1

NON DESTRUCTIVE
TEST - NDT
RADIOGRAPHIC
TESTING (RT)
LEVEL II
LECTURE
Address : 24 El-Gahez St., Haey Sabeaa, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
Phone : +20 01012000780- +20 01012000760
13
Fax : 02-23877325
Website : www.kit-egy.com
Email : info@kit-egy.com
 2

Contents

▪ RT Safety definition

▪ Radiation amount count

▪ Permissible accumulated dose

▪ RT Techniques
 3

RT Safety
 Radiation Safety 4

• Use of radiation sources in industrial radiography is heavily

regulated by state and federal organizations due to potential
public and personal risks.
 Units of Radiation Dose Measurement 5
❑ Measure of Exposure:

➢ ”The Roentgen” (R) : is a unit of exposure which measure the

ionization produced by X or Gamma Radiation in air.
➢ Technically defined, “The Roentgen” (R) : is the quantity of
ionizing radiation that produces 2.083 million ion pairs in one
cubic centimeter of air.

❑ Measure of Absorption:

➢ “RAD” Radiation Absorbed Dose.

➢ “RBE” Radiation Biological Effect.
➢ “REM” Roentgen Equivalent Man. = 1/1000 R
 Units of Radiation Dose Measurement (cont.) 6

➢ Unit of Absorbed Dose is the rad

➢ 1 rad = 0.01 joules/Kg, and 1 gray = 100 rads
➢ Unit of biological effect is the Quality Factor(Q)
➢ Human dose measured in rem or millirem
➢ 1 rem = rad * Q, and in SI units 1 sievert (Sv) = 100 rem

❑ Quality Factors for Different Radiations:

Radiation Type Quality Factor

X and Gamma Rays 1
Beta Particles 1
Alpha Particles 20
Neutrons 10
 7
Permissible accumulated dose

Permissible accumulated dose =

5 rem * (N -18)

N = age of person
18 = Minimum Required age
5 = 1.25 rem /3 months
❑ Documenting Surveys: 8

✓ Record the following:

➢ Identification of person & date performed

➢ Areas surveyed (map is best)
➢ Instrument used of monitoring and date of calibration
➢ Results in mR/hour as applicable
➢ Permissible accumlated dose = 5 rem * (age of person -18)
9
 Radiation Safety (cont.) 10
Radiation Detection and Measurment Instrument

➢ Technicians who work with radiation must wear monitoring

devices that keep track of their total absorption, and alert them
when they are in a high radiation area.

Pocket Dosimeter Radiation Badge Survey Meter Radiation Alarm

❑ Personnel Monitoring Devices: 11
➢ Pocket dosimeter
➢ Film Badge: 12
❑ Survey Meters: 13
➢ Survey Meter or Radiation Detection measures radiation rate.
 Radiation Safety (cont.) 14
Protection Against Radiation
➢ There are three means of protection to reduce exposur
to radiation:

❑ Time:
➢ Dose = Dose Rate x Time
15
 16

Radiographic Techniques
 Radiographic Techniques 17

❑ For Pipe or Tube Welds :

➢ Single Wall Exposure-Single Wall Viewing technique

➢Panoramic
➢ Double Wall Exposure-Single Wall Viewing technique
➢ Double Wall Exposure-Double Wall Viewing (Ellipse)
technique
Single Wall Exposure-Single Wall Viewing 18
 Double Wall Exposure-Single Wall Viewing 19

➢ For any outer diameter (O.D.)

 Double Wall Exposure-Double Wall Viewing (Ellipse) 20

➢ For outer diameter (O.D.) equal to 3.5 in.(88mm) or less.

21