A set containing only one element is
If you fail to plan called as singleton set.
12. A subset of B if and only if
then every element of A is an element of B.
you will plan to fail. AÍB
13. If AÍB
then B is super set of A
is denoted by BÊA.
14. If BÍA and B¹A then B is a
proper subset of A denoted by BÌA
15. Every set is a subset of itself, is
an improper subset.
16. The empty set is a subset of every set.
fÌA, is a improper subset.
17. If AÍB and BÍC then AÍC.
18. Power set has all subsets, if a set
having n elements, n[ P(A)]=2n subsets.
19. Equal sets if they contain exactly
the same elements A=B
20. Cardinal number means number of
elements in the set, denoted by n(A)
60 5

Common Lagarithms 9) Zero matrix (Null matrix)

15. positive characteristic is one less all elements = 0
than the number of digits before T
the decimal point 10) Transpose of a matrix (A )
interchange the rows into columns
16. negative characteristic is one more
than the number of zeros immediately 11) (AT )T = A
following the decimal point
12) (A+B)T=AT+BT
17. mantissa is a four digit decimal value
13) (AB)T=BTAT
from logarithm table
14) Equal matrix - have same order and their
18. mantissa is always positive corresponding entries are equal

15) Addition matrix and subtraction matrix can

possible only when they have same order

16) Matrix Addition is commutative A+B=B+A

17) Matrix Addition is associative

A+(B+C)=(A+B)+C

18) If order of (A) is mxn, order of (B) is nxp

then order of (AB) is mxp
44 21
21. Equivalent sets if they contain same
( n+1)
th

number of elements A« B, n(A)=n(B) 8. Median = 2 observation if n is odd

(n2 ) and (n2 +1) observation
th th

22. Equal sets are equivalent sets 9. Median = mean of

But N
-m
equivalent sets need not be equal sets 2 xc l - lower limit
10. Median = l +
f
23. Universal set which contains all the N median class c - with of median class
elements of their subsets U,x or W 2
m - cumulative frequency preceeding class
24. Union of sets which consists of
all the elements 11. Mode
AUB = {x/xÎA or xÎB or both} value having maximum frequency
f-f1
25. Intersection of sets which has
common elements
12. Mode = l + (
2f-f1-f2
xc )
AÇB={x/xÎA and xÎB}
26. Set difference A - B
has all elements which belong to A
but not to B
27. A\B={x/xÎA and xÏB}
28. B\A={x/xÎB and xÏA} yes!
We want that education
29. A\B¹B\A 31. A\B Í A by which
30. If AÌB then A\B=f 32. A\A = f character is framed!!!
6 59

Scientific Notations of Real numbers

19) Matrix multiplication is not commutative and Logarithms
AB¹BA 1) product law am x an = am+n
m

20) Matrix multiplication is associative 2) Quotient law aan = am-n

A(BC)=(AB)C 3) Power law (am)n = amn
m m m
4) Combination law a x b = (axb)
0
21) Multiplicative Inverse AB=BA=I 5) a = 1
-1 1
22) product of two matrices may be a 6) a = a
zero matrix
p/q 1/q p p 1/q
7) a = (a ) =(a )
8) Product rule logaMXN = logaM +logaN

9) Quotient rule loga M = logaM - logaN

N
n
10) Power rule logaM = n logaM

Don’t dream about beauty 11) Change of base rule

logam = logbm x logab
it spoils your duty. 12) If ax =b then x = logab
Dream about duty
13) log1 = 0
it makes your life beauty.
22 14) logee = 1 43
 33. ADB = (A-B) U (B-A)
11. Statistics
34. ADB = (A\B) U (B\A)
1. Histogram is a bar graph
only for continuous grouped data 35. ADB = (AÈB) - (AÇB)
2. Frequency polygon can be drawn 36. Complement of a set
over the top set of all elements of U
3. Histogram with varying base width which are not elements of A
Length of the rectangle = frequency x C A¢= {x/xÎU and xÏA}
class width 37. A¢= U\A
Sx
4. Mean x = (for ungrouped data)
n
Sfx 38. U¢= f
5. Mean x = (for grouped data) 39. f¢= U
Sf
Sfd
6. Mean x = A + where d=x-A, 40. (A¢)¢= A
Sf
A - assumed mean 41. If AÍB then B¢Í A¢
Step Deviation Method
Sfd 42. Disjoint sets
7. Mean x = A + x c where d= x-A have no common elements
Sf c
AÇB = f
n(AÇB)=0
n(AUB)=n(A)+n(B)

43. A\B and B\A are

mutually exclusive sets
58 7

5. Coordinate Geometry
14. Öab = Öa Öb
1) Section formula
15. a = Öa
Ö b Öb
P divides internally line segment joining
points A(x1,y1) , B(x2,y2) in the ratio l:m
16. (Öa + Öb )(Öa - Öb ) = a - b
P (lx +mx , ly +my )
2 1 2 1
l+m l+m
Laws of Radicals 2) Section formula
n n n n
P divides externally line segment joining
17. ( Öa) = a = Öa points A(x1,y1) , B(x2,y2) in the ratio l:m
n n n
18. Öa x Öb = Öab
P ( lx -mx , ly -my)
2 1 2 1
19. Öm Öa n
= Ömn
a x2+x1 , y2+y1 l-m l-m
3) midpoint ( 2 2
)
n
20. Öa a
n
Öb
=n
Ö
b 4) Centroid of the triangle (x +x3 +x , y +y3 +y )
1 2 3 1 2 3

21. Rationalization of Surds 5) trisection - three equal parts

1 x1 x2 x3 x1
a+Öb is conjugate of a-Öb
{ }
®
®

6) Area of triangle =
®
®
®
®

2 y1 y2 y3 y1
22. Division Algorithm
= ½ {(x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y1) - (x2y1+x3y2+x1y3)}
a = bq+r, 0£r<b
sq.units
7) take the points in counter clock-wise
direction for positive area
8) Area of quadrilateral =
1 x1 x2 x3 x4 x1
{ }
®
®
®
®

®
®
®
®

2 y1 y2 y3 y4 y1
42 23
44. A\B=AÇB¢ 45. B\A=BÇA¢
15. Centroid
46. (A\B)U(AÇB)=A 47. (B\A)U(AÇB)=B
point of concurrency of medians
48. (A\B)UB=AUB 49. (A\B)ÇB=f 16. centroid of any triangle always lie inside
the triangle
50. (A\B)U(B\A)=(AÈB)\(AÇB)

Properties of set operations

51. AUB = BUA set union is commutative Linear graph ax+by+c=0

52. AÇB = BÇA
1. If c=0 then line passes through origin
set intersection is commutative
2. If b=0 then line parallel to y axis
3. If a=0 then line parallel to x axis
53. AU(BUC)=(AUB)UC
set union is associative
4. If two graphs coincide,
54. AÇ(BÇC)=(AÇB)ÇC there are infinitely many solutions.
set intersection is associative 5. If two graphs parallel,
no solution
55. AÈ(BÇC)=(AÈB)Ç(AÈC) 6. If two graphs intersect exactly one point
union distributive over intersection unique solution
56. AÇ(BÈC)=(AÇB)È(AÇC)
intersection distributive over union
8 57

Real Number System - Basic Concepts

= ½ {(x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y4+ x4y1) 1. Terminating decimal p

- (x2y1+x3y2+x4y3+ x1y4)} Decimal expansion of q terminates
sq.units p
2. terminating decimal is in the form m n
Angle of straight line 2 x5
9) horizontal line q= 0° or 180° 3. N = {1,2,3,...} Natural Numbers
10 vertical line q= 90° 4. W = {0,1,2,3,...} Whole Numbers
5. Z = {...,-2,-1,0,1,2,...} Integers
Slope of straight line
11) m = tanq q is the angle of inclination 6. Q = {p/q form} Rational Numbers
y2 - y1
12) m = x - x A(x1,y1), B(x2,y2) are two points 7. I = { not in p/q form} Irrational Numbers
2 1
8. R = {rational and irrational } Real Numbers
13) m = - coefficient of x ax+by+c=0
coefficient of y be equation 9. C = {a+ib form} Complex Numbers
14) y = mx+c, m - slope, c - y intercept 10. NÌ WÌ Z ÌQ
15) slope of x-axis = 0 11. Recurring decimal p
16) slope of y-axis = not defined Decimal expansion of q never
17) positive slope - acute angle terminates but some block of digits
18) negative slope - obtuse angle repeat
12. A rational number can be expressed
19) Condition for parallel lines m1=m2 by either a terminating or recurring
20) Condition for perpendiculars lines decimal expansion.
m1m2 = - 1 13. Irrational numbers are non-terminating
and non-recurring decimals which can
24 not be written in the form p/q. 41
9. Orthocentre 57. A\B¹B\A
point of concurrency of altitudes set difference is not commutative

58. A\(B\C)¹(A\B)\C
10. Orthocentre lies inside the triangle set difference is not associative
for acute angled triangle
59. n(A)=n(A-B)+n(AÇB)
11. Orthocentre lies on the triangle 60. n(B)=n(B-A)+n(AÇB)
(vertex of right angle)
for right angled triangle 61. n(AUB)=n(A-B)+n(AÇB)+n(B-A)
62. n(AUB)=n(A)+n(B)-n(AÇB)
Name the Venn Diagram
12. Orthocentre lies outside the triangle
for obtuse angled triangle
A B A B

13. Incentre
point of concurrency 63. AÈB 64. (AÈB)¢
of internal angle bisectors
A B A B

14. Incentre of any triangle

always lie inside the triangle
65. AÇB 66. (AÇB)¢
56 9

n(A) 6. Geometry
11. Probability of the event A = P(A) =
n(S)
1) Basic Proportionality theorem
If a straight line (DE) is drawn parallel
12. 0 £ P(A) £ 1
to one side (BC) of a triangle DABC
intersecting the other two sides (AB, AC),
13. P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B) - P(AÇB)
then it divides the two sides in the same
at least , or - È ratio.
A
14. P(A¢ÈB¢)= 1 - P(AÇB) BC÷÷DE M N

AD AE D E
15. P(AÈBÈC) = P(A)+P(B)+P(C) =
- P(AÇB) - P(BÇC) - P(CÇA) DB EC
B C
+ P(AÇBÇC)
a c a+b c+d
2) Componendo rule, If = then =
16. P(AÈBÈC) = P(A)+P(B)+P(C) b d b d
mutually exclusive
3) Converse of Basic Proportionality theorem
17. P(only A) = P(AÇB) = P(A) - P(AÇB) If a straight line divides any two sides of
a triangle in the same ratio, then the line
18. P(only B) = P(AÇB) = P(B) - P(AÇB) must be parallel to the third side.

40 25
 Name the Venn Diagram 65. Opposite angles C

of a cyclic quadrilateral D
A B A B
are supplementary
ÐA+ÐC=180° A B

ÐB+ÐD=180°
67. A¢ 68. B¢
A B A B 66. If one side of a cyclic quadrilateral
is produced then the exterior angle
is equal to the interior opposite angle
C
69. A - B 70. B - A ÐCBE = ÐADC
D

E
1. Set and Function A B

A B
A B

C
C
1) AÈ(BÇC)
2) A-(BÇC)

10 55

4) Angle Bisector Theorem 12. Probability

1. sample space - set of all possible outcomes
The internal(external) bisector of an angle
of random experiment
of a triangle divides the opposite side 2. tossing a coin twice s={HH,HT,TH,TT}
internally(externally) in the ratio of the 3. 3 coins tossed simultaneously
corresponding sides containing the angle. s={HHH,HHT,HTH,THH,HTT,THT,TTH,TTT}
4. rolling a die once s={1,2,3,4,5,6}
E
5. when 2 dice are thrown
BD AB s={(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6),
4 = (2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6),
DC AC (3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(3,5),(3,6),
A (4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6),
(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6),
(6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6)}
1 2 F 6. well shuffled pack of 52 cards
3
s={A,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,J,Q,K - black spade
A,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,J,Q,K - black clavor
A
B D C
1
A,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,J,Q,K - red hearts
A,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,J,Q,K - red diamond}
2
E 7. Mutually exclusive - events can’t occur
4 simultaneously AÇB=f
8. Complementary events A - the set containing
3
all other outcomes which are not in A but
B
in the sample space A = S - A
C D
P(A¢) = 1 - P(A)

9. Sure event S - any one of its elements will

surely occur, P(S)=1
10. Impossible event f - an event which will not occur
on any account, P(f)=0
26 39
 A B A B
56. Concentric Circles have same centre
but different radius
57. Same Circles have same radius
but different centre
58. Congruent Arcs have same r C
C
angle at the centre R
3) A-(BÈC) 4) AÇ(BÈC)
59. Equal chords of a circle subtend equal
A B A B
angles at the centre
60. Perpendicular from the centre
to a chord bisects the chord
61. Equal chords of a circle are equidistant
C
from the centre 5) A-(BÈC)
C
6) AÇBÇC
62. Centre angle is double q
the angle subtended by
2q
any point at the arc A B A B

63. Angle is semicircle

is a right angle 90°
D
C
64. Angles q q
in the same segment C C
A B
are equal 7) (AÇC) - B 8) (AÈB)-C
54 11

2 5) two triangles are similar if

13. SD of i,i+1,i+2,...i+n is s = n -1
Ö12 i) their corresponding angles are equal
2 ii) their corresponding sides have lengths
14. SD of any n consecutive even integers s = 2 n -1
12 Ö in the same ratio A
P

2
6) AA (angle - angle)
15. SD of any n consecutive odd integers s = 2 n -1
12 Ö 7) SSS( side-side-side)
8) SAS ( side angle side)
B C
Q R

16. variance is the square of standard deviation DABC ||| DPQR AB = BC = AC

s PQ QR PR
17. Coefficient of variation, C.V. = x100
x
9) If two triangles are similar, then the ratio
of the corresponding sides is equal to the
ratio of the corresponding perimeters.
10) The ratio of the areas of two similar
triangles is equal to the ratio of the
squares of their corresponding sides.
ABC
=
PQR
11) Pythagoras theorem (Bandhayan theorem)
In a right angled triangle, the square of
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
A
squares of the other two sides.
Bc2 = AB2+AC2
B C
D

38 27
Properties of set operations

9. AUB = BUA set union is commutative 47. Locus is a path traced out by a moving
10. AÇB = BÇA point which satisfies certain geometrical
set intersection is commutative conditions.

R
ad
iu
s
Diameter
11. AU(BUC)=(AUB)UC o Centre
set union is associative Circle Chord
12. AÇ(BÇC)=(AÇB)ÇC
set intersection is associative
48. Locus of a point with constant distance
from a fixed point
13. AÈ(BÇC)=(AÈB)Ç(AÈC) 49. Centre is the fixed point
union distributive over intersection 50. Radius is the constant distance
14. AÇ(BÈC)=(AÇB)È(AÇC) 51. Circumference is the boundary
intersection distributive over union 52. Chord - a line segment joining any two
15. A\B¹B\A points on circumference
set difference is not commutative 53. Diameter is a longest chord passing
through the centre.
16. A\(B\C)¹(A\B)\C 54. Segment is a portion of circle
set difference is not associative cut by any chord segment
55. Sector is a portion of circle
17. n(AUB)=n(A)+n(B)-n(AÇB) cut from centre
sector
18. n(AÈBÈC) = n(A)+n(B)+n(C)
- n(AÇB) - n(BÇC) - n(CÇA)
+ n(AÇBÇC) 12 53

11. statistics
12) If a straight line which touches a circle at 1. Range = L - S, L-large value, S-small value
only one point is called a tangent to circle
13) the point at which tangent touches the 2. Coefficient of range = L - S
L+S
circle is the point of contact
åx
14) A tangent at any point on a circle is 3. mean x = n SD for ungrouped data
is perpendicular to the radius through 2

the point of contact 4. s = åd

Ön
where d=x-x
2 2

15) Only one tangent can be drawn at any 5. s = åd

Ön
- (åd
n)
where d=x-A, A-assumed mean
point on a circle. 2

6. s = åfd where d=x-x

Ö åf SD for grouped data
16) Two tangents can be drawn from an
2 2
exterior point to a circle 7. s = åfd - (åfd) where d=x-A, A-assumed mean
Ö åf åf

17) Length of tangents from an exterior 8. SD is unchanged when each value is added
point are equal PT1 = PT2 or subtracted by a constant
9. Multiply the SD by the quantity if each item is
18) If two circles touch each other, then the multiplied by the quantity
point of contact of the circles lies on the 10. Divide the SD by the quantity if each item is
line joining the centres. divided by the quantity
2
11. SD for the first n natural numbers, s = n -1
20) C1C2=r1+r2 touch externally 12 Ö
2
n -1
21) C1C2=r1 - r2 touch internally 12. SD for n successive terms in AP, s = Ö 12
28 37
 De Morgan’s laws for set difference A B
40. Rectangle is an
equiangular parallelogram 19. A\(BÈC) = (A\B)Ç(A\C)
41. Rhombus is an
equilateral parallelogram A B
C

Square is a rectangle 20. A\(BÇC) = (A\B)È(A\C)

42. square is an equilateral
and equiangular parallelogram
C
43. square is a rhombus
De Morgan’s laws for complementation
A B
44. Diagonal of a parallelogram divides
It into two triangles of equal area
D C
21. (AÈB)¢= A¢Ç B¢
DABC = DACD
A B
A B
45. A parallelogram is a rhombus if its
diagonals are perpendicular 22. (AÇB)¢= A¢È B¢
F D E C
area(ABCD) = area(ABEF) A B 23. Function f:A®B,
46. Parallelograms on the same base Y=f(x), A B
and between the same parallels are each element xÎA, f
x ® y
equal in area. to a unique element yÎB
A - Domain
B - Co-domain
y - image of x
x - preimage of y
52 13

Y
10. Graph
Quadratic graph T2
open upward
c2 r2
ax2+bx+c, parabola c2 c1
c1 r2
1. if a>0 then the curve is X r1
o r1
open upward P
2. a<0 then the curve is T1
Y
open downward o 22) Tangent - Chord Theorem
3. a=0 then it is a line X If from the point of contact of tangent (of a
circle), a chord is drawn, then the angles
open downward
Special graph which the chord makes with the tangent
line are equal respectively to the angles
4. direct variation formed by the chord in the corresponding
line graph alternate segments.
Y
directly proportional P B
y=kx rectangular hyperbola
5. indirect variation o X
rectangular hyperbola
S A T
inversely proportional 23) If two chords of a circle intersect either
xy = k inside or outside the circle, the area of
the rectangle contained by the segments
of the chord is equal to the area of the
B
rectangle contained by the segments
of the other C

PA X PB = PC X PD P
A D

36 29
24. Range - set of all images Quadrilateral
of elements of A in B 25. closed geometric figure with four side
26. closed geometric figure with four vertices
25. one-one function - injective function
27. sum of all the four angles is 360°
every different element of A maps into
different element of B
26. f:A®B is onto, if and only if B= rang of f Parallelogram
28. Opposite sides are parallel
27. Onto function - surjection 29. Opposite sides are equal
every element of B has a pre-image in A 30. Opposite angles are equal
31. Sum of any two adjacent angles is 180°
28. in an onto function 32. Diagonals bisect each other
range = co-domain
Rhombus is a parallelogram
29. one-one and onto - bijective 33. All sides are equal
If a function is bijective function then 34. Diagonals are at right angle
A and B are equivalent sets
Trapezium
30. Constant function 35. one pair of opposite sides is parallel
every element of A 36. the angles at the ends of each
has the same image in B non-parallel sides are supplementary

31. Range of constant function Isosceles Trapezium is a trapezium

is singleton set 37. the other non parallel lines are equal
38. the angles at the ends of each parallel
32. Identity function sides are equal
each element of A maps into itself 39. diagonals are equal in length
14 51

7. Trigonometry
C
2 2 2 hyp cyclic quadrilateral
1) (hyp) =(opp) +(adj) opp D
l
na

side2

7. type I 3 sides and

go

q
side3

C
dia

O
opp adj 1 diagonal
D
2) = Sinq B d2 d1

side2
A side1
hyp 8. type II 2 sides and
1 2 diagonals
O
5) Cosecq =
adj Sinq A side1 B
3) = Cosq 9. type III 3 sides X
hyp 1 1 angle C
6) Secq = Cosq
opp 10. type IV 2 sides D
4) adj = Tanq
side2

2 angles
side3

1 O
7) Cotq = Tanq q
11. type V 1 side A B
10) Sin(90-q) = Cosq 3 angles
side1

11) Cos(90-q) = Sinq 8) Tanq = Sinq X

Cosq 12. type VI 2 sides

12) Tan(90-q) = Cotq C

1 angle D
q2
13) Cot(90-q) = Tanq 9) Cotq = Cosq Y
side2

1 parallel line
14) Cosec(90-q)= Secq Sinq O
q1
B
15) Sec(90-q) = Cosecq A side1

16)
0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

0 p/6 p/4 p/3 p/2

30 35
13. Corresponding Angles are equal 2. Sequences and series of real numbers
Ð1 = Ð5 Ð2 = Ð6 A.P. G.P.
14. Alternate Interior Angles are equal th
n term
Ð4 = Ð6 Ð3 = Ð5 1) tn = a + (n-1)d 2) tn = arn-1
15. Alternate Exterior Angles are equal l-a
16. Consecutive Interior angles are 3) n = d + 1 Number of terms
supplementary
17. The sum of angles in a triangle is 180° Common difference Common ratio
t2
ÐA+ÐB+ÐC=180° A 4) d = t2 - t1 5) r = t
1
Condition
18. The Exterior angle is equal to B C t t
6) t2-t1 =t3 -t2 7) 2 = 3
sum of interior opposite angles. t1 t2
A Three terms
ÐACD = ÐBAC+ÐABC a
8) a-d, a, a+d 9) , a , ar
r
B C D Four terms 10)
11) a , a , ar , ar3
19. DABC@ DPQR Congruent triangles a-3d,a-d,a+d,a+3d r3 r
20. SSS = all the three sides of one triangle Sum of first n terms
equal another n n

21. SAS = side angle side 12) Sn = 2 [2a+(n-1)d] 13) S =a(1 - r ) if r<1
n 1-r
22. ASA = angle side angle
n a(rn- 1)
23. AAS = angle angle side 14) Sn = (a + l) 15 Sn= r - 1
2 if r>1
24. RHS = one side and hypotenuse of right
l - last term
triangle
50 15

2 2
9. Practical Geometry 17) Sin q+Cos q = 1
2 2
1. construction of tangents M N 18) Sin q = 1 - Cos q
to a circle 19)
2 2
Cos q = 1 - Sin q
P
using centre O

R
20) Sec q - Tan2q = 1
2

Q 21) Sec2q = 1 + Tan2q

2. construction of tangents 22) Tan2q = Sec2q - 1
using tangent chord
theorem 23) Cosec2q - Cot2q = 1
P
T T1 24) Cosec2q = 1 + Cot2q
3. Construction of 25) Cot q = Cosec2q - 1
2

pair of tangents O P 26) componendo and dividendo rule

M
to a circle from
an external point a c a+b c+d
if = then =
T2
b d a-b c-d
Y
A 4. Construction of a 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
q O Triangle when its base 27)
and vertical angle q are given Sinq 0 ½ 1/Ö2 Ö3/2 1
B C
q
Y
X
A A¢ Cosq 1 Ö3/2 1/Ö2 ½ 0
q
altitude

5. altitude from the vertex O

Tanq 0 1/Ö3 1 Ö3 µ
Y C
A B q
q
A¢ Cosecq µ 2 Ö2 2/Ö3 1
O X
m
ed

Secq 1 2/Ö3 Ö2 2 µ
ia
n

B C
q 6. median from the vertex
Cotq µ Ö3 1 1/Ö3 0
X 34 31
 6. Geometry - Basic Concepts
A.P. G.P.
1. Parallel lines
Condition for a,b,c in progression distance between two lines same
16) 2b = a + c 17) b2 = ac 2. intersecting lines
Sum to infinity a two lines having a common point
18) S¥ = 1 - r 3. Concurrent lines
all lines passing through the same point
19) a, a+d, a+2d,... 20) a, ar, ar2,... 4. Collinear points
all points lie on the same line
5. Acute Angle = angle less than 90°
n(n+1) 6. Right Angle = 90°
21) 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n = Sn = 2
7. Obtuse Angle = angle more than 90°
2 2 2 2 2 n(n+1)(2n+1) but less than 180°
22) 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n = Sn = 2
2
8. Straight Angle = 180°
3 3 3 3 3 [n(n+1)] 9. Reflex Angle = angle more than 180
23) 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n = Sn = 2 but less than 360
10. Complementary Angles m
sum of odd numbers l 1 2
sum of two angles is 90° 1
4 3

24) 1+3+5+... n terms = n

2 11. Supplementary Angles l 56
2
8 7
sum of two angles is 180°
(l+12)
2
25) 1+3+5+... +l = 12. Vertically Opposite Angles are equal
Ð1 = Ð3
26) Fibonacci sequence Fn=Fn-1+Fn-2 Ð2 = Ð4
1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,...
16 49

8. Mensuration 14. area of the sector = CSA of cone

cylinder h
l=2pr 2pr 15. length of the sector
1. CSA = (base circumference) x height = base circumference of the cone
= (2pr)h
r
h
2. TSA = CSA + 2(area of circles) 2 2 R
16. volume of frustum = 1/3 ph(R +r +Rr)
= 2pr(h+r)
3. volume = (base area)xheight sphere
= pr2h 17. CSA = 4 x area of circle
4. CSA = 2ph(R+r) hollow cylinder = 4 pr2
R r 4
18. V = pr3
3
5. TSA = 2p(R+r)(R-r+h)
volume of material used
h hollow sphere r
6. V = pR2h - pr2h
4 3
=ph(R+r)(R-r) 19. V = p(R - r3)
3
7. volume of water flows out through a pipe
hemisphere hollow hemisphere
= cross section area x speed x time
8. CSA = p r l cone 20. CSA = 2 x area of circle
9. TSA = LSA + base area l
= 2 pr2 23. CSA = 2p(R2+r2)
h
= pr(l+r) 21. TSA = 3 x area of circle
r
= 3 pr2 24. TSA = 2p(R2+r2) + p(R2-r2)
10. V =1/3 (base area)xheight
=1/3 pr2h 2 2
22. V = 3 pr3 3
25. V = p(R - r3)
3
11. h2 + r2 = l2 Sector
q 26. 1m3 = 1000 litres
12. Area of sector = x pR2
360° 27. 1d.m3 = 1 litre
q R 32 28. 1000cm3 = 1 litre 33
q 29. 1000litres = 1 kl
13. Length of Arc = x 2pR
360°