Lolita Lobo-Thesis - Dark Triad Personality Religious Orientataion Style

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DARK TRIAD PERSONALITY AND THE
RELIGIOUS ORIENTATION STYLE: A STUDY AMONG THE YOUNG ADULTS
IN BANGALORE
A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the
Requirements for the Award of the Degree of
Master of Science
In
Counselling Psychology
By
Lolita Delma Lobo
A07160001
Under the Supervision of
Ms. Miriam Paul
Assistant Professor
Department of Psychology
GLOBAL SCHOOL OF COUNSELLING
BANGALORE, INDIA
March 2018
APPROVAL OF DISSERTATION
Dissertation titled 'The Relationship between the Dark Triad Personality and the Religious
Orientation Style: A Study among the Young Adults in Bangalore' By Lolita Delma Lobo,
Register number A07160001, is approved for the award of the degree of Master of Science in
Counselling Psychology
Examiners:
1.____________________________________ ______________
2.____________________________________ ______________
Supervisor:
_____________________________________ ______________
Chairman:
_____________________________________ ______________
Date: ________________
i
DECLARATION
I, Lolita Delma Lobo, hereby declare that the dissertation titled 'The Relationship between
the Dark Triad Personality and the Religious Orientation Style: A Study among the Young
Adults in Bangalore' is an Original Research Conducted by me for the award of the degree of
Master of Science in Counselling Psychology. I have completed the study under the
supervision of Ms. Miriam Paul (Dissertation guide), Assistant Professor, Department of
Psychology.
I also declare that this Dissertation has not been submitted for the award of any other degree,
diploma or for publication
Place: Global School of Counselling, Bangalore Signature:
Date: Name: Lolita Delma Lobo
Register Number: A07160001
Department of Psychology
ii
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation submitted by Lolita Delma Lobo, Registration Number
A07150001, titled 'The Relationship between the Dark Triad Personality and the Religious
Orientation Style: A Study among the Young Adults in Bangalore' is a record of research
work done by her during the academic year 2016-2018 under my supervision in partial
fulfilment for the award of Master of Science in Counselling Psychology.
This dissertation has not been submitted for the award of any other degree, diploma or
publication.
Date:
Place: Global School of Counselling, Bangalore
Signature of DEAN Signature of Dissertation Guide
S. Renny Samuel Ms. Miriam Paul
Department of Psychology Asst. Professor.
GSC, Bangalore. Department of Psychology
GSC, Bangalore.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I remain forever indebted to God, for His grace and provision of a healing journey through
my course of studies at The Global School of Counselling. I am in awe of my Lord and God,
who caused me to accomplish this task, as He remains to be the author and perfecter of my
journey. My entire process of dissertation was made light due to the kindness and efforts of
my dear husband Paton Vaniah Kanuparthy Besaleel, through whom I am motivated to push
myself towards my upward call. "I am greatly delighted to walk with you in the odyssey of
drawing closer to God each day." I also take time to show my love to my entire family
through whom I have experienced the overflowing love of God as they have supported me in
every way possible.
I remain inspired by the entire team of faculty and my supervisor at the Global School of
Counselling; I can cherish the wonderful experiences that God has taught me through their
teaching and several life changing principles; which I have briefly reflected in this study. I
would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my dissertation guide Ms. Miriam Paul, without
whom this work would not ever have been shaped the way it has come together. I thank her
especially for giving me enough freedom to work, yet, monitoring me towards the desired
objective by inculcating her specialization in this study. I would specially like to show
appreciation and express thankfulness to Mrs. Meribah Joanna Kagitha, who in her busy
schedule found time to proof read and edit this work so that I can overcome my language
limitations.
Finally, I also cannot thank enough everyone who came alongside me on this journey. I am
grateful to all my friends, my associates, and all those who knowingly or unknowingly made
me, as I am today, which has left a strong desire in me to pursue in the area of Counselling
Psychology.
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ABSTRACT
The relationship between the Dark Triad Personality and the Religious Orientation Style were
observed in this study. This study was conducted on a sample of 120 young adults in the
urban setting of Bangalore. The data collection was carried out through the standardized
tools- D3 Short and ROS, followed by screening through Lie Scale (EPQ-R). A final data of
40 Christians and 44 Non-Christians were used for analysis through Pearson product-moment
correlation and Independent Sample t-test using the SPSS. The results indicated a positive
relationship of Machiavellianism and Psychopathy with the Extrinsic Religious Orientation;
and a negative relationship of Psychopathy and Narcissism with the Intrinsic Religious
Orientation. The findings did not display any differences while comparing means between
male/female and Christian/Non-Christian groups with the Dark Triad Personality and the
Religious Orientation Style.
Key Words: The Dark Triad Personality, The Religious Orientation Style, Christians and
Non-Christians, Male and Female.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declaration.........................................................................................................i
Certificate..........................................................................................................ii
Acknowledgement............................................................................................iii
Abstract.............................................................................................................iv
Table of Contents
List of tables
I. Introduction……………………………………………………………….......1
An Understanding on Personality.........……………………………......2
Personality as a Trait...............................................................................3
The Dark Triad Personality.....................................................................4
The Religious Orientation Style..............................................................5
Research Objectives............................................................................6
Significance of the study.....................................................................6
II. Review of Literature.........................................................................................8
The Dark Triad Personality in Different Contexts and Elements............9
Studies on Religious Orientation Style...................................................14
III. Research Methodology....................................................................................18
Research Question..................................................................................19
Hypothesis Statement.............................................................................20
Research Design.....................................................................................21
Variables...........................................................................................21
Operational Definition........................................................................21
The Population of Interest and Sample Size......................................23
Sampling Procedure...........................................................................23
Measures for Data Collection..................................................................23
Religious Orientation Scale...............................................................23
Dark Triad of Personality (D3-Short)................................................24
EPQ-R Lie Scale................................................................................24
Method of Analysis.................................................................................25
IV. Results and Discussion......................................................................................26
Results......................................................................................................27
Discussion................................................................................................34
The Relationship between Machiavellianism and
the Intrinsic Religious Orientation Style............................................34
The Relationship between Machiavellianism and
the Extrinsic Religious Orientation Style...........................................35
The Association between Psychopathy and
the Intrinsic Religious Orientation Style.............................................36
The Correlation between Psychopathy and
the Extrinsic Religious Orientation Style............................................36
The Relationship between Narcissism and
The Relationship between Narcissism and

The Relationship between the Dark Triad
Personality and the Religious Orientation Style..................................40
The Differences in Dark Triad Personality and Religious
Orientation Style between Christians and Non-Christians..................40
The Differences in Dark Triad Personality between
Female and Male Samples..................................................................41
V. Summary and Conclusion...................................................................................42
Summary....................................................................................................43
Hypothesis Testing.....................................................................................43
Implications for the Findings of the Study................................................45
Limitations.................................................................................................46
Future Directions.......................................................................................46
References.............................................................................................................48-59
Appendices............................................................................................................60-72
Appendix A: Informed Consent and Statement of Consent...................................61-62
Appendix B: Dark Triad of Personality (D3-Short) Sd3 – 27 Items by Delroy

Paulhus...................................................................................................................63-64
Appendix C: Allport and Ross Religious Orientation Scale.................................65-66
Appendix D: Lie Scale from the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised

(EPQ- R) by Hans Eysenck.....................................................................................67
Appendix E: Scrambled Short D3, ROS and Lie-Scale

With Demographic Details....................................................................................68-72
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Correlation between Machiavellianism and the Extrinsic Religious
Orientation…………………………………………………………………………….......27
Table 2. Correlation between Psychopathy and the Intrinsic Religious
Orientation.........................………………………………………………………………..28
Table 3. Correlation between Psychopathy and the Extrinsic Religious
Orientation.........................………………………………………………………………..29
Table 4. Correlation between Narcissism and the Intrinsic Religious
Orientation………………………………………….......………………………………....29
Table 5. Correlation between Narcissism and the Extrinsic Religious
Orientation…………………………………………………............................…………..30
Table 6. Correlation between Machiavellianism and the Intrinsic Religious
Orientation…………………………………..............................................………………30
Table 7. Independent Sample T-Test of Christians (C) and Non Christians (NC)
with Dark Triad Personality and Religious Orientation Style......………………………..31
Table 8. Independent Sample T-Test of Female (F) and Male (M) with Dark Triad
Personality and Religious Orientation Style.……………………………………………..33

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
We are living in the time of light as well as the darkness. On one side of humanity, we can
see virtuousness and sacrifice binding us; and on the other side, we have witnessed human
beings bent on destruction for personal interests and power. These are individuals who are
driven by the evil intention with characteristics that show a lack of empathy, low regard for
humanity, manipulation, deceit, entitlement and coldness with the focus on personal gain,
selfishness, entitlement and ulterior motivations. According to Paulhus and Williams (2002),
these attributes characterise the constellation of personality traits: Machiavellianism,
Narcissism and Psychopathy; together known as the Dark Triad Personality (Furnham, 2013).
An Understanding on Personality:
Personality is an enduring pattern of characteristics that produce consistency and
individuality in a given person. These include behaviours that define individuals as unique
and differentiate them from each other. Thus, personalities are understood to be consistent for
a long time for all given situations (Feldman, 2011).
Throughout the years there have been a number of theories trying to understand personality.
With Sigmund Freud's, psychodynamic approach to personality, the behaviour is determined
by parts of the personality that are existent in the unconscious. For Freud, it is composed of
id, ego and superego; and the personality is evident through the development of psychosexual
stages. The Neo-Freudians then added the social factors over the sexual factors in
determining personality (Feldman, 2011).
This was followed by the understanding of a personality from the Learning approach which
emphasized learning in relation to the environment. It also included situational
reinforcements and punishments as the aspect of personality development. A social cognitive

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approach focused on the role of cognition which includes thoughts, feelings, expectations,
and values in understanding personality. Biology and Evolutionary approaches focus on the
way personality has been inherited. The Humanistic approach focuses on personality as the
people's innate goodness and desire, so that they achieve higher levels of functioning, and
thereby change and improve (Feldman, 2011).
Personality as a Trait:
However, for this study, we would be focusing on the personality from the Trait approach
which is the oldest approach to understanding human personality. According to Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual, personality traits are termed as "enduring patterns of perceiving,
relating and thinking about oneself and the environment. These patterns are exhibited in a
wide range of social and personal contexts." So, Traits are firstly understood as enduring
dimensions, such that it remains stable over time and are relatively consistent across time and
across situations (American Psychiatric Association, 2013; Ellis, Abrams, & Abrams, 2009).
Secondly, traits are believed to influence awareness and sensitivity of an individual which is
shown in the behaviour, especially when relating to self, others and the world. Traits are
called as dispositions that enable one to feel, perceive, behave, and think in certain ways.
Personalities as traits are also defined as distinguishable and are apparent as one individual
differs from others. There also have been studies which mention that traits can change; some
depending on the life events and others based on the maturation of age. Recent research has
also found out that there is a possibility of change in traits due to the intervention and also
therapy (American Psychiatric Association, 2013; Bleidorn, Hopwood & Lucas, 2016;
Roberts, Luo, Briley, Chow, Su & Hill, 2017; Ellis et al., 2009; Saklofske & Zeidner, 1995).
Thirdly, traits are located on the spectrum where various trait dimensions are available to all
individuals with different degrees. Gordon Allport understood trait from three levels:
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The Cardinal Trait, which is a single characteristic that determines an individual's
identity; Central Traits that include the general characteristics that make up the main
personality and then the Secondary Traits, which are related to attitudes and preferences.
Eysenck used three dimensions of extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism to describe
personality traits (American Psychiatric Association, 2013; Feldman, 2011; Mangal, 2013).
Cattell (1950) defined personality as a prediction of what a person would do in a given
situation. He believed that this entails a person with all the functions in a given stimulus.
Raymond Cattell believed in the exploration of traits in understanding the structure and
function of personality. He believed that the knowledge of traits can help one look at the
latent and hidden attributes, and this gives an idea of the behaviour of that individual. He
found 16 pairs of traits as the source of different dimensions of personality. The most popular
trait approach is the Big Five which is understood as the five core traits in a continuum -
Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism.
According to Rust and Golombok (1999) trait in personality, is viewed as continuous, as a
specific personality characteristic which varies in strength along a continuum. Therefore, a
person can be described according to the traits and to the extent to which he or she shows a
particular set of characteristics; which can be seen in the Dark Triad Personality (as cited in
Engler, 2008, Feldman, 2011; Furnham, Richards & Paulhus, 2013; Jonason, Foster,
Egorova, Parshikova, Csatho, Oshio, & Gouveia, 2017).
The Dark Triad Personality:
The Dark Triad Personality includes trait constellations that are socially aversive but still
within the normal range of functioning. These traits are described by the nature of grandiosity
and self-centeredness (Narcissism), manipulation and cynicism (Machiavellianism), as well

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as callous social attitudes and impulsivity (Psychopathy) (as cited in Engler, 2008, Feldman,
2011; Furnham et al., 2013; Jonason et al., 2017).
Hmieleski and Lerner (2013), state that the Dark Triad Personality characteristics are
distinguishable, yet related to highly egocentric and socially exploitative interpersonal styles.
This consists of three conceptually distinct, but empirically overlapping constructs:
Machiavellianism, Narcissism, and Psychopathy. Psychopathy is a personality trait
characterized by callousness, impulsive thrill-seeking and criminal behaviour. Narcissism is
associated with grandiosity, egocentrism, and a sense of personal entitlement.
Machiavellianism is marked by strategic manipulation (as cited in Jones & Paulhus, 2011;
Paulhus & Williams, 2002).
These Dark Triad personality traits can be present among people of various religions. This
can be reflected in their views and behaviours; in simple, through their overall personality.
Some researchers have demonstrated that people differ in their religious orientation; and that
these differences are related to changes in personality, happiness, religious experience as well
as religious and nonreligious attitudes. The research goes on to say that these religious
orientations are said to be connected to personality traits and thereby has an effect on overall
well being (Moltafeta, Mazidib & Sadatic, 2010).
The Religious Orientation Style:
According to Allport & Ross (1967), Hunter & Merill (2013) and Hills et.al (2004), Religious
Orientation had been a relevant topic of research in the psychology of religion for the last
forty years. The Religious Orientation Scale (ROS), measures Intrinsic and Extrinsic
Religious Orientation Styles. Intrinsic or mature religiousness follows religion as an ultimate
end in itself for personal spiritual development with deeper and more meaningful relationship
with God (noted as I). Extrinsic or immature religiousness uses religion as a means of
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achieving some self-serving end, like friendship or solace that promotes social support,
comfort and self-esteem (note
d as E). The Religious Orientation Scale was developed by Allport & Ross in 1967 and it is
one of the most broadly used methods in exploring the association between religious
behaviour and health. Intrinsic orientation is a 'mature form of religious feeling' which acts as
a motivation and drive in one's way of life, whereas Extrinsic orientation is an ' immature
faith ' that focuses on the accomplishment of self-centred aspirations (as cited in Darvyri,
Galanakis, Avgoustidis, Pateraki, Vasdekis, & Darviri, 2014).
Research Objective:
The present research objective is to study the Dark Triad Personality in relation to the
Religious Orientation Style. The intention of this is to see how the Intrinsic and Extrinsic
Orientation relates to the three malevolent qualities. The Dark Triad Personality exists in all
the people of the community to some degree in variations. Therefore, this study would
observe those various degrees of Dark Personality differences by relating it to the Religious
Orientation Styles. The purpose is to understand whether the two Religion Orientations can
play in influencing the levels of the Dark Triad Personality of the people in Bangalore. Based
on the readings, I would like to ask, "Is there any relationship between one's Religious
Orientation Styles on the Dark Triad Personality among the people of Bangalore?", "Can the
Three Dark Triad Personality constructs be affected by the Religious Orientation Style in any
way?" and "How different is the relationship between the Dark Triad Personality and the
Religious Orientation Style when it comes to Christians and Non-Christians?"
Significance of the Study:

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This study can give a view of the dynamics between the Dark Triad Personality and the
Religious Orientation Style, which in-turn can give awareness of the interpersonal and
emotional dimension of the people in Bangalore. Since the Dark Triad Personality has a core
of empathy deficit, this research can also help in reflecting on the individual empathy, social
awareness; as well as the maladaptive characteristics in relation to one's Religious
Orientation. Understanding these Dark social aversive characteristics as being specifically
operant in a relational or social setting can give a realization of how each individual
differences in personality expressions impact their social interactions (Lau, 2010; Wai &
Tiliopoulos, 2012).
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CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
There has been a rapid rise in the study of the dark side of human nature in these few recent
years. There has also been rising research interest in socially aversive behaviour such as the
Dark Triad, composing Machiavellianism, Narcissism, and Psychopathy. These three dark
personality traits are considered socially malevolent with the characteristics of self-
promotion, aggressiveness, emotional coldness, deception, manipulation and exploitation of
others for personal gain. They also have unique characteristics which make it distinctive.
These traits are understood as forms of 'sub-clinical' manifestations among people in general
and everyday life (Pegram, 2015).
The Dark Triad Personality in Different Contexts and Elements:
Research on Dark Triad shows the relation of all three dark personalities with the deficits in
affective empathy. This study even measured the facial expression tests which provided
additional support for the affective nature of the dark triad’s empathic deficits. The research
concluded that the Dark Triad Personality has more lack of affective empathy rather than
impairment in cognitive empathy. The results also emphasized the importance of
Psychopathy as the main cause of empathic deficits within the dark triad (Wai & Tiliopoulos,
2012).
In the aspect of general conduct and aggression, Baughman, Dearing, Giammarco, and
Vernon (2012) mentions that Psychopaths are known to be bullies, they tend to be aggressive
when threatened and also carry out their fantasies (sexual or revenge). According to Jones
and Paulhus (2010) and Williams et.al (2010), Narcissists become aggressive when there is
an ego-threat, and Machiavellians tend to be intentional in their behaviour thereby remaining
cautious in action. However, when Machiavellian's ego diminishes, they tend to act out rashly
like Psychopaths (as cited in Furnham et al., 2013)

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In a study by Black, Woodworth and Porter (2014) which examines the relationship between
the Dark Triad and interpersonal manipulation/exploitation strategies related to the
vulnerability in others, the results showed that dark personalities engaged in a superficial
interpersonal analysis of others and displayed a "negative other" understanding. By this
analysis, they generally perceived all targets as being weak and vulnerable to victimization.
This "negative other" perception causes defects in their ability to correctly analyse certain
features of others, in such a way that, instead of being keen “readers” of others, dark
personalities may depend on their own personalities and physical features, like the charm or
good looks to draw in weak victims. They tend to adopt a “quantity over quality” strategy to
find victims and then use an active exploitation plan to abuse the victims.
Based on a study by Jones and Paulhus (2011) on impulsivity, Psychopathy was most closely
linked with dysfunctional impulsivity, while narcissism was linked with functional
impulsivity. Narcissistic impulsivity is focused on venturesome social engagement, whereas
Psychopathic impulsivity results from reduced self-regulation. On the other hand,
Machiavellianism had no proper associations with either type of impulsivity. In general, the
Dark Triad is seen as having relations with impulsivity. And when it comes to bullying, the
study demonstrated that Psychopathy was most strongly related to bullying, followed by
Machiavellianism, and Narcissism (Baughman et al., 2012).
In Hodson et.al (2009) and Zuroff et.al (2010), Dark Triad is seen to be more relational to the
Social Dominance Orientation and more inclined to prejudice against immigrants; with
capacity for high ruthless advancement. Psychopaths are most likely to leave negative
impressions in brief meetings, Machiavellians remain most cynical of others, and narcissists
see themselves as good leaders with high Emotional Quotient. However, for Veselka et.al
(2011) and Martin et.al (2012), all the three traits tend to use humour as an interpersonal
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strategy, with aggressive humour styles used by Machiavellians and Psychopaths, and
affiliative humour style by Narcissists (as cited in Furnham et al., 2013).
Workplace success can be studied through entrepreneurial motivation and entrepreneurial
alertness, especially through its indirect connection to the Dark Triad. Studies also claim that
Dark Triad is implicitly related to the entrepreneurial intentions, to such an extent that those
people high in Narcissism, Psychopathy, and Machiavellianism are more likely to aim and
work towards new ventures and openings than those who have less Dark Triad traits.
Nevertheless, the entrepreneurial motives of Dark Triad individuals were seen as destructive
(not productive) which resulted in entrepreneurial intentions and high alertness. The research
also claims the motives of venturing may also be related to economic and social reasons and
not just unproductive or even destructive entrepreneurship motives. Psychopathic traits
(fearless dominance) were positive and moderately associated with holding leadership and
management positions, as well as high-risk occupations. But when it came to job
performance, managers appraised Narcissistic and Psychopathic employees with poorer task
performance; with Psychopathic employees have fewer helping behaviours than employees
low in those traits (Hmieleski & Lerner, 2013; Smith, Wallace and Jordan, 2016).
According to Lowe-Calverley and Grieve (2017), when it comes to the matter of deception at
the workplace, there have been claims about the (Perceived Ability To Deceive) PATD which
acts as a mediator between the Dark Triad and cyberloafing (misusing internet at work); to
such an extent that the perceived ability to deceive plays an important role in determining the
individuals with dark personality characteristics to highly employ in technology-based
counterproductive work behaviours. And when it comes to working style ratings,
charisma/presentation style (creativity, good strategic thinking and communication skills)
was strongly related to Psychopathy. This dark trait was less related to ratings of
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responsibility/performance (i.e., being a team player, management skills, and overall
accomplishments) (Babiak, Neumann & Hare, 2010).
To talk about the relationship between Dark Triad with age and gender, no major connections
was found between gender and the 3 dimensions of personality. According to Muriset et.al
(2013) studies on adolescents (12–18 years old) show no significant correlation between age
and any of the Dark Triad traits (as cited in Egorova, Sitnikova, Parshikova & Chertkova,
2015; Stellwagen & Kerig, 2013).
However, in a study by Lau and Marsee (2012), which was on aggressive and antisocial
youth, undertaken with teenage boys/girls (ages 11-17); results specified that the three dark
personality traits were linked with overt aggression, relational aggression, delinquency,
behavioural dysregulation, and emotional dysregulation. Psychopathy, Narcissism and
Machiavellian traits demonstrated unique associations with behaviour problems, particularly
the Narcissistic traits was related to overt aggression, relational aggression, behavioural
dysregulation, and emotional dysregulation. Psychopathy had the second strongest
association with overt aggression, delinquency and behavioural dysregulation and was not
associated with relational aggression or emotional dysregulation. Machiavellian had the
association with emotional dysregulation, but was not associated with externalizing
behaviour problems.
Adolescents with the age range of 14 to 18 years were studied in relation to Dark Triad and
cyber-aggression and the results showed that Psychopathy dimension was drastically related
to adolescent cyber-aggression. Machiavellianism was highly correlated with Facebook
intensity (emotional connectedness to Facebook) which again determined adolescent cyber-
aggression (Pabian, Charlotte, De Backer & Vandebosch, 2015).

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Talking about gender associations, research on the Dark Triad talks about gender differences
in relation to mating; Dark Triad is seen as one of the factors in mate selection, such that,
with both men and women, narcissism was positively associated with a mate appeal for short
and long-term relationships. These associations were due to the connection of narcissism with
extraversion in men and physical attractiveness in women. When it came to women,
particularly, Psychopathy was positively associated with mate appeal for short-term
relationships (Jauk, Neubauer, Mairunteregger, Pemp, Sieber, & Rauthmann, 2016).
The study also shows that the Dark Triad Personality being more relevant to men and
downplays it in relation to women. However, there is evidence about women’s antisocial
behaviours and traits. Even as women deceive or exploit others, the general expectations
about women tend to be positive and non-threatening. The harm caused by women is often
minimized, and they are generally held less responsible for their actions. Thereby, female
criminals may have an advantage because their behaviour is unexpected (Honey, 2017).
Life history is also seen in relation to the Dark Triad to understand the present behaviour of
people in the community. One of the researchers has studied dark triad with a life history
strategy of evolution that describes energy allocation towards body growth and maintenance,
mating effort, and parenting/kin investment. The results indicate the Dark Triad and life
history strategies formed two distinct factors: Firstly, a fast life strategy (Unpredictable
environments with high mortality, risk- mature early, produce more offspring, but invest less
in each offspring) that includes the impulsive antisocial side of Psychopathy, the
entitlement/exploitative side of Narcissism, and the unrestricted "Sociosexual" aggressive
side of Machiavellianism. The second is a slow life strategy factor (predictable environments
with low mortality, risk- mature and reproduce at a later age, producing fewer offspring in
which they invest heavily) that includes the fearless dominance side of Psychopathy, and the
leadership/authority/grandiose exhibitionism side of narcissism. These factors not only show

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how the Dark Triad fits into a life history framework of evolution, but at present, it gives
hints about the parenting, sexual attitudes and behaviours of people in differing environments
(McDonald, Donnellan & Navarrete, 2011)
Studies on Religious Orientation Style:
Alternatively, Religion has also been an important study of research in the field of
psychology. Religion is said to have positive outcomes not only in one's well being but also
have said to maintain better psychological functioning with decreased aggression and better
health. Religion has been linked to low levels of antisocial personality traits. A study of
religion and the Dark Triad Personality revealed Psychopathy to be negative in relation to
religion (Arthur, 2012; Haddad, Angman, Archer, & Garcia, 2016; Lowicki & Zajenkowski,
2016).
Arthur (2012) mentions character traits as better predictors of happiness than religion. A
study performed in 2010 in Germany found that long-term religious practice has long-term
benefits. This study found that those who record long-term religious practice also recorded
high in subjective well being, whilst those whose religious practices had declined recorded
lower subjective well being (Headey, Schupp, Tucci, & Wagner, 2010)
In an examination of Eudaimonic (meaning/self-realization well-being through the degree of
person's full functioning) and Hedonic (happiness/ well-being through pleasure attainment
and pain avoidance) well being; Narcissism was positively related to both types of well-
being. Psychopathy was associated with lower levels of both Eudaimonic and Hedonic well-
being; Machiavellianism was generally unrelated to any well-being. This research has
suggested that having a sub-clinical narcissistic personality is helpful for living a good, full
functioning life and may even be useful for the well-being of others (Aghababaeia &
Błachniob, 2015).
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On the other hand, Lowicki and Zajenkowski, (2016) analysed that empathy and religiosities
were negatively related with Psychopathy and Machiavellianism, whereas religious beliefs
were positively associated with empathy. These personalities are associated with empathic
deficits, and these are understood as an affective or emotion-related impairment. According
to research, empathy acts as the partial mediator between the pull of dark traits and religious
beliefs, further suggesting the importance of empathic skills and mentalization ability as
crucial factors for religion. Mentalization or the capability to attribute 'mind' to another being
(human, deity or supernatural) is considered important for the development of religious
beliefs. Among the three, psychopathy is considered the main predictor of empathic deficits
(Wai & Tiliopoulos, 2012).
Researchers also found a connection between Dark Triad, religion and its influence on
sociosexual orientation, i.e. behaviour, attitude, and desire to participate in uncommitted sex.
Though religious affiliation was negatively related to sociosexual orientation, it did not
moderate the effect of Dark Triad Personality on sociosexual orientation. However, the
research validates the impact of religiousness or spirituality upon aspects of malevolent
character traits, that is, deviant sexual orientation. In a study with Religious/Spiritual Well-
Being (RSWB), the results had several notable overlaps; firstly, Psychopathy had negative
correlations with RSWB but narcissism was found to be significantly positively associated
with RSWB sub-dimension of hope or connectedness. This positive correlation between
Narcissism and RSWB may be particularly due to the narcissistic tendency of self-
enhancement. The results of a research when it comes to religious orientation style indicated
that Psychopathy and Machiavellianism were negatively associated with Religion when it
came to intrinsic orientation, whereas grandiose and vulnerable Narcissism were positively
associated with extrinsic orientation (Haddad et al., 2016; Kammerle, Unterrainer, Dahmen-
Wassenberg, Fink & Kapfhammer, 2014; Wai & Tiliopoulos, 2012).

15
To note more on Religious Orientation Style, there are previous researches by Maltby et.al
(1999) and Paek (2006) which reveals the strong associations between the Intrinsic style of
religious orientation and measures of religious commitment like general beliefs, religious
practice and participation. While Extrinsic style in the same situation displayed negative
association when it came to the same measures. These two styles are also related to different
psychological outcomes, for instance, intrinsic style usually have an outcome of the positive
and desirable condition, but extrinsic may be more in connection to personal difficulties and
distress. Studies also reveal a negative correlation between the intrinsic style and the dark
triad elements. Extrinsic style showed a rather vague outcome, with negative associations
between extrinsic and Machiavellianism in personal sub-dimension of Religious Orientation
Scale, and positive correlation in the social dimension (as cited in Lowicki & Zajenkowski,
2016; Aghababaei, Mohammadtabar & Saffarinia, 2014)
Psychopathy has been seen to also have been negatively associated with the inclination of
Kindness/Dependability and Religiosity/ Chastity; Whereas, Narcissism has been positively
associated with preference for Status/Resources, Attractiveness/ Sexuality, and
Education/Intelligence. In a study of the seven deadly sins, strong links were observed
between all of the Dark Triad traits and the sins of Greed and Pride. Greed is correlated to
Machiavellianism, and Pride to Narcissism, whereas Lust was highly associated with
Psychopathy (Atari & Chengeni, 2017; Veselka, Giammarco & Vernon, 2014).
In addition to this, studies reveal that religious fundamentalists (strict followers of religion)
are prone to be linked to deficits in personality structure, especially in relation to the
narcissistic (hiding the self) and borderline (primitive defences) personality which may lead
to more rigorous ways of religious/spiritual beliefs. In regards to moral value judgment
forms, there is a valid correlation between conservative moral intuition judgment and the
Dark Triad. There is no significant correlation between the Dark Triad and liberal value
16
judgments and this challenges the moral justification of some conservative moral judgments.
Besides moral values, when it came to leadership, psychopathic traits were positively
associated with political conservatism, lack of belief in God, and also showed evidence of its
existence in daily functioning in community samples (Arvan, 2013; Lilienfeld, Latzman,
Watts, Smith, & Dutton, 2014; Unterrainer, Ruttinger, Lewis, Anglim, Fink & Kapfhammer,
2016).
All these aspects of the Machiavellianism, Narcissism and Psychopathy are seen in relation to
religion, empathy, general well-being, sociosexuality, workplace behaviour, interpersonal
dynamics, life history framework, general conduct, and gender. This gives us a brief picture
of the workings of the Dark Triad Personality in various human contexts. Dark Triad
Personality is known for its particular functioning behaviour as it shares a similar trait of
callous-manipulation in all the domains that have been observed. From all of the researchers,
we can conclude by mentioning that a lot of the behaviours of the Dark Triad Personality are
surrounded mainly by interpersonal unpleasant characteristics in everyday life. And the
studies also emphasize on empathetic deficits in these three dark traits in the area of cognition
and emotions which helps us to understand the Dark Triad Personality's work in all elements
of relational and social contexts. Alongside this, Religious Orientation style also acts in the
interpersonal element, such that Intrinsic Religious Orientation is more associated with a
warm interpersonal style and Extrinsic orientation is related to a hostile interpersonal style.
Thereby, combining both the variables of the Dark Triad Personality and the Religious
Orientation Style, this paper on the Dark Triad Personality's focus is on the
social/interpersonal urban context of Bangalore (Furnham et al., 2013; Jonason & Webster,
2010; Jordan, Masters, Hooker, Ruiz & Smith, 2014).

17
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

18
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Question:
1. What is the relationship between the Dark Triad Personality and the Religious Orientation
Style?
1.1. Is there any relationship between Machiavellianism and Intrinsic Religious
Orientation Style?
1.2. What is the relationship between Narcissism and Intrinsic Religious Orientation
Style?
1.3. Is there any relationship between Psychopathy and Intrinsic Religious Orientation
Style?
1.4. Is there any relationship Machiavellianism and Extrinsic Religious Orientation Style?
1.5. What is the relationship between Narcissism and Extrinsic Religious Orientation
Style?
1.6. What is the relationship between Psychopathy and Extrinsic Religious Orientation
Style?
2. Are there any differences between Christian and Non-Christians?
2.1. When it comes to the Dark Triad Personality?
2.2. When it comes to the Religious Orientation Style?
3. Does gender influence the Dark Triad Personality?

19
Hypothesis Statement:
1. There will be a significant relationship between the Dark Triad Personality and the
1.1. There will be a significant negative relationship between Machiavellianism and
Intrinsic Religious Orientation Style.
1.2. There will be no relationship between Narcissism and Intrinsic Religious Orientation
Style.
1.3. There will be a significant negative relationship between Psychopathy and Intrinsic
1.4. There will be no significant relationship between Machiavellianism and Extrinsic
1.5. There will be a significant relationship between Narcissism and Extrinsic Religious
Orientation Style.
1.6. There will be no significant relationship between Psychopathy and Extrinsic Religious
Orientation Style.
2. There will be no significant difference between Christian and Non-Christians when it
comes with the following:
2.1. There will be no difference in Dark Triad Personality between the Christian and the
Non-Christian groups.
2.2. There will be no significant difference in Religious Orientation Style between the
Christian and the Non-Christian groups.

20
3. There will be a significant positive relationship between gender and the Dark Triad
personality.
3.1. Research Design:
Since the Dark Triad Personality and the Religious Orientation Style cannot be controlled
physically or ethically; since the qualities of the variables are pre-existing and are previously
affecting the dependent variable; the research design would fall into the Ex-post Facto
Research Design. Nevertheless, there exists a relationship between the two variables (Dark
Triad and Religious Orientation Style) which can be studied so as to see the association and
directional relationship that can help answer the research question at hand. Thereby, the
research would choose a Correlation Design for this research study.
3.1.1. Variables:
For this study, the two identified variables include the Dark Triad Personality and the
Religious Orientation Style. The observation of these variables will describe the strength and
direction of their association. This would include measuring the two variables with Christians
and Non-Christians to assess the relationship between them. Other variables like age and
gender would be included in the study.
3.1.2. Operational Definition:
According to Paulhus and Williams (2002) Dark Triad Personality is understood as a
constellation or collection of three socially aversive and undesirable personality traits, which
includes Narcissism, Psychopathy, and Machiavellianism (as cited in Jonason & Webster,
2010).
Lau (2010) describes Narcissism as an over the top sense of grandiosity, superiority,
entitlement, self-worth, and an excessive need for admiration. People with narcissistic traits
21
tend to be hostile, hypersensitive to criticism, and non-empathetic individuals with lofty
self-perception, worth, self - esteem and superiority over others.
Psychopathy is characterized by lack of interpersonal, affective, and behavioural factors,
where interpersonally one may be superficially charming, narcissistic and manipulative;
emotionally callous, cold and lacking in empathy as well as remorse; and behavioural wise
one may be impulsive, thrill and sensation seeking, irresponsible and prone to antisocial
behaviour (Lau, 2010).
Machiavellianism (MACH) as a character is known by interpersonal manipulation and
exploitation of others for self-interests with the desire to achieve their goals or profits.
MACH traits involve self-interest, deception, manipulation with the characteristic of a
sceptical view of human nature, lack of affect in relationships, lack of concern with
morality, focus on realistic and obtainable goals with high precedence on money, power
and competition (Lau, 2010; Stewart & Stewart, 2006).
Religious Orientation Style for the two norms of the Christian and Non-Christian group is
defined by the presence of two styles of motivation: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Orientation
(Braam, Schrier, Tuinebreijer, Beekman & Dekker, 2010).
According to Allport and Ross (1967), Extrinsic style uses religion for one's own ends.
Religion is looked as a means to provide security and comfort, social support and
distraction, status and self-justification. Faith is a means to attain other goals like social
support, comfort and security. Primary needs remain the focus and religious creeds fit in
based on that (as cited in Francis, Fawcett, Robbins & Stairs, 2016).
Intrinsic orientation's master motives is religion itself. Other needs, however strong they
may be, are regarded as less important. All needs are harmonized with religion, guided by
22
beliefs and prescriptions. Faith is embraced as an endeavour to internalize it, such that one
lives his/her own religion (Francis et al., 2016).
The Population of Interest and Sample Size:
The sample was selected from the population of young adults in Bangalore from the age
range of 18 to 35, and these groups included male and female sample representatives. The
sample size included 30 male and 30 female representatives each for a Christian group
(M=30/F=30) as well as for Non-Christian (M=30/F=30) group; with a total sample number
of 120 people.
Sampling Procedure:
Depending on the characteristics of the population and the objective of the study, the
Purposive sampling method seemed relevant to use. This was done particularly due to the
specific criteria of measuring Dark Triad and Religious Orientation Style among the available
Christians and Non-Christians in the locality. As a result, the sample collection was done
based on the purpose of selecting people that give best and precise results for the entire
population.
Measures for Data Collection:
Standardized Tools: Religious Orientation Scale (ROS), Dark Triad of Personality (D3-
Short) and EPQ-R Lie scale.
Religious Orientation Scale (ROS) is one of the referenced measures of religious
orientation in the psychology of religion developed by Allport & Ross (1967), to find the
association between religious behaviour and health. ROS was developed based on a theory
which claims that there are motives behind a religious behaviour. This tool analyses
religiosity based on the “extrinsic” and “intrinsic” religious orientations respectively, which
23
can determine motivations and drives of an individual's life. The scale consists of 20 items
divided into two subscales, intrinsic and extrinsic. The intrinsic scale has 9 items, whereas
while the extrinsic has 11. However, the Extrinsic scale has again the personal extrinsic and
social extrinsic items. The questions are designed using a 5- point Likert scale (Strongly
Disagree to Strongly Agree). Scores could range from 11 to 99 for the extrinsic scale, and
from 9 to 81 for the intrinsic scale, with higher scores indicating a stronger orientation.
ROS has high internal consistency for both subscales (Francis et al., 2016).
Dark Triad of Personality (D3-Short) is a brief measuring instrument under social
psychology developed by Paulhus (2013), which measures the 3 dark personalities. There
are 27 items in this test, with nine items, each of the three subscales of Machiavellianism
(Mean of 3.1 and SD of. 76), Narcissism (Mean of 2.8 and SD of. 88) and Psychopathy
(Mean of 2.4and SD of 1.0). The subscales show modest but acceptable reliabilities (Mach
α =. 71, psychopathy α =. 77, narcissism α =. 74) (Jones & Paulhus, 2014).
L Scale or Lie Scale from the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R) was
developed by Eysenck in an attempt to solve the problem of bias result. This consists of 21
items which would give the raw scores. These standard scores are converted into 'Sten'
scores (standard ten) from 1 to 10. For females, if the raw score on the lie scale exceeds 8,
the score would cut off. And for males, if the raw score exceeds 7, the score is rejected.
With the SD= 2.69; the Lie Scale was added to measure the extent of test taker controlling
the scores so as to portray self as being honest or faking good/bad. This assesses the
tendency to present oneself in a favourable way or for social desirability (Eysenck &
Eysenck, 1975).
24
Method of Analysis:
The procedure for the data collection began primarily by choosing the target population for
studying the Dark Triad Personality. An informed consent was prepared which processed the
confidentiality of information and explained the reason for this study. The demographic
details of the samples were also collected which included their initials, age, religious
affiliations and gender. This was followed by setting up the standardized tools which
included D3- Short (the Dark Triad of Personality), Religious Orientation Scale (ROS) and
the Lie Scale (from EPQ-R). The ordering of all the items in the three standardized tools was
scrambled so as to avoid any negative notions or discrepancies while marking the item. The
finalized set of all these documents was distributed to all the Christian and Non-Christian
men and women between the age group of 18 to 35 based on a purposive sampling of
convenience and availability.
It is important to note the method of screening that has been used to maintain the consistency
of the data through the Lie Scale. The Lie scale includes the cut off scores to reject
unauthentic data the lie scale cut off score for a female is 8 and for a male is 7. The data
collection involved a set of scores which was processed through Statistical Package for the
Social Sciences (SPSS) statistical software. The Pearson product-moment correlation
coefficient was used for finding the correlations among the variables, and an independent
sample t-test analysis was done to compare means. The detailed technical explanation of the
entire analysis process has been presented in the next chapter.

25
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

26
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter focuses on the findings of the study. The analyses of the scores are obtained
from the data collected through the standardized tools: Religious Orientation Scale (ROS),
Dark Triad of Personality (D3-Short) and the EPQ-R Lie Scale. The study was conducted,
particularly to understand the Dark Triad Personality by bringing into the picture the
Religious Orientation Style. This was done in an attempt to see the existence of the three dark
personalities that are existent in human beings and also to observe how it can differentiate
with the role of the intrinsic and the extrinsic orientation of religion.
Results:
The association between the Dark Triad Personality and the Religious Orientation Style are
summarized as follows.
The correlation was calculated among the three variables of the Dark Triad Personality and
the two variables of Religious Orientation Style. The data were obtained from 84 sample
representatives after screening the entire 120 sample with the EPQ-R Lie Scale. The
following results denote that four out of six correlations were statistically significant.
Table 1:
Correlation between Machiavellianism and the Extrinsic Religious Orientation
Pearson
Sig. (2-tailed)
Variables Correlation N
Extrinsic Orientation 1 84
Machiavellianism .345 .001 84
Note. Correlation is significant at 0.01 levels (2-tailed).

27
The study of the correlation between Machiavellianism and the Extrinsic Religious
Orientation shows a positive relationship with a significance value of p=.001 and r=.345. The
previous investigation mentions that Machiavellianism has an extrinsic orientation towards
religion; it is focused on the superficial things rather than the personal experience and insight.
However, recent studies show that Machiavellianism has a negative association with personal
extrinsic dimension and positive association with the social extrinsic dimension (Aghababaei
et al., 2014; Elson, 1989).
Table 2:
Correlation between Psychopathy and the Intrinsic Religious Orientation
Pearson
Sig. (2-tailed)
Intrinsic Orientation 1 84
Psychopathy -.286 .008 84
Correlation coefficients between the Intrinsic Religious orientation and Psychopathy are
negative, it showed a significant relationship with p=. 008, with of r=-. 286. This shows a
similar connection with the results found in a study of the relationship between the Dark
Triad personality, religiosity and empathy (Lowicki & Zajenkowski, 2017).

28
Table 3:
Correlation between Psychopathy and the Extrinsic Religious Orientation
Pearson
Sig. (2-tailed)
Psychopathy .265 .015 84
There is a statistically significant positive relation between Psychopathy and Extrinsic
Orientation style, p=. 015and r=. 265. The previous study mentions only the relationship
between psychopathy and the intrinsic nature and not with the extrinsic religious orientation
(Aghababaei et al., 2014; Lowicki & Zajenkowski, 2017).
Table 4:
Correlation between Narcissism and the Intrinsic Religious Orientation
Pearson
Sig. (2-tailed)
Narcissism -.217 .047 84
With p=.047 and r at -.217, the results show that Intrinsic Orientation has negative
relationship with Narcissism which is significant. In a study, Watson et. al. (1984, 2004)
mentions both the variables as inversely related to each other; but the present research
findings do not emphasize this (as cited in Lowicki & Zajenkowski, 2017).
29
Table 5:
Correlation between Narcissism and the Extrinsic Religious Orientation
Pearson
Sig. (2-tailed)
Narcissism .045 .686 84
Extrinsic orientation was found to have no significant relationship with Narcissism in this
study with the following values (r=.045 and p=.686, two-tailed). However, there is a recent
study which shows that Narcissism positively correlates with Extrinsic Religious Orientation
(Lowicki & Zajenkowski, 2017).
Table 6:
Correlation between Machiavellianism and the Intrinsic Religious Orientation
Pearson
Sig. (2-tailed)
Machiavellianism -.110 .317 84
The correlation analysis reveals that Machiavellianism is not significantly related to Intrinsic
Orientation, with r=-.110 and p=.317. Negative correlation between these two variables is
mentioned in a study related to Dark Triad and Religiosity (Lowicki & Zajenkowski, 2017).
To summarize the correlation analysis, the results suggest that people who are more in
Intrinsic Orientation tend to have reduced levels of Psychopathy and Narcissism; whereas
30
people with higher Extrinsic Orientation generally tend to have higher Machiavellianism and
Psychopathy.
In a comparative study, a sample of 60 Christians and 60 Non-Christians were screened
using a Lie scale. After this, a sample of 40 Christians and 44 Non-Christians were obtained
and compared. These remaining members were measured against the following test variables;
Machiavellianism, Narcissism, Psychopathy, Intrinsic Orientation and Extrinsic Orientation.
The following results were obtained by comparing means through the Independent Sample t-
test.
Table 7:
Independent Sample T-Test of Christians (C) and Non Christians (NC) with Dark Triad
Personality and Religious Orientation Style.
Christian Non-Christian
N M SD N M SD t df Sig. (2-
tailed)
Intrinsic 40 31.77 8.48 44 28.11 11.27 1.66 82 0.09
Orientation
Extrinsic 40 27.97 8.06 44 27.13 8.78 0.45 82 0.65
Orientation
Machiavellianism 40 23.22 8.10 44 23.88 9.55 -0.34 82 0.73
Narcissism 40 24.62 7.36 44 27.70 8.90 -1.71 82 0.09
Psychopathy 40 16.37 8.46 44 18.50 9.62 -1.07 82 0.28
Table 7 Independent Sample T-Test Table. Values include N- Sample Size, i.e. the number of valid
observations, M- Mean, SD- Standard Deviation, t- The Student t-statistic, df- The degrees of freedom,
Sig (2-tailed) – The two-tailed p-value

31
As per the analysis, average values and the important differences between Christians and
Non-Christians with the Dark Personality Trait and the Religious Orientation Style are
recorded in Table 7.
For Christians, the Intrinsic Orientation mean score was M=31.7 and Standard Deviation was
SD=8.48; for Non-Christians M= 28.1 SD= 11.2; with t-value and the p-value of (82) =1.66
and p =. 09. This shows that there is no significant difference between Christians in Intrinsic
Orientation when compared to Non-Christians. There was also no significant difference
between the two samples when it came to Extrinsic Religious Orientation; Christians M=
27.9, SD=8.06 and Non-Christians M= 27.1 SD= 8.78; t (82) =. 45, p=.65.
The Dark Triad Personality was not significantly different when it came to the sample values
of the two groups. There was no significant difference in Machiavellianism scores, as
Christians have M= 23.2, SD=8.10 and Non Christians M= 27.1 SD= 8.78; t (82) = -0.34, p=-
.66. There is also no significant difference in the average of Narcissism scores which includes
M= 24.6 SD= 7.36 for Christians / M=27.7 SD= 8.9 for Non-Christians and t (82) = -1.7,
p=.09. With the M= 16.3/SD=8.4 for Christians; and M= 18.5/ SD = 9.6 for Non Christians; t
(82) = -1.07, p=.28; the Psychopathy trait was not significantly different in the two groups’
average result.
Out of the total sample population, the representatives of 60 females and 60 males were
adopted for the next comparison study. After filtering the data through Lie scale, only 39
female and 45 male samples were utilized for this work. The method for analysis was done
through the independent sample t-test.

32
Table 8:
Independent Sample T-Test of Female (F) and Male (M) with Dark Triad Personality and
Female Male
N M SD N M SD T df Sig. (2-
tailed)
Intrinsic 39 31.28 8.23 45 28.62 11.51 1.20 82 0.23
Orientation
Extrinsic 39 26.97 8.08 45 28.02 8.73 -0.56 82 0.57
Orientation
Machiavellianism 39 23.17 8.29 45 23.91 9.38 -0.37 82 0.70
Narcissism 39 25.30 7.33 45 27.04 9.06 -0.95 82 0.34
Psychopathy 39 19.05 9.17 45 16.13 8.90 1.47 82 0.14
Table 8 Independent Sample T-Test Table. Values include N- Sample Size -the number of valid
observations, M- Mean, SD- Standard Deviation, t- the Student t-statistic, df- The degrees of freedom,
Sig (2-tailed) – The two-tailed p-value
No significant differences in average scores were found among the gender and all the five
items which can be seen in Table 8. When it came to Intrinsic orientation, the mean for the
female group was 31.28 and the standard deviation was 8.23; for males, it was M=28.62 and
SD=11.51 with t (82) =1.2 and p=.23. Extrinsic orientation for females was M= 26.9 SD=
8.08; and males were M= 28.0 SD= 8.7; t (82) =-0.5 and p=.57.
There was no significant difference in the average scores for all the three Dark Triad
Personalities and gender. In Machiavellianism, females had a mean of 23.1 and standard
deviation of 8.2, as compared to males with a mean of 23.9 and standard deviation of 9.38; t
33
(82) =-0.37 and p=. 70 showed no significant differences in mean scores. Narcissism also had
no significant difference between the two groups; females M=25.3 and SD=7.33, males
M=27.04 and SD=9.06; t (82) =-0.9, p= .34. Finally, the two sample sets had no significant
difference in Psychopathy as well; females M=19.05 and SD=9.17, males M=16.1 and
SD=8.90; t (82) =-1.47, p=.14.
In general, the finding of the above t-test shows that there are no differences between the men
and women of both the religious groups when it comes to the Dark Triad Personality and the
Discussion:
This study of Dark Triad Personality with Religious Orientation Style has confirmed that
when an individual's Intrinsic Religious Orientation increases, there is a decrease in
Psychopathy and Narcissism because of the negative relationship. On the other hand, the
correlation between Extrinsic Religious Orientation with Machiavellianism and Psychopathy
is positive which shows the similar way of directional movement. Taking the findings into
consideration, we can bring to light the various grounds on why these results have occurred.
The Relationship between Machiavellianism and the Intrinsic Religious Orientation
Style:
The hypothesis stated that there is a negative relationship between Machiavellianism with the
Intrinsic Religious Orientation Style. This study has demonstrated that there exists no
signifcant relationship between the mentioned dimensions. The previous research mentions
that Machiavellianism is 'externally oriented' as it focuses more on dealing with the outer
world and its gains. This demonstrates the inverse relationship that Machiavellianism has
with the Intrinsic Religious Style. Allport and Ross (1967) mention that Intrinsic Religious
34
Orientation style is motivated and focused internally on all the aspects of religion, whereas
Machiavellianism is considered practical, utilitarian with the focus towards the world to
obtain one's own means. The concentration of this trait is "externally focused thinking", with
lack of internalized processing compared to the Intrinsic style. The previous observation
states the significant inverse relationship, which is important in this study (Lew, Huen, Yuan,
Stack, Maniam, Yip, Zhang, & Jia, 2018; as cited in Lowicki & Zajenkowski, 2017).
The Relationship between Machiavellianism and the Extrinsic Religious Orientation
Style:
The hypothesis for this study stated that there will be no significant relationship between
Machiavellianism and Extrinsic Religious Orientation Style. The study of correlation gave a
different result indicating that Machiavellianism and the Extrinsic Religious Orientation had
a positive connection. When the externally prescribed religious regulations fail to be
internalized properly, there tend to remain attitudes that are externally focused, as with
extrinsic orientation and Machiavellianism. Both these dimensions are motivated by surface-
level drives. Extrinsic individuals tend to remain highly prejudiced and any number of
religious involvements is used as a way to fit one’s needs, security, comfort, sociability and
status. This can be seen in a similar light with Machiavellianism's utilitarian style for
achieving power and prestige. Through this, we can see the connection between the two.
However, Machiavellianism is considered at an extreme level, as it is the darkest trait of the
Dark Triad Personality with signs of coldness, ruthlessness, immoral strategic thinking, with
lack of principles, betrayal, hostility and exploitation (Aghababaei et al., 2014; Haddad et al.,
2016; Lew et al., 2018; Lowicki & Zajenkowski, 2017; Ryan, Rigby, & King, 1993).
35
The Association between Psychopathy and the Intrinsic Religious Orientation Style:
There was also an assumption that there will be a significant negative relationship between
Psychopathy and Intrinsic Religious Orientation Style. The result of the study demonstrates a
relationship between Psychopathy and Intrinsic Orientation which is negative. Similar to
Machiavellianism, psychopathy is also 'externally oriented;' with traits that make it difficult
to form a mature and internally motivated attitude towards religion. This is also due to being
more focused on getting what one wants from the external world rather than nurturing or
being focused on the internal world. Thereby, psychopathy may be more prone to low
awareness of inner life and emotional states, which becomes a hindrance to the development
of intrinsic orientation and deeply personal experiences. This explains the inverse relationship
between Psychopathy and Intrinsic Orientation (Jonason & Krause, 2013; Lowicki &
Zajenkowski, 2017).
The Correlation between Psychopathy and the Extrinsic Religious Orientation Style:
This study also assumed that there will be no significant relationship between Psychopathy
and Extrinsic Religious Orientation Style. The results revealed that there is a significant and
positive relationship between Psychopathy and Extrinsic Orientation style. Research reveals
that high Psychopathy trait was found to have the external motivation of selfishness and was
driven by a desire towards rewards in social relations. The motivation was primarily for
personal benefits, to such an extent that individuals high in psychopathy performed altruistic
pro-social behaviours in public as a facade to charm and manipulate others; and also carried
out through acts for the sake of reaping recompense. This is somewhat alike to the extrinsic
oriented person who uses religion for protecting self, engaging in social standing and for
finding solace; with less importance to value in regards to religion or relationships. The study
also reveals the relationship between the two dimensions saying that the higher the
36
psychopathy was, the lower the extrinsic religious orientation (in the personal domain rather
than the social). This is unlike in the findings of the current study (Lowicki & Zajenkowski,
2017; Ryan et al., 1993; White, 2014).
In this study, Psychopathy is seen in negative relation to Intrinsic Religious Orientation. This
might have something to do with the general religious belief system of the people, which is
also related to the empathy deficits in the traits. The studies recognize the Dark Triad
Personality as being associated with restricted empathy and lack of perspective-taking. The
lack of empathic skills is important in religion as it provides an ability to attribute 'mind' to
the Divine. This again leads to difficulties in the relationship with the Divine and with the
people. To Norenzayan et. al. (2012, 2013), lack of empathy due to the Dark Triad
Personality can cause constraints at spiritual and interpersonal level (Lowicki &
Zajenkowski, 2017; Wai & Tiliopoulos, 2012).
Research points mainly to Psychopathy and Machiavellianism as traits that lack adequate
skills to develop religious beliefs and social skills. It is identified that a relationship with God
on a personal level activates areas of social communication in the brain, which works for all
interpersonal relationships. This can be seen as a blockage in the Dark Triad Personality, as
they cannot derive a right relationship with the Divine or the social individual.
Machiavellianism particularly is seen to be unmoved when encountering emotions and
remains uncaring towards own set of beliefs. Psychopathy is seen as amoral and characterized
by a lack of remorse, guilt and regret. Both of these work against the aspect of Intrinsic
Religious Orientation which is insightful, requiring rich inner life and emotional states for a
deep personal experience with the supernatural being.
The results of this study's findings showed a positive connection of Psychopathy and
Machiavellianism with the Extrinsic Religious Orientation. The reason for this particular
37
score might be because the sample people of Bangalore might have chosen options which
mainly specify 'goal selections' that is based on extrinsic achievements. This thereby devalues
the intrinsic goals (Lowicki & Zajenkowski, 2017; Wai & Tiliopoulos, 2012).
The Relationship between Narcissism and the Intrinsic Religious Orientation Style:
The correlation between the Narcissism and Intrinsic Religious Orientation Style has a
significant negative relationship. The hypothesis mentioned that there was no relationship
between the two. Research shows that Narcissism though externally focused, arises from
internal complexity, insecurity and individual suffering. This dark trait shows passive
involvement with spirituality and may be characterized by the views which see religion as
instrumental. With narcissists who are more 'extrinsic oriented', there is a tendency to be
guilty when compared to those who are intrinsically oriented, due to the factors of
entitlement, unforgiveness, self-idealizations which go against the concept of religion and the
style of intrinsic religious orientation. Watson et. al. (1990), mentions that the intrinsic
religious orientation is inversely related to narcissism, thereby confirming the results of this
study (Lowicki & Zajenkowski, 2017; Ronningstam, 2010; Simpson, Hermann, Lehtman, &
Fuller, 2015)
The Relationship between Narcissism and the Extrinsic Religious Orientation:
The finding of this study shows that Narcissism and Extrinsic Religious Orientation have no
significant relationship. However, the hypothesized statement claimed that there will be a
significant relationship between Narcissism and Extrinsic Religious Orientation Style. Based
on the studies, Narcissism is understood to have tendencies that makes one relate and
participate in activities mainly to build positive beliefs about themselves; it is driven by the
need to use relationships instrumentally, rather than genuine. This abuse of relationship and
actions is seen as community/spiritual/social services for the benefit of self and future
38
growth; rather than a true act of fulfilment in itself. For instance, the items that are mentioned
in the Religious Orientation Scale; "I find it necessary to compromise my religious beliefs in
order to protect my social and economic well-being; and one reason for my being a church
member is that such membership helps to establish a person in the community," shows
religion being utilized for external gains. Thus, activities which are externally driven by the
purpose of self-affirmation, self-satisfaction and self-idealization are said to have a
narcissistic tendency for extrinsic orientation within that area. Research claims that extrinsic
orientation related to social pursuits may have a connection between narcissism and
problematic behaviours. Nevertheless, the present outcome remains different in the present
study (Finkelstein, 2009; Legget, 2014; Lowicki & Zajenkowski, 2017).
Surprisingly, when it came to Narcissism, research suggests that there is no relationship
between the empathy and religiosity with this trait. Though there is no obvious empathy
deficit, Narcissism tends to be a more social trait as it seeks social recognition and
acceptance. This trait is also supposed to have low insight, particularly when it comes to self-
leading and self-deception. Poor insight is a style that is totally opposite of the highly
perceptive Intrinsic Religious Orientation. Research indicates that the individuals with
Narcissism may be religious when their practices and activities act as a shield to protect the
vulnerable self. Studies also mentioned that non-religious people tend to be more narcissistic.
In contrast, religious people also tend to be narcissistic because of the need to portray self-
enhancement through Christian principles. Yet, when we look at the highly insightful
intrinsic orientated people who evaluate the spiritual condition deeply, the chances of
superficial self-enhancement become doubtful. Thereby, for this study people who have
scored more in Intrinsic Orientation may generally have less Narcissism because of the actual
depth of internal freedom and sincere religious commitment (Dubendorff & Luchner, 2016;
39
Giammarco & Vernon, 2014; Hermann & Fuller, 2017; Jonason & Kroll, 2015; Lowicki &
Zajenkowski, 2017).
The Relationship between the Dark Triad Personality and the Religious Orientation
Style:
All the above studies together support the next presupposition of this study, which states the
directional effect of the Dark Triad Personality and the Religious Orientation Style. To
summarize this directional relationship found in this work; the outcomes indicated that there
is a significant positive association between Machiavellianism and Psychopathy with the
Extrinsic Religious Orientation; and an inverse relationship with Psychopathy and Narcissism
with the Intrinsic Religious Orientation. One research, in particular, has separated each trait
of Dark Triad Personality to show the connection with the Religious Orientation Style. It
revealed that Narcissism positively linked with the Extrinsic Religious Orientation;
Psychopathy and Machiavellianism showed a negative relationship with Intrinsic Religious
Orientation. This corroborates the findings of this study only in the relationship of
Psychopathy and Intrinsic Orientation Style (Lowicki & Zajenkowski, 2017).
The Differences in Dark Triad Personality and Religious Orientation Style between
Christians and Non-Christians:
When observing the difference between the Dark Triad Personality and Religious Orientation
Style between the Christian and the Non-Christian groups, findings revealed that there is no
significant difference between the two sample groups. A study on Muslim attitudes towards
religion showed lower Machiavellianism and Psychopathy. They rated high on spirituality
and the benevolence of the society. In another study, it was revealed that those people who
identify as traditionally religious and those who identify as not a religious show fairly similar
40
level of narcissism. However, it was unrelated to the traditional church attendance of the
people (Ghorbani, Watson, Zarei & Chen, 2017)
The Differences in Dark Triad Personality between Female and Male Samples:
While comparing the gender differences with the Dark Triad Personality, the results of this
study revealed that there is no difference between male and female groups when it comes to
the three dark traits. The stated hypothesis mentioned that there will be a significant
relationship between gender and the Dark Triad personality. According to the other research,
observations, men scored higher on the three Dark Triad Personality traits. Machiavellianism
and psychopathy are understood to be more distinct in males than in females, but females
scored high in narcissism only when they had high life satisfaction. However, for this study,
it remains indifferent to both the gender groups of Bangalore (Rahafar, Randler, Castellana,
& Kausch, 2017; Wertag & Hanzec, 2013).

41
CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY AND
CONCLUSION
42
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
This research was directed to examine whether The Dark Triad Personality has any
relationship with the Religious Orientation Style. Ex-post Facto and Correlation Research
Design were used to observe the already existing Dark Triad Personality and Religious
Orientation Style in people of Bangalore city. 60 Men and 60 women within the age range of
18 to 35 were chosen through purposive sampling. In total, the sample size included 30 male
and 30 female representatives in each Christian as well as the Non-Christian group.
Standardized tools like the Dark Triad of Personality (D3-Short), Religious Orientation Scale
(ROS), and EPQ-R Lie scale were used as a method of data collection. The tests were filled
by the selected sample group, and the set of scores was obtained. This data was again
screened using the EPQ-R Lie Scale to make the sample information more reliable. Out of the
total 120, there remained 84 men and women whose data was chosen for the analysis of the
final results. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used to measure
the correlation (Pearson Product-Moment Correlation) and the t-test (independent sample t-
test) values to find the relationship and the comparison means between the variables.
The outcomes of the analysis showed the positive association of Machiavellianism and
Psychopathy with the Extrinsic Religious Orientation; and a negative assocaition of
Psychopathy and Narcissism with the Intrinsic Religious Orientation. The research also
compared male and female as well as Christians and Non-Christians with the Dark Triad
Personality and the Religious Orientation Style. The findings did not illustrate any
differences in means for both the contexts.

43
Hypothesis Testing:
Because of the result of the current study, the previously mentioned hypothesis has now been
reframed as new research statements.
1. The research does explain that there is a significant relationship between the Dark Triad
Personality and the Religious Orientation Style based only on the specific traits and domains
of both the variables.
1.1. There is no significant relationship between Machiavellianism and Intrinsic Religious
Orientation Style.
1.2. There is a significant negative relationship between Narcissism and Intrinsic Religious
Orientation Style.
1.3. There is a significant negative relationship between Psychopathy and Intrinsic
1.4. There is a significant positive relationship between Machiavellianism and Extrinsic
1.5. There is no significant relationship between Narcissism and Extrinsic Religious
Orientation Style.
1.6. There is a significant positive relationship between Psychopathy and Extrinsic
2. There is no significant difference between Christian and Non-Christians when it comes
with the following
2.1. There is no significant difference in the Dark Triad Personality between the Christian
and the Non-Christian groups.

44
2.2. There is no significant difference in the Religious Orientation Style between the
Christian and the Non-Christian groups.
3. There is no significant difference in average between gender and the Dark Triad
personality.
Implications of the Findings of This Study:
Since empathy is the core deficit of the Dark Triad Personality; as service givers and helpers
of this community, it might be important for counsellors, leaders and all social
representatives to primarily delve deeper into our own selves. It can give us a look at the
quality of the compassion we have towards others and our own selves. It enquires us on the
purpose of life itself by identifying the focus of all our endeavours, whether is for a right and
higher cause or for our personal satisfaction and greed. We can also bring in the importance
of having a balanced orientation when it comes to religion and life, where we have a real
insight and connection with the Divine, and as a result, have a genuine association with
people around us. Taking in an intrinsic orientation can, in turn, increase one's empathy and
give a lot more to us than superficial living.
Educators, religious leaders and parents are in a place of foundational influence and can train
children to be empathetic, honest and intrinsic. This can be done through instilling values,
reinforcing beliefs, training them to regard others, role modelling with genuine religious
experience and social skills. When selecting people for a possible relationship, position or
religious leadership, it is significant for us to focus not merely on their strengths,
accomplishment, talent, character traits and how comfortably they fit into the demands.
Instead, it becomes important for us to be watchful of their intrinsic and extrinsic nature and
through this; we can somehow anticipate the future behaviour changes that can be determined
due to the Dark Triad Personality. While dealing with the Dark Triad traits it is better to be in
45
a position of influence to them rather than being manipulated and negatively influenced by
the tactics of the Dark Triad Personality. Thereby, drawing boundaries becomes essential
while relating or helping people with Dark Triad personality. At present, there is a need of
awareness of the existence of professional treatment that can play a major role in reducing the
negative behaviours as well as the devastating outcomes of dark triad personalities in the
social context (Cohen, 2018)
Limitations:
The study of the Dark Triad Personality and Religious Orientation Style looks at the
relationship and does not give the in-depth study of the cause and effects of each of the
variables.
The investigation was restricted because the intervening variable that included temperament
style, culture, morality, ethics, occupation, general work pressure, marital status, stress
levels, family system patterns, likes and preferences, social and peer pressures were not
looked into; as such influences can alter the findings of this study.
Individuals with an already existing or co-morbid psychological issue or states of emotional
fluctuations can again determine the scores differently since it is unidentifiable.
Because the method of observation is through standardized tools, the terminology of the
tests may have turned out to be a barrier as the sample included some who had minimal
fluency in English.
This study has been condensed location wise, the observation that can cover up the
population of people living at the core of Bangalore city might vary from the present result.
46
Future Direction:
The physiology of the brain influencing the Dark Triad Personality is yet another intensive
study field which remains untouched in this paper and thus can be studied further.
An exhaustive investigation of individuals with Dark Triad Personality through the case
study, direct observation or interview may make access to the origins, cause, effect and
triggers of the Dark Triad Personality.
The study may be carried out extensively based on the larger sample or can include the
rural and urban contexts, with varied age ranges and many more religious groups that may
decipher the difference and relationship more clearly.
Multi-Stage sampling that includes people of major cities in India can also give a broader
picture of the Dark Triad Personality that is prevalent in our nation.
The obstructions in developmental stages as the cause for the Dark Triad Personality can be
looked further as a research investigation.
The further study into these aspects may give a more concentrated result that determines the
Dark Triad Personality in an Indian context.

47
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APPENDICES
60
APPENDIX A
INFORMED CONSENT
You are invited to participate in a Research Study dealing with "Personality and Belief." This
study is conducted by Lolita Lobo from M.Sc II from Global School of Counselling-
Bangalore, as a part of the thesis requirement. All aspects of this study would be approved by
the Dean of Global School of Counselling, Ps. Renny Samuel.
The aim of this study is to investigate personality in relation to beliefs and the effect religion
has over personality along of each individuals. You will be asked to fill out the standardized
test that is simple, which would be explained at the time of testing. Please know that this test
would take only a few moments of your time, only if you are willing to participate in this
research study.
Kindly note, your participation in this study will be completely voluntary. If you are unable
to participate due to any issues, you are free to leave or withdraw at any time during the data
collection without penalty. Your identity will be kept confidential and the information that
you share will only be used for research purposes.
If you wish to be included in this experiment, you will be asked to sign a separate consent
form.
Thank you for investing your time in this study.
Thank You for Your Cooperation,

- Lolita Lobo
M.Sc-II
Global School of Counselling
61
STATEMENT OF CONSENT
I have read all the information with regards to the Research Study Assignment regarding
"Personality and Beliefs." Any questions I had regarding the assessment and testing have
been answered to my satisfaction by the facilitator. Thereby, I give my consent to participate
in this experiment.
I am aware my participation is entirely voluntary and I am free to withdraw at any time

during experiment and data collection without penalty.
Name of participant:
Age:
Date:
Selecting the 'Agree' option below indicates that:
• You have read the above information
• You voluntarily agree to participate
• You are at least 18 years of age
If you do not wish to participate in the research study, please decline participation by
selecting the "disagree" option.
(Please select your choice below by clicking the appropriate tick box)
☐ I agree
☐ I disagree
Signature
62
APPENDIX B
DARK TRIAD OF PERSONALITY (D3-SHORT) SD3 – 27 ITEMS
Please rate your agreement or disagreement with each item using the following guidelines.
1 2 3 4 5
Strongly Disagree Neither Agree Agree Strongly Agree
Disagree nor Disagree
Machiavellianism subscale
1. It's not wise to tell your secrets.
2. Generally speaking, people won’t work hard unless they have to.
3. Whatever it takes, you must get the important people on your side.
4. Avoid direct conflict with others because they may be useful in the future.
5. It’s wise to keep track of information that you can use against people later.
6. You should wait for the right time to get back at people.
7. There are things you should hide from other people because they don’t need to know.
8. Make sure your plans benefit you, not others.
9. Most people can be manipulated.
Narcissism subscale
1. People see me as a natural leader.
2. I hate being the center of attention. (R)
3. Many group activities tend to be dull without me.
4. I know that I am special because everyone keeps telling me so.
5. I like to get acquainted with important people.

63
6. I feel embarrassed if someone compliments me. (R)
7. I have been compared to famous people.
8. I am an average person. (R)
9. I insist on getting the respect I deserve.
Psychopathy subscale
1. I like to get revenge on authorities.
2. I avoid dangerous situations. (R)
3. Payback needs to be quick and nasty.
4. People often say I’m out of control.
5. It’s true that I can be mean to others. (or I enjoy having sex with people I hardly know.)
6. People who mess with me always regret it.
7. I have never gotten into trouble with the law. (R)
8. I like to pick on losers.
9. I’ll say anything to get what I want.

64
APPENDIX C
ALLPORT AND ROSS RELIGIOUS ORIENTATION SCALE
Please indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with each item below by using the
following rating scale:
1 2 3 4 5
Strongly Disagree Neither Agree Agree Strongly Agree
Disagree nor Disagree
Extrinsic Orientation Subscale:
1. Although I believe in my religion, I feel there are many more important things in my life.
2. It doesn't matter so much what I believe so long as I lead a moral life.
3. The primary purpose of prayer is to gain relief and protection.
4. The church is most important as a place to formulate good social relationships.
5. What religion offers me most is comfort when sorrows and misfortune strike.
6. I pray chiefly because I have been taught to pray.
7. Although I am a religious person I refuse to let religious considerations influence my
everyday affairs.
8. A primary reason for my interest in religion is that my church is a congenial social
activity.
9. Occasionally I find it necessary to compromise my religious beliefs in order to protect my
social and economic well-being.
10. One reason for my being a church member is that such membership helps to establish a
person in the community.

65
11. The purpose of prayer is to secure a happy and peaceful life.
Intrinsic Orientation Subscale:
12. It is important for me to spend periods of time in private religious thought and meditation.
13. If not prevented by unavoidable circumstances. I attend church.
14. I try hard to carry my religion over into all my other dealings in life.
15. The prayers I say when I am alone carry as much meaning and personal emotion as those
said by me during services.
16. Quite often I have been keenly aware of the presence of God or the Divine Being.
17. I read literature about my faith.
18. If I were to join a church group I would prefer to join a Bible study group rather than a
social fellowship.
19. My religious beliefs are really what lie behind my whole approach to life.
20. Religion is especially important because it answers many questions about the meaning of
life.
•The ordering of all 20 items should be scrambled.

66
APPENDIX D
LIE SCALE FROM THE EYSENCK PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE - REVISED
(EPQ-R)
1. Have you ever taken the praise for something you knew someone else had really done?
2. Were you ever greedy by helping yourself to more than your share of anything?
3. If you say you will do something, do you always keep your promise no matter how
inconvenient it might be?
4. Have you ever blamed someone for doing something you knew was really your fault?
5. Are all your habits good and desirable ones?
6. Have you ever taken anything (even a pin or button) that belonged to someone else?
7. Do you sometimes talk about things you know nothing about?
8. As a child did you do as you were told immediately and without grumbling?
9. Have you ever broken or lost something belonging to someone else?
10. Do you sometimes boast a little?
11. Have you said anything bad or nasty about anyone?
12. As a child were you ever cheeky to your parents?
13. Do you always wash before a meal?
14. Have you ever cheated at a game?
15. Have you ever taken advantage of someone?
16. Would you dodge paying taxes if you were sure you could never be found out?
17. Have you ever insisted on having your own way?
18. Do you always practice what you preach?
19. Have you ever been late for an appointment or work?
20. Do you sometimes put off until tomorrow what you ought to do today?
21. Are you willing to admit it when you have made a mistake?
67
APPENDIX E
SCRAMBLED SHORT D3, ROS AND LIE-SCALE WITH DEMOGRAPHIC
DETAILS
Social Demographic Details
Name in Initials: Religious Affiliation:

Gender: Denomination/Caste/Sect:
Age (in years): Occupation:
Date of testing: Marital Status:
MEASUREMENT ON BELIEF AND PERSONALITY
Please indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with each item below by using the
following rating scale:
A B C D E
Strongly Disagree Uncertain/Neutral Agree Strongly Agree
Disagree
Also, for each of the following Yes/No questions in the table, choose an appropriate YES or
NO answer that applies to you the most. Please tick only one answer for all the statements.
A B C D E
It is important for me to spend periods of time in private
religious thought and meditation.
Although I believe in my religion, I feel there are many

more important things in my life.
Have you ever taken the praise for something you knew
someone else had really done? YES NO
If not prevented by unavoidable circumstances, I attend

my place of worship.
It doesn't matter so much what I believe so long as I lead a

moral life.
Were you ever greedy by helping yourself to more than

your share of anything? YES NO
One reason for my being a religious member is that such

membership helps to establish a person in the community.
68
I read literature about my faith.

If you say you will do something, do you always keep
your promise no matter how inconvenient it might be? YES NO
The primary purpose of prayer is to gain relief and

protection.
Occasionally I find it necessary to compromise my
religious beliefs in order to protect my social and
economic well-being.
Have you ever blamed someone for doing something you

knew was really your fault? YES NO
Quite often I have been keenly aware of the presence of

God or the Divine Being.
I pray chiefly because I have been taught to pray.
Are all your habits good and desirable ones?

YES NO
The prayers I say when I am alone carry as much meaning
and personal emotion as those said by me during religious
services.
The place of worship is most important as a place to

formulate good social relationships.
Have you ever taken anything (even a pin or button) that
belonged to someone else? YES NO
Religion is especially important because it answers many

questions about the meaning of life.
Although I am a religious person I refuse to let religious

considerations influence my everyday affairs.
Do you sometimes talk about things you know nothing
about? YES NO
If I were to join a religious group I would prefer to join

devotion focused group rather than a social fellowship.
What religion offers me most is comfort when sorrows
and misfortune strike.
69
As a child did you do as you were told immediately and

YES NO
without grumbling?
My religious beliefs are really what lie behind my whole
approach to life.
A primary reason for my interest in religion is that my

place of worship offers a congenial social activity.
Have you ever broken or lost something belonging to
someone else? YES NO
I try hard to carry my religion over into all my other

dealings in life.
The purpose of prayer is to secure a happy and peaceful
life.
Do you sometimes boast a little?

YES NO
It's not wise to tell your secrets
Generally speaking, people won’t work hard unless they

have to
Have you said anything bad or nasty about anyone?

YES NO
Whatever it takes, you must get the important people on
your side.
Avoid direct conflict with others because they may be

useful in the future.
As a child were you ever cheeky to your parents?

YES NO
It’s wise to keep track of information that you can use
against people later.
You should wait for the right time to get back at people.
Do you always wash before a meal?

YES NO
There are things you should hide from other people
because they don’t need to know.
Make sure your plans benefit you, not others.

70
Have you ever cheated at a game?

YES NO
Most people can be manipulated.
People see me as a natural leader.
I hate being the center of attention. (R)
Have you ever taken advantage of someone?

YES NO
Many group activities tend to be dull without me.
I know that I am special because everyone keeps telling

me so.
Would you dodge paying taxes if you were sure you could
never be found out? YES NO
I like to get acquainted with important people.
I feel embarrassed if someone compliments me. (R)
Have you ever insisted on having your own way?

YES NO
I have been compared to famous people.
I am an average person. (R)
Do you always practice what you preach?

YES NO
I insist on getting the respect I deserve.
I like to get revenge on authorities.
I avoid dangerous situations. (R)
Have you ever been late for an appointment or work?

YES NO
71
Payback needs to be quick and nasty.
People often say I’m out of control.
Do you sometimes put off until tomorrow what you ought

to do today? YES NO
It’s true that I can be mean to others. (or I enjoy having

sex with people I hardly know.)
People who mess with me always regret it.
Are you willing to admit it when you have made a

mistake? YES NO
I have never gotten into trouble with the law. (R)
I like to pick on losers.
I’ll say anything to get what I want.

Lolita Lobo-Thesis - Dark Triad Personality Religious Orientataion Style

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DARK TRIAD PERSONALITY AND THE

RELIGIOUS ORIENTATION STYLE: A STUDY AMONG THE YOUNG ADULTS

A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the

Requirements for the Award of the Degree of

Lolita Delma Lobo

Under the Supervision of

Ms. Miriam Paul

GLOBAL SCHOOL OF COUNSELLING

supervision of Ms. Miriam Paul (Dissertation guide), Assistant Professor, Department of

diploma or for publication

Place: Global School of Counselling, Bangalore Signature:

Date: Name: Lolita Delma Lobo

Register Number: A07160001

fulfilment for the award of Master of Science in Counselling Psychology.

Place: Global School of Counselling, Bangalore

Signature of DEAN Signature of Dissertation Guide

S. Renny Samuel Ms. Miriam Paul

Department of Psychology Asst. Professor.

GSC, Bangalore. Department of Psychology

every way possible.

relationship of Machiavellianism and Psychopathy with the Extrinsic Religious Orientation;

Religious Orientation Style.

Non-Christians, Male and Female.

The Dark Triad Personality.....................................................................4

The Religious Orientation Style..............................................................5

Significance of the study.....................................................................6

II. Review of Literature.........................................................................................8

The Dark Triad Personality in Different Contexts and Elements............9

Studies on Religious Orientation Style...................................................14

III. Research Methodology....................................................................................18

The Population of Interest and Sample Size......................................23

Measures for Data Collection..................................................................23

Religious Orientation Scale...............................................................23

Dark Triad of Personality (D3-Short)................................................24

EPQ-R Lie Scale................................................................................24

IV. Results and Discussion......................................................................................26

The Relationship between Machiavellianism and

the Intrinsic Religious Orientation Style............................................34

The Relationship between Machiavellianism and

the Extrinsic Religious Orientation Style...........................................35

The Association between Psychopathy and

the Intrinsic Religious Orientation Style.............................................36

The Correlation between Psychopathy and

the Extrinsic Religious Orientation Style............................................36

The Relationship between Narcissism and

the Extrinsic Religious Orientation Style............................................38

The Relationship between Narcissism and

the Extrinsic Religious Orientation Style............................................38

Personality and the Religious Orientation Style..................................40

The Differences in Dark Triad Personality and Religious

Orientation Style between Christians and Non-Christians..................40

The Differences in Dark Triad Personality between

Female and Male Samples..................................................................41

V. Summary and Conclusion...................................................................................42

Implications for the Findings of the Study................................................45

Appendix A: Informed Consent and Statement of Consent...................................61-62

Appendix B: Dark Triad of Personality (D3-Short) Sd3 – 27 Items by Delroy

Appendix C: Allport and Ross Religious Orientation Scale.................................65-66

Appendix D: Lie Scale from the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised

Appendix E: Scrambled Short D3, ROS and Lie-Scale

Table 1. Correlation between Machiavellianism and the Extrinsic Religious

Table 2. Correlation between Psychopathy and the Intrinsic Religious