TRANSPORT PHENOMENA – SCH 2108

STUDY GUIDE 2019

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CONTENTS

Word of welcome ................................................................. 3

Contact information ................................................................. 3
Rationale ................................................................. 3
Prerequisites ................................................................. 3
Reference ................................................................. 3
How to study ................................................................. 3
Assessment ................................................................. 4
Time schedule ................................................................. 4
Course outcome ................................................................. 4
Word of advice on plagiarism ................................................................. 5

Section I – Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 1 – Introduction
Chapter 2 – Dimensional Analysis
Chapter 3 – Fluid statics
Chapter 4 – Fluids in motion
Chapter 5 – Pumping of fluids
................................................................. 6
................................................................. 7
................................................................. 8
................................................................. 9
................................................................. 10

Section II – Heat Transfer

Chapter 6 – Heat transfer by conduction ................................................................. 11
Chapter 7 – Heat transfer by convection ................................................................. 12
Chapter 8 – Heat transfer by radiation ................................................................. 13
Chapter 9 – Heat transfer equipment ................................................................. 14

Section III – Mass transfer

Chapter 10 – Diffusion and mass transfer ................................................................ 15
Chapter 11 – Mass transfer equipment ................................................................ 16

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WORD OF WELCOME

We welcome you to the course Transport Phenomena, in this course you will acquire the
minimum engineering knowledge required by every Applied Chemistry student in the fields of
fluid mechanics, heat and mass transfer.

CONTACT INFORMATION

Lecturer: Mr. B. Nyoni

e-Mail: bothwell.nyoni@nust.ac.zw

RATIONALE

Transport Phenomena is a science subject that deals with the basic principles of movement of
‘something’. In our case we dwell much on the movement of fluids, other substance and heat.
The subject deals with the solving of problems in the fields of fluid mechanics, heat and mass
transfer operations. Applied Chemists are expected to have the knowledge and understanding
of the principles that fall within the mentioned fields. This will enable them to contribute in the
design and analysis of common industrial systems that involve chemical reactions. Transport
phenomena is a vital subject in Applied Chemistry. Remember, as opposed to other fields of
chemistry like Pure Chemistry or Analytical, Applied Chemistry deals with the application of
the principles of chemistry to solve real world problems especially in the chemical industry.

PREREQUISITES

A sound knowledge of Mathematics for Science, GCE A-level Chemistry and GCSE O-level
Physical Science are needed for this course.

REFERENCE

The recommended material for the course is:

1. This study guide

2. Lecture notes
3. Coulson J.M. & Richardson J.F. (1977) Coulson & Richardson’s Chemical
Engineering Volume 1- Fluid flow, Heat transfer and Mass transfer, Pergamon Press
Ltd
4. Treybal R. (1980) Mass Transfer Operations, McGraw-Hill
5. Incropera F.P., Dewitt D.P., Bergman T.L. & Lavine A.S. (2006) Fundamentals of Heat
and Mass Transfer, John Wiley & Sons
6. Darby R. (2001) Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics, Marcel Dekker

HOW TO STUDY

Read the sections in the prescribed textbook following the guidelines given by this study guide.
A good student will study the material before the lecture times.

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ASSESSMENT

The final mark of this course will be the weighted average of the continuous assessment and
the exam mark. Continuous assessment contributes 25% and the exam mark 75%, unless stated
otherwise, by the Department. Continuous assessment comprises an average of all the
assignments and tests written along the course of the semester. Assignments should be written
and submitted on or before the due date. For circumstances beyond the control of the student,
failure to submit an assignment or sit for a test should be communicated well in advance.

TIME SCHEDULE

Lectures will follow the Departmental timetable that can be accessed from the Departmental
notice board.

COURSE OUTCOME

At the end of this course the student will be having basic knowledge and skill for the solving
of problems in the fields of fluid mechanics, heat and mass transfer operations.

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WORD OF ADVICE ON PLAGIARISM

Plagiarism is the act of taking someone’s work or ideas and passing them off as one’s own.

ASSIGNMENTS ARE INDIVIDUAL TASKS UNLESS STATED OTHERWISE.

Copying of texts from other students is not allowed. Copying word for word from other sources
e.g. the prescribed material or internet is not allowed. Understandably, it is difficult for students
in their second year of university to totally avoid plagiarism, however students should strive to
make an effort to rephrase the text and use their own words to explain any concept.

The aim of the assignments is to check whether students have the ability to understand the
concepts by combining the reference texts at their disposal, rather than reproduction of existing
material. Students not taking this advice in the preparation of their assignments may face
penalties.

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Outcomes

After completing this chapter you should have an understanding of:

• What is transport phenomena

• Analogy between the three fields in Transport Phenomena
• The concept of driving force

Students should be able to:

• Define Transport Phenomena

• Define fluid flow, heat transfer and mass transfer

Study material:

Study the lecture notes. Chapter 1 of Reference 6.

Overview

This is an introduction to the course.

Assignment

Answer questions in Assignment 1

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SECTION I. FLUID MECHANICS
CHAPTER 2: DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

Outcomes

After completing this chapter you should have an understanding of:

• Dimensions and their units

• Systems of units
• Dimensional consistency
• Buckingham theorem

Students should be able to:

• Interpret and relate different systems of units

• Perform dimensional analysis

Study material:

Study relevant sections in Chapter 1 of Reference 3, Chapter 2 of Reference 6.

Overview

In dimensional analysis the concepts of dimensions and units and the various systems in use
for describing these quantities are studied. The difference between fundamental and derived
units and, the difference between scientific and engineering systems is illustrated. It is
important that the scientist or engineer be familiar with these systems, as they are all in common
use in various fields of science. A scientist should be able to use the different systems of units
interchangeably. The concept of conservation of dimensions will then be applied to the
dimensional analysis and scale-up of engineering systems.

Assignment

Answer questions in Assignment 2.

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CHAPTER 3: FLUID STATICS

Outcomes

After completing this chapter you should have an understanding of:

• Forces that act on a stationary fluid

• Basic equation of fluid statics
• The Manometer

Students should be able to:

• Derive the equation of fluid statics

• Perform basic fluid statics calculations
• Derive the manometer equation

Study material:

Study relevant sections in Chapter 4 of Reference 6 and Lecture Notes.

Overview

Fluid statics is the branch of fluid mechanics that studies fluids at rest. It encompasses
identification of forces that act of a fluid that is at rest. Since the fluid is at rest, the forces are
said to be in equilibrium.

Assignment

Answer questions in Assignment 2.

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CHAPTER 4: FLUIDS IN MOTION

Outcomes

After completing this chapter you should have an understanding of:

• Types of flow
• Reynolds number and its significance
• Continuity equation
• Bernoulli equation
• Energy loss due to friction

Students should be able to:

• Use the Continuity and Bernoulli equations

• State the effect of friction in fluid flow
• Perform fluid flow calculations

Study material:

Study relevant sections in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 of Reference 3.

Overview

Fluid dynamics is the study of fluids in motion. Fluids flow in two ways – laminar and
turbulent. Fluid dynamics will be used extensively in this course for calculating liquid flow in
pipelines. The equations used in fluid dynamics are based on the laws of conservation of mass
and energy. Equipment for imparting energy for fluids to flow will be looked upon.

Assignment

Answer questions in Assignment 2.

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CHAPTER 5: PUMPING OF FLUIDS

Outcomes

After completing this chapter you should have an understanding of:

• Types of pumps
• Bernoulli equation

Students should be able to:

• Apply the Continuity and Bernoulli equations for systems with pumps

Study material:

Study relevant sections in Chapter 8 of Reference 3.

Overview

Pumps impart energy to move a fluid from one point to another in a pipeline, therefore
overcoming friction between the fluid particles and the walls of the pipe. There are different
types of pumps, classified according to their design. The pumping energy term is incorporated
into the Bernoulli equation. A term called the ‘net positive suction head’ can be calculated for
any plant pump scenario using the Bernoulli equation.

Assignment

Answer questions in Assignment 2.

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SECTION II: HEAT TRANSFER
CHAPTER 6: HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION

Outcomes

After completing this chapter you should have an understanding of:

• Heat transfer by conduction

• Fourier’s law of heat conduction

Students should be able to:

• Explain heat transfer in terms of the temperature driving force

• Use Fourier’s law for heat transfer calculations
• Derive heat conduction equation for a simple scenario using Fourier’s law

Study material:

Study relevant sections in Chapter 9 of Reference 3, Chapter 10 of Reference 4, Chapters 2 and

3 of Reference 5.

Overview

In thermodynamics, heat is defined as the energy that crosses the boundary of a system when
this energy transport occurs due to a temperature difference between the system and its
surroundings. Heat conduction is the transfer of energy between neighboring molecules in a
substance due to a temperature gradient. In metals also the free electrons transfer energy. In
solids which do not transmit radiation, heat conduction is the only process for energy transfer

Assignment

Answer questions in Assignment 3.

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CHAPTER 7: HEAT TRANSFER BY CONVECTION

Outcomes

After completing this chapter you should have an understanding of:

• Heat transfer by convection

• Fourier’s law modified for heat convection

Students should be able to:

• Explain how heat is transferred via convection

• Use Dimensionless numbers for heat transfer calculations

Study material:

Study relevant sections in Chapter 9 of Reference 3, Chapter 6 of Reference 5.

Overview

In a flowing fluid, energy is transferred not only through heat conduction but also by the
macroscopic movement of the fluid. When we imagine an area located at a given position
within the fluid, heat flows through this area by conduction due to the temperature gradient and
in addition energy as enthalpy and kinetic energy of the fluid which crosses the area. This is
known as convective heat transfer which can be described as the superposition of thermal
conduction and energy transfer by the flowing fluid.

Assignment

Answer questions in Assignment 3.

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CHAPTER 8: HEAT TRANSFER BY RADIATION

Outcomes

After completing this chapter you should have an understanding of:

• Heat transfer by radiation

• Stefan’s law of heat radiation

Students should be able to:

• Explain how heat is transferred via radiation

• Use Stefan’s law for heat transfer calculations

Study material:

Study relevant sections in Chapter 9 of Reference 3, Chapter 14 of Reference 4, Chapters 12

and 13 of Reference 5.

Overview

All forms of matter emit energy to their surroundings through electromagnetic waves. This
already happens because the matter has a positive thermodynamic temperature. This type of
energy release is known as thermal radiation or heat radiation.

Assignment

Answer questions in Assignment 3.

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CHAPTER 9: HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENT

Outcomes

After completing this chapter you should have an understanding of:

• Of how heat transfer equipment operate

• Factors that affect heat transfer in equipment
• Basic heat exchanger design, operation and calculations
• Types of heat exchangers

Students should be able to:

• Explain how heat equipment operate

• Perform basic heat exchanger calculations

Study material:

Study relevant sections in Chapter 9 of Reference 3, Chapter 15 of Reference 4.

Overview

Equipment that facilitates heat transfer/ exchange, via conduction, radiation and or convection
e.g. condensers, boilers, heat exchangers, reactors, evaporators is discussed. The design of heat
transfer equipment is based on the principles of heat transfer incorporating fluid flow principles
as well

Assignment

Answer questions in Assignment 3.

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SECTION III: MASS TRANSFER
CHAPTER 10: DIFFUSION AND MASS TRANSFER

Outcomes

After completing this chapter you should have an understanding of:

• The process of diffusion

• Fick’s law of diffusion
• Mechanism of absorption

Students should be able to:

• Explain the analogy between heat transfer and diffusion

• Use Fick’s law for diffusion calculations
• Describe absorption using the Two film theory

Study material:

Study relevant sections in Chapter 10 of Reference 3, Chapter 21 of Reference 4, Chapter 14

of Reference 5.

Overview

There is an analogy between diffusion and the flow of heat, in both cases there should be a
gradient as the driving force; diffusion – concentration gradient; heat flow – temperature
gradient. In each case, the flux is dependent on the gradient

Assignment

Answer questions in Assignment 4.

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CHAPTER 11: MASS TRANSFER EQUIPMENT

Outcomes

After completing this chapter you should have an understanding of:

• Mass transfer equipment such as evaporators, distillation columns, absorption columns

Students should be able to:

• Describe how mass transfer equipment operate

Study material:

Study relevant sections in the notes.

Overview

There is a wide range of mass transfer equipment. The commonly used equipment include
evaporators, distillation columns, absorption columns etc. Most of these equipment will be
studied in depth in the Unit Operations course SCH 2208.

Assignment

No assignment

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