COMPREHENSIVE COURSE ON

CURRENT AFFAIRS
POLITY AND GOVERNANCE – PART 02
UPSC CSE PRELIMS 2022
 WEARING HIJAB IS NOT ESSENTIAL RELIGIOUS PRACTICE
RULES KARNATAKA HIGH COURT
 Wearing of hijab (head scarf) by Muslim women does not form
a part of essential religious practices in Islamic faith and is not
protected under right to freedom of religion under Article 25 of
Constitution.
 Also, prescription of school uniform does not violate either
right to freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)
(a) or right to privacy under Article 21.
 Further, restriction against wearing of hijab in educational
institutions is only a reasonable restriction constitutionally
permissible.
 The essential religious practice test  evolved by Supreme
Court (SC) in ‘Shirur Mutt’ case (1954) to protect only such
religious practices which were essential and integral to the
religion
 WEARING HIJAB IS NOT ESSENTIAL RELIGIOUS PRACTICE
RULES KARNATAKA HIGH COURT.
 Court held that term “religion” will cover all rituals and
practices “integral” to a religion, and took upon itself the
responsibility of determining essential and non-essential
practices of a religion.
 PRINCIPLE OF REASONABLE ACCOMMODATION
 The court rejected an argument in support of permitting
Muslim girls wearing head-scarves that was based on the
principle of ‘reasonable accommodation’.
 ‘Reasonable accommodation’ is a principle that promotes
equality, enables the grant of positive rights and prevents
discrimination based on disability, health condition or personal
belief.
 Its use is primarily in the disability rights sector.
 It captures the positive obligation of the State and private
parties to provide additional support to persons with
disabilities to facilitate their full and effective participation in
society
 PRINCIPLE OF REASONABLE ACCOMMODATION
 For a person with disability, the constitutionally guaranteed
fundamental rights to equality (Article 14), the six freedoms
(Article 19) and the right to life (Article 21) will ring hollow if
they are not given this additional support that helps make
these rights real and meaningful for them
 UNIFORM CIVIL CODE (UCC)
 Formulation of one law to be made applicable to all religious
communities in matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance,
and adoption.
 Intended to replace the system of fragmented personal laws,
which currently governs interpersonal relationships and related
matters within different religious communities.
 Article 44  The State shall endeavour to secure for all citizens
a Uniform Civil Code throughout the territory of India.
 Indian laws do follow a uniform code in most civil matters –
Indian Contract Act, Civil Procedure Code, Sale of Goods Act,
Transfer of Property Act, Partnership Act, Evidence Act etc.
States, however, have made hundreds of amendments and
therefore in certain matters, there is diversity even under these
secular civil laws.
 UNIFORM CIVIL CODE (UCC)
 Presently, in India, different communities are governed by
different Personal laws like Hindu Marriage Act 1955, Hindu
Succession Act 1956, Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act
1956 & Hindu Minority & Guardianship Act (1956).
 Similarly, Muslims, Parsis and Christians are governed by their
own personal laws.
 Even within a religion, there is not a single common personal
law governing all its members. E.g. for registration of marriage
among Muslims, laws differ from place to place. It was
compulsory in J&K (1981 Act), and is optional in Bengal, Bihar
(both under 1876 Act).
 Shah Bano case (1985)  SC Parliament should outline the
contours of a common civil code as it is an instrument that
facilitates national harmony and equality before law.
 UNIFORM CIVIL CODE (UCC)
 Sarla Mudgal Case (1995) SC reiterated the need for
Parliament to frame a Uniform Civil Code, which would help
the cause of national integration by removing ideological
contradictions
 “When more than 80% of citizens have been placed under the
personal law codified, there is no justification, so to keep
whatever in the absence, even more, the introduction of the
uniform civil code for all citizens on the territory of India”
 Shayara Bano Vs UOI Case (2017)  Questioned the legitimacy
of practice of Talaq e biddat ( Triple Talaq) and declared it
unconstitutional
 DETERMINATION OF MINORITY IN INDIA
 Union government has told the SC that state governments can
now grant minority status to any religious or linguistic
community, including Hindus.
 The petition claimed that NCMEI (National Commission for
Minority Education Institution) Act 2004 gives unbridled power
to the Centre and is “manifestly arbitrary, irrational, and
offending”.
 Section 2(f) of NCMEI Act 2004 confers power to the Centre to
identify and notify minority communities in India.
 Plea sought directions for framing of guidelines identifying
minorities at the state level.
 The expression “minorities”  Not defined in constitution
 DETERMINATION OF MINORITY IN INDIA
 Plea  2011 census Hindus have become a minority in
Lakshadweep (2.5%), Mizoram (2.75%), Nagaland (8.75%),
Meghalaya (11.53%), J&K (28.44%), Arunachal Pradesh (29%),
Manipur (31.39%), and Punjab (38.40%).
 They should be given minority status in these states in
accordance with the principle laid down by the SC in its 2002
TMA Pai Foundation and 2005 Bal Patil Case ruling
 TMA Pai Case (2003)
 The SC had said that for the purposes of Article 30 that deals
with the rights of minorities to establish and administer
educational institutions, religious and linguistic minorities have
to be considered state-wise.
 DETERMINATION OF MINORITY IN INDIA
 Bal Patil Case 2005  Referred to the TMA Pai ruling.
 The legal position clarifies that henceforth the unit for
determining status of both linguistic and religious minorities
would be ‘state’
 The Centre said the petitioners’ argument is not correct since
states can also “certify institutions as being minority
institutions as per the rules of the said state.
 The Centre pointed out that Maharashtra had notified Jews as
a minority community in 2016 and Karnataka had notified
Urdu, Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, Marathi, Tulu, Lamani, Hindi,
Konkaniand Gujarati as minority languages.
 DETERMINATION OF MINORITY IN INDIA
 Parliament and State legislatures have concurrent powers to
enact law to provide for the protection of minorities and their
interests.
 Matters such as declaring the followers of Judaism, Bahaism,
and Hinduism who are minorities in Ladakh, Mizoram,
Lakshadweep, Kashmir, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Arunachal
Pradesh, Punjab and Manipur can establish and administer
educational institutions of their choice in the said state and
laying down guideline(s) for identification of minority at state
level may be considered by the concerned state governments.
 The TMA Pai ruling also “reveals that the SC has nowhere
eroded the power of the Central Government to notify a
community as a ‘minority’.
 DETERMINATION OF MINORITY IN INDIA
 The Parliament was empowered under Article 246 of the
Constitution read with Entry 20, “economic and social
planning”, of the Concurrent List to enact laws to promote and
protect the interests of minorities
 Parliament has the legislative competence and the Central
government has the executive competence to notify a
community as a minority under Section 2(c) of the National
Commission for Minorities Act of 1992
 Related Articles – 29/30/350-B
 DETERMINATION OF MINORITY IN INDIA
 Minorities notified by the Government of India?
 Currently, only those communities notified under section 2(c)
of the NCM Act, 1992, by the central government are regarded
as minority.
 In 1992, with the enactment of the NCM Act, 1992, the MC
became a statutory body and was renamed as the NCM.
 In 1993, the first Statutory National Commission was set up and
five religious communities viz. The Muslims, Christians, Sikhs,
Buddhists and Zoroastrians (Parsis) were notified as minority
communities.
 In 2014, Jains were also notified as a minority community
 STATE OF DENOTIFIED TRIBES
 Recently, the standing committee of Parliament has criticised
the functioning of the development programme for de-
notified, nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes.
 They are communities that were ‘notified’ as being ‘born
criminals’ during the British regime under a series of laws
starting with the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871.
 They are the most vulnerable and deprived.
 These Acts were repealed by the Independent Indian
Government in l952, and these communities were "De-
Notified".
 A few of these communities which were listed as de-notified
were also nomadic.
 Nomadic and semi-nomadic communities are defined as those
who move from one place to another rather than living in one
place all the time.
 STATE OF DENOTIFIED TRIBES
 STATE OF DENOTIFIED TRIBES
 While most DNTs are spread across the Scheduled Castes (SC),
Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Other Backward Classes (OBC)
categories, some DNTs are not covered in any of the SC, ST or
OBC categories.
 Many commissions and committees constituted since
Independence have referred to the problems of these
communities.
 These include the Criminal Tribes Inquiry Committee, 1947
constituted in the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh),
 Ananthasayanam Ayyangar Committee in 1949 (it was based
on the report of this committee the Criminal Tribes Act was
repealed),
 Kaka Kalelkar Commission (also called first OBC Commission)
constituted in 1953.
 STATE OF DENOTIFIED TRIBES
 The B P Mandal Commission constituted in 1980 also made
some recommendations on the issue.
 The National Commission to Review the Working of the
Constitution (NCRWC), 2002 held that DNTs have been wrongly
stigmatised as crime prone and subjected to high handed
treatment as well as exploitation by the representatives of law
and order and general society.
 The NCRWC was established under the chairmanship of Justice
M N Venkatachaliah
 STATE OF DENOTIFIED TRIBES
 What are the Developmental Efforts Regarding DNT?
 A National Commission for De-notified, Nomadic and Semi-
Nomadic Tribes (NCDNT) was constituted in 2006 by the then
government.
 It was headed by Balkrishna Sidram Renke and submitted its
report in 2008.
 The commission held that “It is an irony that these tribes
somehow escaped the attention of our Constitution makers.
 They are deprived of Constitutional support unlike Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes”.
 The Renke commission estimated their population at around
10.74 crores based on Census 2001.
 STATE OF DENOTIFIED TRIBES
 The government set up the Development and Welfare Board
for De-notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Communities
(DWBDNC).
 DWBDNC was established under the Societies Registration Act,
1860 under the aegis of the Ministry of Social Justice and
Empowerment for the purpose of implementing welfare
programmes.
 The DWBDNC was constituted on 21st February 2019, under
the chairmanship of Bhiku Ramji Idate.
 SC ENFORCES A LANDMARK RULING ON DEATH PENALTY
 SC  Chhannu Lal Verma vs. State of Chhattisgarh  Before
awarding death sentence, a proper psychological/psychiatric
evaluation is to be done by courts to assess probability and
possibility of reform of the criminal.
 Bacchan Singh v/s State of Punjab (1980), SC established the
doctrine of “rarest of rare” crime in handing down capital
punishment while mandating a comparative analysis of
aggravating and mitigating circumstances in connection to the
accused.
 Machi Singh vs State of Punjab (1983)  Elucidated doctrine
of “rarest of rare” and set down some guiding principles in the
death sentences cases
 SC ENFORCES A LANDMARK RULING ON DEATH PENALTY
 2014  SC ruled that unexplained delay in execution was a
ground for commutation of death penalty, and an inmate, his
or her kin, or even a public-spirited citizen, could file a writ
petition seeking such commutation.
 The aggravating circumstances included the manner in which
the crime was committed, motive for committing the crime,
severity of the crime, and the victim of the crime.
 The mitigating circumstances consisted of the possibility of
reformation and rehabilitation of an accused, his mental health
and his antecedents.
 37TH FOUNDATION OF NATIONAL CRIME RECORDS BUREAU
 NCRB  HQ in New Delhi  set-up in 1986 under the Ministry
of Home Affairs to function as a repository of information on
crime and criminals so as to assist the investigators in linking
crime to the perpetrators
 Responsible for collecting and analyzing crime data as defined
by the Indian Penal Code and Special and Local Laws
 It was established on the recommendations of the Tandon
Committee to the National Police Commission (1977-1981) and
the MHA’s Taskforce (1985).
 National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) – Objectives
 Maintain a national database of fingerprints of all criminals in
India.
 Create, lead, and coordinate the development of IT
applications for Police.
 37TH FOUNDATION OF NATIONAL CRIME RECORDS BUREAU
 Collate information and maintain statistics on crime and
criminals at the national level.
 Creation and maintenance of Database at the National level
for law enforcement agencies.
 To coordinate, guide and assist the functioning of the State
Crime Records Bureau, along with, providing training facilities
to personnel of the Crime Records bureau
 To function as the National storehouse of fingerprint (FP)
records of convicted persons including FP records of foreign
criminals
 To keep the central and state governments updated with the
official records and findings related to any case
 37TH FOUNDATION OF NATIONAL CRIME RECORDS BUREAU
 Functions
 NCRB was entrusted with the responsibility for monitoring,
coordinating and implementing the Crime and Criminal
Tracking Network & Systems (CCTNS) project in the year 2009
 To maintain National Database of Sexual Offenders (NDSO)
and share it with the States/UTs on regular basis
 Central Nodal Agency to manage technical and operational
functions of the ‘Online Cyber-Crime Reporting Portal’ through
which any citizen can lodge a complaint or upload a video clip
as an evidence of crime related to child pornography,
rape/gang rape
 37TH FOUNDATION OF NATIONAL CRIME RECORDS BUREAU
 The responsibility of implementation of the Inter-operable
Criminal Justice System (ICJS) has also been given to the NCRB.
 ICJS is a national platform for enabling integration of the main
IT system used for delivery of Criminal Justice in the country.
 It seeks to integrate the five pillars of the system viz Police
(through Crime and Criminal Tracking and Network Systems), e-
Forensics for Forensic Labs, e-Courts for Courts, e-Prosecution
for Public Prosecutors and e-Prisons for Prisons.
 ONE NATION ONE ELECTION
 Ideally ‘One Nation One Election’ Elections to all the three
tiers of constitutional institutions take place in a synchronized
and co-ordinated fashion  A voter casts his vote for electing
members for all tiers of the Government on a single day.
 Elections to third tier institutions comes in the ambit of the
State as per the Constitution.
 Accordingly, the term “One nation one election” is defined as
structuring the Indian election cycle in a manner that elections
to Lok Sabha and State Assemblies are synchronized together.
 A voter would normally cast his/her vote for electing members
of Lok Sabha and State Assembly on a single day and at the
same time.
 It does not mean that voting across the country for Lok Sabha
and State Assemblies needs to happen on a single day  Can
be conducted in a phase-wise manner
 EXTRADITION
 SC - ‘Extradition is the delivery on the part of one State to
another of those whom it is desired to deal with for crimes of
which they have been accused or convicted and are justifiable
in the Courts of the other State’.
 An Extradition request for an accused can be initiated in the
case of under-investigation, under-trial and convicted criminals
 The Extradition Act 1962 provides India’s legislative basis for
extradition  The Indian Extradition Act, 1962 was
substantially modified in 1993 by Act 66 of 1993.
 The Consular, Passport & Visa (CPV) Division, Ministry of
External Affairs  Central/Nodal Authority
 An alleged offender may not be extradited to the requesting
state in the following cases:
 No treaty – In absence of a treaty, States are not obligated to
extradite aliens/nationals.
 EXTRADITION
 No treaty crime – Extradition is generally limited to crimes
identified in the treaty which may vary in relation to one State
from another, as provided by the treaty.
 Military and Political Offences – Extradition may be denied for
purely military and political offences. Terrorist offences and
violent crimes are excluded from the definition of political
offences for the purposes of extradition treaties.
 Want of Dual Criminality – Dual criminality exists when
conduct constituting the offence amounts to a criminal
offence in both India and the foreign country.
 Procedural considerations – Extradition may be denied when
due procedure as required by the Extradition Act of 1962 is not
followed.
 RULES FOR RESIGNATION AND REINSTATEMENT OF AN
OFFICER
 Faesal's resignation, in January 2019, had not been accepted
by the government, pending investigation into some of his
posts on social media.
 The resignation of an officer of any of the three AIS ie IAS, IPS
and IFoS — is governed by Rules 5(1) and 5(1)(A) of the All
India Services (Death-cum-Retirement Benefits) Rules, 1958.
 An officer serving in a cadre (state) must submit his/her
resignation to the chief secretary of the state  An officer
who is on central deputation is required to submit his/her
resignation to the secretary of the concerned Ministry or
Department.
 Before forwarding the resignation to the central government,
the concerned state is supposed to send information on the
issues of dues and vigilance status, along with its
recommendation.
 RULES FOR RESIGNATION AND REINSTATEMENT OF AN
OFFICER
 The state checks to see if any dues are outstanding against the
officer, as well as the vigilance status of the officer or whether
any cases of corruption etc. are pending against him/her. In
case there is such a case, the resignation is normally rejected.
 Competent authorities
 Minister of State at the Department of Personnel & Training
(DoPT) in respect of the IAS, the Minister for Home Affairs in
respect of the IPS, and the Minister for Environment, Forest
and Climate Change in respect of the Forest Service
 The central government may permit an officer to withdraw
his/her resignation “in the public interest”.
 DAYLIGHT HARVESTING
 Ministry of Science & Technology has decided to promote a
unique Start-up in the latest Daylight Harvesting Technology
in order to reduce carbon footprint and improve the building’s
energy efficiency.
 Daylight Harvesting is a method of saving the energy costs
associated with lighting. It makes use of the available sunlight.
 The solar energy spectrum has 45% energy as visible light and
this can be used to harvest building illumination for about 9-11
hours a day.
 It automatically dims or adjusts the brightness of light in
response to the amount of natural light available in a space.
 Utilising natural daylight coming through the windows or
skylights minimises the amount of energy used in artificial
lighting.
 DAYLIGHT HARVESTING
 The daylight harvesting system employs light sensors, also
known as photocell sensors, to detect the prevailing light level
in the environment.
 It then sends the intensity of light received to a controller,
which is connected to the lighting control system. The control
system in turn adjusts the electric lights automatically
according to the measured light level
 THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE (IDENTIFICATION) ACT, 2022
 Recently, the Criminal Procedure (Identification) Act, 2022
received the assent of the President  seeks to replace the
Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920.
 To expand the scope and ambit of the ‘‘measurements’’ which
can be taken under the provisions of law that will help in
unique identification of a person involved in any crime and will
assist the investigating agencies in solving the criminal case.
 New ‘‘measurement’’ techniques being used in advanced
countries are giving credible and reliable results
 THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE (IDENTIFICATION) ACT, 2022
 Expands the ambit  The Act expands the type of data that
may be collected, persons from whom such data may be
collected, and the authority that may authorise such collection.
 Retention of details  Details collected to be retained in
digital or electronic form for 75 years from the date of
collection.
 The record may be destroyed in case of persons who have not
been previously convicted, and who are released without trial,
discharged, or acquitted by the court, after exhausting all legal
remedies.
 Resistance to giving details  Resistance or refusal to give
details will be considered an offence under the IPC, 1860.
 In case of such resistance or refusal, police officers or prison
officers may collect details in the manner prescribed under
rules made by the state government or the central government
 THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE (IDENTIFICATION) ACT, 2022
 Powers of Magistrate  Magistrate may direct a person to
give details for the purpose of an investigation or proceeding
under the CrPC
 Rule-making power extended to the central government: The
Act vested rule-making power only in the state government.
The Act extends this power to the central government as well.
 THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE (IDENTIFICATION) ACT, 2022
 NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR SCHEDULED TRIBES (NCST)
 NCST  Established by amending Article 338 and inserting a
new Article 338A in the Constitution through the Constitution
(89th Amendment) Act, 2003  Erstwhile National
Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was
replaced by two separate Commissions  NCSC and NCST
 Standing Committee on Social Justice and Empowerment 
NCST has been dysfunctional for the last four years and has
not delivered a single report to Parliament
 Functions of the commission
 To present to the President, annually and at such other times
as the Commission may deem fit, reports upon the working of
those safeguards
 BILL TO INCLUDE DARLONG COMMUNITY OF TRIPURA IN ST
LIST
 Recently, Lok Sabha passed the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes)
Order (Amendment) Bill, 2022.
 The bill sought to include the Darlong community as a sub-
tribe of the Kuki tribal community in the list of Scheduled
Tribes (STs).
 The community has a high prevalence of education and
cultural activities and members of the community serve in
senior positions in the local administration.
 EXPORT PREPAREDNESS INDEX 2021: NITI AAYOG
 Gujarat  India’s top State in terms of export preparedness for
the second year in a row as per the Export Preparedness Index
(EPI) 2021 released by the NITI Aayog.
 Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu were ranked second, third
and fourth in the index
 To identify challenges and opportunities, enhance the
effectiveness of government policies and encourage a
facilitative regulatory framework for export.
 The index entails four pillars, eleven sub pillars and sixty
indicators and covers across 28 states and 8 UTs.
 EXPORT PREPAREDNESS INDEX 2021: NITI AAYOG
 Four Pillars
 Policy: A comprehensive trade policy providing a strategic
direction for exports and imports
 Business Ecosystem: An efficient business ecosystem helping
states attract investments and create an enabling infrastructure
for individuals to initiate start-ups
 Export Ecosystem: Assess the business environment, which is
specific to exports
 Export Performance: This is the only output-based parameter
and examines the reach of export footprints of States and
Union Territories
 EXPORT PREPAREDNESS INDEX 2021: NITI AAYOG
 DRAFT INDIA DATA ACCESSIBILITY & USE POLICY, 2022
 Aims to radically transform India’s ability to harness public
sector data for catalysing large scale social transformation.
 As per policy  Any data sharing shall happen within the legal
framework of India, its national policies and legislation as well
as the recognized international guidelines
 This draft policy comes in the backdrop of a government
committee formed in 2019, headed by Infosys cofounder S
Gopalakrishnan, to draft a Non-Personal Data Protection
Framework (NPDF).
 Goals of NPDF include creating a framework to unlock
economic, social and public value from using data, and
address concerns of harm arising from use of such data.
 DRAFT INDIA DATA ACCESSIBILITY & USE POLICY, 2022
 Non-Personal Data Protection Framework (NPDF)
 Any data which is not personal data (data pertaining to
characteristics, traits or attributes of identity, which can be
used to identify an individual) is categorised as NPD.
 It is classified into three categories
 Public NPD: Data collected by government such as census,
during execution of all publicly funded works.
 Community NPD: Any data identifiers about a set of people
who have either the same geographic location, religion, job, or
other common social interests. For example, electricity
distribution companies etc.
 Private NPD: Produced by individuals which can be derived
from application of proprietary software or knowledge
 CAG’S AUDIT OF UIDAI
 The UIDAI is a statutory authority established on 12th July
2016  Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other
Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act, 2016.
 Works under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Electronics and
Information Technology.
 Initially, the UIDAI was set up by the Government of India in
January 2009, as an attached office under the aegis of the
Planning Commission.
 Mandated to assign a 12-digit unique identification (UID)
number (Aadhaar) to all the residents of India.
 As per the 2016 Act, UIDAI is accountable for the
authentication and enrolment of Aadhaar, and also to
safeguard the data protection of identity information of
individuals.
 DRAFT PROTECTION AND ENFORCEMENT OF INTERESTS IN
AIRCRAFT OBJECTS BILL, 2022
 Ministry of Civil Aviation has sought stakeholders’ comments
on the draft Protection and Enforcement of Interests in Aircraft
Objects Bill, 2022.
 The Bill implements the provisions of the Convention on
International Interests in Mobile Equipment and Protocol on
Matters Specific to Aircraft Equipment which was adopted at a
conference in Cape Town in 2001.
 India acceded to the two instruments in 2008.
 These provide default remedies for the creditor and create a
legal regime for disputes.
 Once passed, the law will help international aircraft leasing
companies to repossess and transfer planes out of India incase
of a financial dispute with an Indian airline at a time many
regional airlines have been refused planes on rent.
 DRAFT PROTECTION AND ENFORCEMENT OF INTERESTS IN
AIRCRAFT OBJECTS BILL, 2022
 The proposed law provides remedies such as repossession of
an aircraft object, or its sale or lease or collection of income
from its use as well as de-registration and export of planes.
 It also suggests remedies pending final adjudication of a claim
as well as safeguards a debtor’s claim during insolvency
proceedings against its Indian buyer.
 As per the ministry, the draft legislation is necessary because
several Indian laws such as the Companies Act, 2013 and the
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 are in conflict with the
Cape Town Convention and Protocol.
 It says that Indian entities have also suffered as international
financial institutions demand an implementing legislation.
 DRAFT PROTECTION AND ENFORCEMENT OF INTERESTS IN
AIRCRAFT OBJECTS BILL, 2022
 Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment
(Cape Town Convention):
 It is an international treaty intended to standardize
transactions involving movable property.
 83 countries, including India, have signed and ratified the
Convention & the Protocol.
 The treaty creates international standards for registration of
contracts of sale (including dedicated registration agencies),
security interests, leases and conditional sales contracts, and
various legal remedies for default in financing agreements,
including repossession and the effect of particular states’
bankruptcy laws
 KANYA SHIKSHA PRAVESH UTSAV
 The aim of the campaign is to bring back four lakh out-of-
school adolescent girls in the 11-14 years age group into the
education system
 To work on a complete system for out-of-school girls by
building on existing schemes and programmes such as Schemes
for Adolescent Girls (SAG), Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP),
and National Education Policy (NEP).
 Implementing Agency  Ministry of Women And Child
Development in partnership with the Ministry of Education.
 Will be implemented as part of the BBBP project  Over 400
districts across all states will be funded under the Beti Bachao
Beti Padhao Scheme for grassroots level outreach and
awareness generation to sensitise communities and families to
enrol adolescent girls in schools
 SAGAR PARIKRAMA
 The Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying will
inaugurate the ‘Sagar Parikrama’ to know the problems of
Coastal Fisher folk.
 It is a navigation journey to be conducted in all coastal states
/UTs through a pre-decided sea route to demonstrate
solidarity with all fisherfolk, fish farmers and concerned
stakeholders.
 It is envisioned as a part of ‘Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsava’
saluting our great freedom fighters, sailors and fishers.
 The Parikrama will start from Mandvi, Gujarat in Ist phase and
will be organised in other districts of Gujarat and other
State/UTs in subsequent phases.
 TELANGANA DALIT BANDHU SCHEME
 Dalit Bandhu enables entrepreneurship among Dalits through
a direct benefit transfer of Rs 10 lakh per family  Going to
be the biggest cash transfer scheme in the country.
 To promote Dalit entrepreneurship, the government has
decided to start a system of reservation for Dalits in sectors
where the government issues licences. This includes wine
shops, medical shops, fertiliser shops, rice mills, etc.
 Dalit Security Fund
 Apart from monetary assistance, the government plans to
create a corpus called the Dalit Security Fund permanently to
support the beneficiary in the event of any adversities.
 This fund will be managed by the district collector concerned,
along with a committee of beneficiaries.
 ‘SVANIDHI SE SAMRIDDHI’ PROGRAM
 An additional program of PMSVANidhi  Launched under the
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.
 Implementing Partner  Quality Council of India (QCI).
 To provide social security benefits to street vendors for their
holistic development and socio economic upliftment.
 Under the program, socio-economic profiling of PM SVANidhi
beneficiaries and their families is conducted to assess their
eligibility for Eight Government of India’s welfare schemes and
facilitate sanctions of eligible schemes.
 These Eight schemes include:
1) Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana.
2) PM Suraksha Bima Yojana / 3) Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana.
4) Building and other Construction Workers (Regulation of
Employment and Conditions of Service) Act (BOCW).
 ‘SVANIDHI SE SAMRIDDHI’ PROGRAM
5) Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maandhan Yojana.
6) National Food Security Act (NFSA)-portability benefit – One
Nation One Ration Card (ONORC).
7) Janani Suraksha Yojana and
8) Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana.
 PM SVANidhi Scheme
 Special micro-credit facility plan to provide affordable loan of
up to ₹10,000 to more than 50 lakh street vendors, who had
their businesses operational on or before 24 March 2020.
 Small Industries Development Bank of India is the technical
partner for implementation of this scheme.
 It will manage the credit guarantee to the lending institutions
through Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small
Enterprises.
 PM-DAKSH SCHEME  PRADHAN MANTRI DAKSHTA AUR
KUSHALTA SAMPANN HITGRAHI
 It is being implemented from the year 2020-21.
 Eligible target groups are provided with the skill development
training programmes on Short Term Training Program; Up-
Skilling/Reskilling; Entrepreneurship Development Programme,
and Long Term Training Programme.
 Eligibility
 Marginalised persons of SC , OBC , EBC, Denotified tribes,
Sanitation workers including waste pickers, manual scavengers,
transgenders and other similar categories
 PM-DAKSH SCHEME
 Implementation
 It is implemented by the three Corporations under the
Ministry:
 National Scheduled Castes Finance and Development
Corporation (NSFDC),
 National Backward Classes Finance & Development
Corporation (NBCFDC),
 National Safai Karamcharis Finance and Development
Corporation (NSKFDC).
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