WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Vitamin B1 Coenzyme: Carbohydrate metabolism and branch Duodenum Beri-beri

(Thiamine) chain a.a Due to:
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase - Chronic alcoholism
- PPP, HPP - WKS, furosemide
- Coeliac disease
Vitamin B2 Coenzyme: REDOX rxns Rare
(Riboflavin) - FMN, FAD
Convert folate and pyridoxine into active forms
Vitamin B3 Coenzyme precursor Pellagra (4 Ds)
(Niacin) - NAD, NADP  glucose metabolism, PPP - Dermatitis, Diarrhea
- Dementia, Death
Due to:
- Alcoholism
- Hartnup Disease
Vitamin B5 Coenzyme synthesis Rare
(Pantothenic - Coenzyme A (coA)
acid) - Acyl carrier protein (for CHO, CHON, fat)
Vitamin B6 Coenzyme Rare
(Pyridoxine) - Synthesis of A.A, Sphingolipids, Hemo-globin, Vit B6 supplementation in
NT (Serotonin, NE, Dopa, GABA) treatment with isoniazid &
penicillamine (prevent INH-
Pyridoxal-5-phosphate (active form) induced peripheral
neuropathy) – as prophylaxis
Vitamin B7 Cofactor: in metabolic rxns Rare
(Biotin) - Fatty acid synthesis & catabolism Vit B7 supplementation for
- Gluconeogenesis babies with infantile
- A.A catabolism seborrhea (cradle crap) –
large doses
Vitamin B9 Coenzyme Megaloblastic anemia
(Folic Acid) - One-carbon moieties for a.a metabolism Neural tube defects
- Synthesis of thymidine & purine - Spina bifida
- Conversion of homocysteine to methionine - Anencephaly
Erythropoiesis Growth retardation
*dark green leafy veggies Early pregnancy – neural tube formation HMFS
Intestinal diseases
Tetrahydrofolate (active form)
Vitamin B12 Conversion of homocysteine to methionine Lower ileum Megaloblastic anemia
(Cobalamin) - Regenerate tetrahydrofolate GI lesions
Conversion of methylmalonate to succinate Neuro damage (lack of
Growth, cell reprod., hematopoiesis myelin)
Nucleoprotein and myelin synthesis
*animal-based foods
Methylcobalamin, 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin)
(active form)
Vitamin C Synthesis of collagen, NT, hormones, bile acids, Small Scurvy
(Ascorbic Acid) carnitine intestine Connective tissue disorders
Bone & tooth formation Smokers – produce oxygen
Antioxidant (also regenerate antiox form of vit E) radicals
Immunity
Reduce metals (Fe, Cu)
Enhance iron absorption – should be taken togeTher
Strengthen blood vessel walls
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Vitamin A Retinol – metabolic functioning of retina (adaptation Retinyl Xerophthalmia
(Retinol) to dark) esters  Hyperkeratosis (skin)
Retinoic acid – epithelial tissue growth and diff. hydrolysed Epithelial metaplasia
Carotenoids – antioxidant to retinol & Decreased resistance to
Enhances immune response –antibody response FFA infections
Bone growth, reproduction, embryonic devt Carotenoids
(retinal,
Retinyl palmitate (storage form) retinol,
retinyl ester
Vitamin D Maintain normal level of calcium & phosphorus Small Rickets (children)
D2: ergosterol Enhance intestinal absorption of Calcium intestine Osteoporosis,
(plant) Enhance renal reabsorption of Calcium osteomalacia (adult)
D3: cholecalci- Enhance PTH
ferol (animals, Synthesis of calbindin
skin) Bone  calcium and phosphorus incorporation

Calcidiol (abundant)
Calcitriol (active)
Vitamin E Antioxidant (in cell membranes) Small Rare
(Tocopherol) - RBC, WBC, nerve cell, lung cell intestine

γ-tocotrienol (diet)
α-tocotrienol (active)
Vitamin K Production of 1972: Small Bruisability
K1: phylloqui- - Factor IX (plasma thromboplastin component) intestine Epistaxis
none (plant) - Factor X (stuart factor) GI bleeding
K2: Menaqui- - Factor VII (proconvertin) Menorrhagia, hematuria
none (animal) - Factor II (active prothrombin)
K3: Formation of osteocalcin K: Kernicterus
Menadione, Koagulation
phytomena- Broad speK (antibiotics)
dione
(synthetic)