Vitamins soyabean | 1st semester

Water soluble vitamins

● Many enzymes contains vitamins as part of their

structures
● Vitamins are cofactors
● An organic compound, essential in small amounts
for there proper functioning of the human body
● Vitamins must be obtained by dietary sources
because the body cannot synthesize it
● Needed in small amounts
- microgram to milligram
- ex recommended daily allowance (RDA) for B12 is
2.0 ug

;’

● There are 13 known vitamins

● Last to be discovered was Folate (1941)
● Vitamin B4- adenine
● Vitamin B8- inositol
Water soluble Fat soluble ● Vitamin B10- para amino benzoic acid (PABA)
vitamins (B vitamins
● Vitamin B11- salicylic acid
vitamins and (vitamin A, D ,
vitamin C) E, K)
● B1 thiamine - Metabolism, pork ,sunflower seeds,
Absorption Directly into the First enter into wheat germs
blood the lymphatic ● B2 riboflavin - antioxidants, organ meats,
system mushroom, beef
● B3 niacin- cellular signaling, metabolism , DNA
Transport Travel without Require many production and repair ,chicken,tuna,lentils
carriers protein carriers
● B5 pantothenic acid- involved in hormone and
cholesterol production, liver,fish,avocado.
Storage Circulate in water Found in the
filled parts of cells associated ● B6 pyridoxine- amino acids metabolism, RBC
body with fat production, creation of neurotransmitters, chickpeas
,salmon, potatoes
Excretion Kidneys remove Tend to remain in ● B7 Biotin- regulates gene expression, carbs and fat
excess in urine fat storage sites metabolism, yeast ,eggs ,salmon, cheese,liver
● B9 folate- cell growth, proper cell division, leafy
Toxicity Not likely to Likely to reach greens, liver, beans, supplements like folic acid
reach toxic levels toxic levels when
when consumed consumed from ● B12 cobalamin- well known b vitamins, vital for
from supplements neurological function, DNA production, RBC
supplements development, meat, eggs ,seafood, and dairy.
● Vitamin B4- whole grains,cereals, bread, fresh fruit
Dosage Needed in Needed in and vegetables , herbs
frequency frequent doses periodic doses ● Vitamin B8- nuts, legumes, treating psychological
conditions such as depression,bipolar disorder,
Relationship to Function as Do not function
panic disorder, ability to influence how much
coenzyme coenzyme as coenzyme
serotonin is available to be supplied to nerves in the
brain.
 Vitamins soyabean | 1st semester
● Vitamin B10 PABA- anti- allergen, alleviating
rheumatic fever, anti-aging
● Vitamin B11- tandems with b12 to contributes to
the formation of dna and rna , formation and growth
of body tissues and fetus brain and spinal cord
during embryogenesis , ingredients in some
anti-acne creams, treatment of psoriasis,corns
calluses and other skin afflictions, egg yolk, liver,
meat,poultry, organs, potatoes, green leafy
vegetables such as spinach

Vitamin A
Functions :
● VITAMIN C
- humans cannot synthesize it so it must be
obtained from the diet,
- 100 mg/ day saturates all body tissue with
Vitamin D
the compound
- Simplest structure
- all additional vitamin c that was not used
are readily excreted in the urine
- needs iron for faster absorption.
● Functions
- Collagen synthesis skins, tendons,
ligaments, matrix for bones and teeth
- General anti–oxidants
- Synthesis of neurotransmitters
● Retinoids - Preformed Vitamin A
● Beta Carotene- red orange pigment
● Vision
- Vitamin A as retinol combined with the
protein opsin to form the visual pigment
rhodopsin
- Rhodopsin participates in the conversion
of light energy into the nerve impulses to
bent to the brain
● Regulates cell differentiation
- Process whereby immature cells change in
structure and function to become
specialized cells
- Vitamin A binds to protein receptors and
these complexes then bind to regulatory
regions of DNA molecules
● Maintenance of the health of epithelial tissue
- Covering
- Lining to internal cavities and tubes
- Lack of vitamin a causes these surfaces to
dry and harder than normal
● Reproduction and growth
● Has several forms
● Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol). Vitamin D3
(Cholecalciferol)
● sources : plant origin (D2), Animal Origin (D3)

Fat Soluble Vitamins

 Vitamins soyabean | 1st semester

● Sources of vitamin d
- Liver, fatty fish (salmon) ,egg yolk,
milk,margarine, breakfast cereals
● Functions of vitamin D
- Maintain normal blood levels of Ca+ and
PO+ for bone absorption
- Stimulated absorption in GI tract
- Aids in their retention by the kidneys
- Triggers deposition of Ca salts into organic
matrix of bones by activating the
biosynthesis of calcium-binding proteins

Vitamin E
● 4 forms - alpha ,beta, delta, gamma tocopherol
● Tocopherol form with the greatest biochemical
activity is alpha tocopherol
● Sources
- Vegetable oil, nuts ,seeds, margarine,
salad dressings, spinach,broccoli,
- It is easily destroyed by exposure to
excessive heat (deep frying)
● Functions
- Antioxidant
- Prevents of oxidation of PUFA
(polyunsaturated fatty acids) in membrane
lipids
- Protects vitamin A from oxidation
- Exerts its antioxidants in the lungs where
exposure to to oxygen and air pollutants is
greatest
- RBC and WBC passes through the lungs
and benefits from vitamin E’s protective
effect
- Premature infants do not have a lot of
vitamin E which is passed from the mother
only during the last weeks of pregnancy
- Vitamin E is also found to be involved in
the conversion of arachidonic acid to
prostaglandin

Vitamin K
● Aka phylloquinone
● Found in animals and humans
● Can be synthesized by bacteria including those
found in the intestinal tract
● Half is supplied in the diet
● Green leafy vegetables: spinach and cabbage
● Lesser amounts: peas,tomatoes,liver
● A baby's stomach is sterile
● We give vitamin k for the baby to stop bleeding in
the umbilical cord
● Essential in the blood clotting process
● Essential for the formation of prothrombin and 5
other proteins involved in the regulation of blood
clotting
● Given to pre surgical patients to ensure adequate
prothrombin levels and to prevent hemorrhaging
● Required for the biosynthesis of several other
proteins found in the plasma, bone, and kidney