Islamiyat Handouts Book 1-IX Updated

The AMI School
Syllabus Contents Handout Book 1
S.No Topics
1
Passages from Quran ................................................................................. {2-5}
2 History & importance of Quran ............................................................... {6-8}
3 Sayings of Prophet (p.b.u.h) – Hadith ................................................... {9-11}
4 History & importance of Hadith................................................................(12-16}
Life & importance of Prophet (p.b.u.h)- Life in Makkah......................{17-30}

5
6 The First Muslim Community....................................................................{31-36}
7 The Rightly Guided Caliph (H. Umar (r.a) ............................................. {37-42}
8
Pillars of Islam; Prayers.............................................................................. {43-47}
Islamiyat 0493 Page 1

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Passages from the Qur’an for special study
Theme: Allah in himself
5: Surah Al- Ikhlas (112):
1. Say: He is Allah, the one and only; 2. Allah, the eternal, absolute; 3. He does not beget, nor is He
begotten; 4. And there is none like Him.
a) Theme(s):
 Theme of this early Makkan surah is God in himself in terms of His uniqueness.
 It outlines the most fundamental aspects of Tawhid (oneness of God).
 It out rightly declares God’s unity and clearly negates the false belief of God having ancestors
and descendants (Shirk).
 It further highlights God’s unity by saying that God’s nature or person can never be compared to
anyone throughout the universe as he hasno physical existence.
 It also mentions God’s freedom from time and space by saying that he has alwaysbeen and will
always be there.
 In this way, the passage crystallizes the belief of Tawhid.
b) Importance of the theme:
 Theme of this passage purifies Muslim’s belief in Tawhid and that is why the passage is named
al-Ikhlas (the purity of faith).
 Muslims learn from this passage that God is unique in all aspects.
 This uniqueness and supremacy of God highlights human inability and limitation before his Lord.
 Thus, it eliminates all forms and degrees of shirk or associating partners with God.
 Muslims recite this surah in daily prayers inorder to reiterate rejection of shirk.
 It is so important that the holy prophet declared it equivalent to one third of the Quran.
 Its theme is so important that the Quran repeatedly mentions this: “and your God is one God”
(2:163, al-Baqarah).
 Belief in Tawhid, in return affects the conduct of Muslims as they develop a strong sense of
God’s presence and knowledge.
Allah’s relationship with the created world
6: Sura 1 Al - Fateha (1-7):
g g

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1. In the name of Allah, most gracious, most merciful. 2. Praise be to Allah, the cherisher and sustainer
of the worlds; 3.the most gracious, most merciful; 4. Master of the day of Judgment; 5. You we worship,
and your aid we seek. 6. Show us the straight way, 7. The way of those to whom You have given your
grace; not those who earn your anger, nor those who go astray.
a) Theme(s):
 This is the opening chapter of the Quran and its theme is God’s relation with his created world.
 It isbelieved that it was the first complete surah revealed in Makkah.
 It declares that God alone is the sustainer of all the known and the unknown worlds, ultimate
source of mercy, justice and guidance for mankind.
 Only He can guide man to the way of life acceptable to him though he does not compel anyone to
follow that way.
 Instead, in the words of the Quran, it is man’s duty to beg before Him for guidance: “and your Lord
says: call on Me, I shall answer your supplication” (40:60).
 He also tells man the consequences of following this code of conduct or going astray. Therefore,
man needs to praise and worship him alone.
 This passages sums up the message of the Quran.

 Muslims are told to worship God by following the right path contained in the Quran and Sunnah
and invoke God’s mercy because the Quran says: “he has inscribed for himself the rule of
mercy” (6:12, 54, al-an’am).
 They should be pious because God is not only Merciful but He is also just as He will dispense
absolute justice on the Day of Judgment.
 They should remember that they will surely get reward in the hereafter as is promised in the
Quran: “and only on the Day of Judgment shall you be paid your full recompense” (3,185, al-
Imran).
 Obedience to God enables Muslims to earn His blessings and avoid his anger.
7: Sura Al-Baqarah (2.21-22):

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21. O people! Adore your Guardian-Lord, who created you and those who came before you, so that you
may have the chance to learn righteousness; 22. Who has made the earth your couch, and the heavens
your canopy; and sent down rain from the heavens; and by it brought forth fruits for your sustenance;
then do not set uprivals to Allah, when you know.
a) Theme(s):
 Theme of this passage is God and his created world.

 The two verses of surah al-Baqarah a Madni surah outline God’s power to create and make
arrangements for the sustenance and growth of mankind through all ages.
 The passage commands humans to identify their real Lord by serving and worshipping Him.
 It further commands them to reject any form or degree of associating partners with God as he
aloneis the supreme creator, cherisher and care-taker of all as mentioned in the Quran: “… there
is no god but I; therefore worship and serve Me” (21;25).
 The passage conveys the message of inculcating Taqwa (piety/fear of God) and a sense of
gratitude to God for his countless bounties.
 Muslims should closely observe God’s favour and blessing as it is frequently mentioned in surah
55: (Surah Rehman) “then which of the bounties of your Lord will you deny?
 The best way of remembering God’s favour is to obey and worship him by rejecting Shirk.
 Taqwah is the focal point of a Muslim’s life and the Quran very clearly instructs in this regard: “O,
you who believe! Fear God as he should be feared and die not except in a state of Islam” (3:102,
al-Imran).
 So, Muslims should sincerely worship God and refrain from sins.
8: Surah Al-Alaq (96:1-5):
1. Read! in the name of your Lord, who created, 2. Created man out of a clot of congealed blood: 3.
Proclaim! And your Lord is most bountiful, 4. He who taught by the pen, 5. Taught man what he
did notknow.
a) Theme(s):
 Theme of the passage is God and his created world.

 It mentions God’s power to create and ensure the survival and growth of mankind.
 He created man from a low origin and then matured him physically, intellectually and spiritually by
enabling him to read and write.
 Human ability to acquire knowledge means to learn, both worldly and divine sciences so that
man is able to find means of physical survivalas well as take care of his intellectual and spiritual
development.
 God has revealed divine books for spiritual guidance of mankind.
 Thus, man is totally dependent on his creator Lord in all spheres of life and activity.

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 According to the theme of the passage, Muslims are required to acknowledge God’s goodness
and greatness as he created man from a low origin and then enabled him to acquire worldly and
religious knowledge.
 Human ability to learn has made him superior to all other creatures and the Quran endorses this
fact: “We have indeed created man in the best of moulds” (96:4al-Tin).
 Muslims are taught to identify their lord through the perspective of religious knowledge and adore
him alone because of his bounty of divine guidance mentioned in the Quran: “It is He who has
taught the Quran” (55:2, al- Rahman).
9. Surah Al-Zilzal (99):

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1. When the earth is shaken to her utmost convulsion, 2. And the earth throws up her burdens, 3. And
man criesout: ‘What is the matter with her?’, 4. On that day will she declare her tidings: 5. For that your
Lord will have given her inspiration. 6. On that day will men proceed in companies sorted out, to be
shown their deeds. 7. Then shall anyone who has done an atom’s weight of good see it! 8. And anyone
who has done an atom’s weight of evil shall see it.
Theme(s):
 Theme of the passage is God‘s relation with the created world.

 It elaborates the events and the final outcome of the day of reckoning or end of time.
 That day will be marked by the most intense convulsions that will reverse all the normal physical
phenomena.
 Mankind will be shocked to see earth emitting all its hidden contents, as mentioned in the Quran:
“and when the earth is flattened and casts forth what iswithin it and becomes empty” (84:3-4).
 Finally all mankind will appear in the divine court of justice for the rewards of their worldly deeds.
a) Importance of the theme:
 This passage asks Muslims to have strong faith in God’s power to end time and make all to stand
accountable before Him for the ultimate justice.
 With such a belief Muslims will learn about the worthlessness of this world and realize the value of
true worlds by saying: “Nay you prefer the life of this world, but the hereafter is better and more
enduring” (87:16, al-A’la).
 Genuine and sincere faith in the hereafter shapes the conduct of Muslims.
 This belief reminds them of God’s mercy justice and powers.
 The Quran talks of this theme by using several expressions that include: “when the sun is folded up”
(surah: 81) “when the sky is clef asunder” (surah 82) and “when the earth is flattened out” (sura 84).
 The objective of this repetition is to remind Muslims of the Hereafter.
10: Sura Al-Nas (114):
1. Say: I seek refuge with the Lord of mankind, 2. The King of mankind, 3. The God of Mankind, 4. From
the mischief of the whisperer who withdraws, 5. Who whispers into the hearts of mankind, 6. Among
jinns and among mankind.
a) Theme(s):
 This is the last surah of the Quran and its theme is God’s relation with his created world.
 It mentions God’s relation with men and therefore asks man to seek God’s shelter against all evils
that are crafted bySatan and his host of assistants who may be humans or Jinns.
 They inject devil in man’s heart and the Quran warns us about this: “for Satan is an avowed enemy
to man” (12:5).
 Man should however, also remember the Quranic instruction: “and on God let the believers put their
trust” (99:51)

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 This passage together with surah 113 (Al Falaq), teaches Muslims to seek God’s refuge against all
evils as Satan is always there to misguide them.
 Muslims should, however strengthen their relation with God toward of all evil forces.
 The best way to do this is to remember God as mentioned in the Quran: “and establish regular
prayer in order to remember me” (20:14, Taha).
 Recitation of the Quran also shunsevil by bringing the reader closer to God: “when you recite the
Quran, seek God’s protection againstthe evil ones” (16:98, al-Nahl).
 Muslims should also be ready to identify evil forces led by Satan and hisassistants who accomplish
their ugly task in various ways the holy prophet used to recite surah 113 (Al Falaq) and 114 (An-
Naas) to guard against evil, after his Makkan enemies had cast magic spell on him.

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THE HISTORY AND IMPORTANCE OF THE HOLY QURAN
Importance of the Holy Quran:
 The Holy Quran is the primary source of Islamic law (shariat). It is the revelation of Allah and a
message for mankind.
 There has never been or will be any book in the whole universe which claims to stand equivalent to
the Holy Quran in its superiority and worth.
 The Quran is the book of the almighty Allah. A holy book which was revealed by the creator of the
whole universe, Allah, on the most superior prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H), through the most
superior angel, Hazrat Jibrail (A.S) and in the most superior Islamic month, i.e on the 27th of
Ramadhan.
 The Quran itself says, “Ramadhan is the (month) in which was sent down the Qur'an, as a guide to
mankind, also Clear (Signs) for guidance and Judgment (Between right and wrong)”.
 The Quran has many unique and matchless characteristics which no other book of the world can ever
claim to have.
 It is free from any amendment as Allah himself has taken the responsibility to safeguard the holy Quran.
 Unlike the other Islamic Holy scriptures which have been amended by their followers, not even a single
sentence of the Quran is amended.
 The holy Quran is in its original form and will remain secure and un- amended forever. Allah writes in
Quran, “We have, without doubt, sent down the Message (Quran); and we will assuredly guard it (from
corruption).”
 It was exclusively revealed for whole mankind whereas previous Islamic scriptures used to be revealed for
definite nations and times as mentioned in Quran, ‘As a guide to mankind’.
 Since Quran’s teachingsare applicable and authentic for the time till the Day of Judgment.
 Apart from that Quran is a unique and matchless book in the whole world.
 Allah in the holy Quran openly challenges that is there anyone who has the capability to bring any scripture
which even matches the single sentence of the holy Quran.
 In reply, the almighty Allah himself said that no one would ever be able to do so.
 The laws given in the Holy Quran cover all aspects of life and they are complete and unchangeable.
 The message containedin the Holy Quran is for mankind to read and follow its teachings, but the principles
contained in a sentence would build a complete structure of law for e.g. “Give full measure when you
measure and weigh with a balance that is straight.”
 The most important feature of the Holy Quran is the fact that it explains the Hadith and Sunnah and also
provides affirmation of the accuracy of Hadith and Sunnah.
 The Holy Quran is therefore a guide and a law giver source. One should read and understand its teachings
and spend his life accordingly.
 One other feature of the Holy Quran is that it addresses to the entire humanity.
 It is not for a particular class or race, but for whole mankind to consider it as the main pillar on which their
lives would stand steadfastly.
 When the Holy Prophet (p.b.u.h) appointed Mu’az bin Jabal (RA) as the governor and judge of Yemen.
 He was questioned whether according to what source he would make decisions.
 He replied “According to the Holy book of Allah”; that satisfied theProphet (p.b.u.h).
 Therefore it is highly important to consider the Holy Quran as the first source of lawand principle.
 These concepts are not only beneficial for Muslims physically or socially but also for its enlightenment on
particular subject.
 It enhances Muslims spiritually.
 It also covers all the details of the life to be taken in an account to follow our lives accordingly.
COMPILATION OF THE HOLY QURAN

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 The Qur'an is a Message from Allah to humanity. It was transmitted to us in a chain starting from
the Almighty Himself to the angel Jibrael to the Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h).
 Quran was revealed in 3 stages: First of all The Quran was present in (LOH) in written before any
creation. And then it was put in Preserved Tablet (LOH) [in the Seventh Heaven].
 The Quran mentions the Preserved Tablet in these words, "Nay! This is a Glorious Quran, inscribed
in a Preserved Tablet" [Quran 85:21-22]
 In the second stage, the Quran was brought by Jibrael (A.S) from the Preserved Tablet (in the
Seventh Heaven) down to the First Heaven (sky) and placed in the 'Place of Power or Honor'.
 Quran tells of the fact that it was sent down during a specific night, in the verse, "We have indeed
sent down this (Qur’an) during the Night of Power." [Quran 97:1].
 This verse indicates that the Quran was revealedin a single blessed night in the month of Ramadan
that is called the 'Night of Power, or Decree (Shab- e-Qadr)'.
 The third stage of revelation lasted for about 23 years in which the Quran was sent down in
response to the development of events and in accordance with the sequence needed to complete
the delivery of the Message.
 The Quran, the last Divine book is divided into 114 Surahs (Chapters) of unequal length.
 It is the first fundamental source of Islamic Shariah (Islamic Law). Allah, Most High, Says "… the
Quran which we have given seriatim (separated out) in order that you may recite it to the people at
intervals and we have caused it to come down successively (by stages) " [Quran 17:106]
Compilation Work during the life of the Prophet (p.b.u.h):
 The Holy Quran was preserved in text form during prophet’s life, but it was not in book form.
 Whenever new revelation was revealed he would recite it in front of his companions, who either
memorized it and would recite it in their daily prayers or wrote it correctly on something available medium.
 It was written ondifferent mediums like thin and flat tablets of stones, leaves, pieces of leather, wood etc.
 In the beginning, the Prophet (p.b.u.h) himself taught all of his companions how to recite the Qur’an, but
when the numbers of Muslims started growing, it became practically impossible for him to personally teach
every Muslim how to recite the Qur’an.
 He then appointed some of his companions who were exemplary in the art of Qur’anic recitation and
allowed them to teach and certify the Muslims.
 This same process is followed till today in all of the madrasas (Muslim religious schools) where a certified
teacher teaches the students.
 The prophet (p.b.u.h) himself indicated the proper place of verse in a relevant chapter.
 One of the prophet’s companions has reported that during my presence prophet (p.b.u.h) raisedhis eyes to
the sky and then lowering them said, “Jibrael had come to inform me of the proper place of the verse.”
 Arrangement of chapter was done by the prophet (p.b.u.h) himself under divine guidance.Zaid bin Sabit
has said, “The prophet (p.b.u.h) departed from this world and the Quran had not been collected and
compiled on anything so far.”
 At the time of his demise the Quran was in the memory of hundreds of his companions as was recited in
the Prayers.
Compilation Work under the supervision of First Caliph Abu Bakr (R.A):
 At the death of the Prophet (peace be upon him), few realized the need of compiling the Qur’an especially,
when an incident took place which led not only the government but also the people to pay immediate
attention to the compilation of the Qur’an.
 There was no official copy of the Qur’an available and perhaps no single person possessed the complete
written text.
 A large number of people who had learned Quran by heart (Huffaz) had died in the battle of Yamamah,
which was fought against Musailma the liar, one of claimant of false prophets, since he was the head of a
powerful tribe, many people offered him support.
Role of H. Umar (r.a):

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 Seeing the situation H.Umar (r.a) realized that those who had memorized the Qur’an would slowly
departfrom the world either by natural death or martyrdom in future battles.
 He invited the attention of Caliph H. Abu Bakr (r.a) to the fact that many Companions who had
memorized the Qur’an were among those Muslims who had been martyred during the battle of
Yamamah fought against Musailmah.
 Hazrat Abu Baker (r.a) hesitated to do such work and has said, “O Umar! How can I do that work which
was left undone by the prophet of Allah himself?” H. Abu Bakr said all this just in respect to the Prophet
of Allah.
 But Hazrat Umar continued arguing with the caliph and tried to make him realize that the situation was
now completely changed as the revelation has stopped which was continued in the life time of the
Prophet.
 Eventually he was successful to make the caliph agreed to do this work.
 He also remained the custodian of the original volume of Quran (Mushaf) during his caliphate and
handed it over to H. Hafsa (r.a), his daughter and the wife of Prophet Muhammed (p.b.u.h) for safe
custody as he would be out of the capital most of the time due to war and campaign.
 Caliph then announced a commission supervised by Zaid bin Thabitb (r.a) to collect the Quranic verses
from every part of the Islamic empire and compile them in the book form.
 At first Zaid was uneasy confused about doing something that Prophet did not specifically authorize any
one.
 He said, “It would be far easier to carry the Mount on his head than to shoulder the burden of compiling
the Holy Quran.”
 Despite that Zaid accepted this challenge and started working hard along with about twenty five and
according to other source seventy five other companions given by the Caliph for his assistance including
Hazrat Umar (r.a).
 Zaid planned his work into two phases: Collection and compilation. In accordance to his planning it was
widely announced through drum beat in Madina: that if anyone has possession of the corrected form of
Quran verses, in written or memorized should produce it in front of the commission, headed by Zaid
along with two people for verification.
 He not only collected and wrote the verses but also verified it from those people who had heard it from
the prophet (p.b.u.h).
 It was in thismanner that the task of the collection of the Qur’an verses, under the supervision of Zaid bin
Thabit, a scribe of the Prophetic revelation, was completed during the tenure of the caliph Abu Bakr.
 Now he began the compilation work. The compilation work was completed with extreme care in
accordance to the prophet’s instructions regarding proper places of many of the verses.
 At least twenty-five or seventy- five Companions, who had committed the Qur’an to memory, were alive
at the time of the Prophet's death.
 Some of them were from the Ansar (Local Residents; Helpers) while the rest were
Muhajirun (Emigrants).
 They remembered the entire Qur’an by heart. The head of the Commission, Zaid bin Thabit, himself was
one of those who remembered the Holy Qur’an by heart.
 The caliph himself was a Hafiz, so he himself verified the collection and made required changes and
then finalized the compilation and named it ‘Mus-haf’.

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 This original copy of the Quran was then gone to the caliph Hazrat Umar (r.a) after the death of Caliph
Abu Bakr (r.a).
 It was then given to Hazrat Hafsa (r.a), the wife of Prophet (p.b.u.h) by caliph Umar as hewas involved in
wars and campaign most of his tenure, due to which it was called as Mushaf-e-Hafsa.
Compilation Work under the supervision of Fourth Caliph Usman (R.A):
 As many Non-Arab tribes embraced Islam and learnt the Quran. Different companions taught them
to recite it in different dialects as they themselves did.
 Due to this, conflicts rose among them regarding the recitation of the Quran. They would consider
that their dialect was the correct and others were wrong.
 That made them closer to fight. Anas bin Maalik and Huzaifa bin Yaman asked the caliph to stop
the (ummah) nation from fighting over the book of Allah.
 The caliph again appointed Zaid bin Thabit (r.a) along with Abdullah ibn Zubair, Sa’id ibn Al Aa’s
and Abdul Rehman ibn Harith (r.a) to perform this duty with an instruction that it should be written in
Arabic dialect according to the pronunciation of the natives of Hijaz (the Bedouins).
 He took the original volume of the Quran, Mus-haf of Hafsa and prepared several standardized
copies of the Quran with the help of other scribes.
 All these copies were then sent to seven most important provinces, including Makkah, Bahrain,
Basra and Kufa and the old versions of Mushaf were disposed-off at the order of the caliph of the
time.

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Major teachings of the Hadiths of the Prophet (p.b.u.h)
11) “I and the man who brings up an orphan will be in paradise like this.’ And he pointed withhis two
fingers, the index finger and the middle finger.”
a) Teachings:
 This Hadis encourages Muslims to look after and support the orphan because they do not have any
kind of support.
 They are also deprived of parental love. The Muslim who helps and supports orphans, according to
the teachings of this Hadis will be very close to the Holy Prophet in Paradise.
 The holy prophet himself was a great advocate of the weak and the oppressed. He said, “The best
house is that in which an orphan is well treated and the worst Muslim houses is that in which an
orphan is ill- treated.”
 It is therefore, the duty of the Muslims to look after and support the orphans and other needy people
of the society.
b) Application:
 Muslims of today should take special care of orphans and treat them with love and affection.
 Orphans should be brought up with proper care.
 They should be financial and morally supported.
 The guardians should not deprive orphans of their due rights and their property and wealth left by
their parents shouldbe preserved till they reach the age of maturity.
 And it should be honestly handed over to them.
12) “The Messenger of Allah sent Abu Musa and Mu’adh ibn Jabal to Yemen, and he sent eachof
them to govern a part. Then he said; “Be gentle and do not be hard, and cause rejoicing and do not
alienate.”
a) Teachings:
 This Hadis provides excellent guidelines for the rulers regarding their duties.
 Muslim rulers are requiredto work for the good of the people.
 According the teaching of Islam rulers are the guardians and the servants of the people.
 This Hadis stresses them to be mild, sympathetic and kind hearted. These are important virtues of
Islam.
 A kindhearted person will find his life peaceful and make other people feel comfortable.
 On the other hand a cruel ruler will make the life of people miserable.
 Therefore, he will not enter paradise. Muslim leaders are also required to take care of their subjects
so that they may not develop the sense of disliking for them.
b) Application:
 Muslim rulers must be kind and sympathetic.

 They should try to put people at ease and work for their welfare.
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 They should not be harsh and arrogant. They should not regard their rule as a means of terrorizing
other people and accumulating wealth.
 They must also avoid being tyrant and oppressor.
 The holy prophet said, “Shall I not tell you who is distanced from Hell and from whom hell is
distance? “Everyone who is not gentle and kind, approachable and of an easy disposition”
 Muslims are advised to treat everyone nicely, they know them or not.
13) “He who studies the Quran is like the owner of tethered camel. If he attends to them hewill
keep hold of them, but if he lets them loose they will go away.”
a) Teachings:
 The holy Quran is the word of Allah and the glorious book of guidance.
 It contains the divine code of life. In this Hadis the Holy Prophet teaches the importance of strong
and constant attachment of Muslimswith the holy Quran.
 The permanent attachment with the Quran will serve as a source of spiritualbenefits.
 Being different to the holy Quran, will lead to forget its teachings.
 Recitation of Quran regularly inspires people in different ways and dimension.
 Therefore, it is extremely important to continuouslyrecite the holy Quran and get guidance from it.
b) Application:
 We should show great attachment and love to the Quran.

 The holy prophet said, “Keep your houses enlightened by prayers and recitation of the Quran.”
 We should wholeheartedly try to implement its teachings in our lives and propagate its teachings to
others.
 We should not only mediate and ponder over its meanings regularly but also encourage people to
learn it by heart.
 Knowing about its teachings will make one to seek required guidance and become a true practice
Muslim.
14) “May God show mercy to a man who is kindly when he sells, when he buys, and when he
demands his money back.”
a) Teachings:
 According to the teachings of Islam, business has to be conducted with honesty and justice,
tempered with kindness.
 The holy Prophet disapproved all transactions which were unjust or caused hardships to the buyer
and seller.
 He wanted both to be sympathetic and kind towards each other.
 The seller must notthink he has unrestricted liberty to extort as much as possible from buyer. He is
advised to set his profit justly.
 Similarly a Muslim is also required to be kind and sympathetic when he demands his money back.
 The holy Prophet said, “whoever has a claim (like a debt) on a brother which is payable and he
allows respite to the debtor in his payments, he will be given the reward of charity.”

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b) Application:
 We must be kind while dealing with business transactions.

 The debtor should try to give back that which has been lent to him.
 However, the creditor should not be strict in taking the loan back.
 He should show leniency and kindness taking into consideration the condition of the debtor.
 Thus we should act upon the holy Prophet’s teachings and should adopt mildness and forbearance
in our attitude in business dealings.
15) “God will not show mercy to him who does not show mercy to others.”
a) Teachings:
 This Hadis stresses upon kindness, which is regarded as the best human characteristic.
 It leads to sympathy, love and helping others.
 The absence of kindness leads to cruelty, barbarity and carelessness.
 Kind (Rehman or Raheem) is one of the names of Allah. Muslims are ordained to recite this before
doing any good deed and it is written before every Surah.
 It is said that if one is not kind and merciful towards the creations of Allah (humans or animals)
then Allah will also be angry with him andthe doors of his mercy will be closed for him.
b) Application:
 Muslims should get inspiration from this Hadis and should extend kindness to all people including
peopleof all religions and nationalities.
 They should also be kind and considerate towards other creatures including animals and birds.
 If we show kindness and mercy to them all, Allah will be kind and merciful to them.
 Especially orphan, poor, needy, widows, slaves and other categories of deprived people must be
given moral and financial support.
 If anyone wants to be blessed by Allah then he must be kind towards the people of Allah in the
world.

The AMI School
History and Importance of Hadith
Sunnah and its importance for the believers:
 Sunnah is the matter of an action, manner, role of conduct and principles of life of Prophet
Muhammed (p.b.u.h), but is mainly considered as his actions or the sayings for mankind.
 It is the most important source of Islamic laws after the Holy Quran. This can be categorized in three
types:
1) Manners / Methods / practices by Prophet of Allah (Sunnah).

2) Saying of the Prophet (p.b.u.h), (Hadith)
3) Speeches which he (p.b.u.h) heard and deeds which he saw by others and remained quiet,
(Sakoot).
 Even though the Holy Quran is completely a source of law on its own, yet the acts to be performed
are not clearly mentioned in it.
 For example; Prayer, Zakat, Fasting and Pilgrimage etc. Therefore, we require Sunnah to
understand the Quran.
 The Holy Quran has said: “(Muhammad) does not speak from his desires; indeed, what he says is
revelation.” [An-Najm 53:3-4]
 This verse is enough to tell us that the Holy Prophet’s character is the practical version of the Holy
Quran.
 Imam Abu Hanifa, a great Muslim scholar has said, “Had there been no Sunnah, none of us would
have been able tounderstand the Holy Quran.”
 The necessity of following the hadith for Muslims both in form of orders and prohibitions, as well as
the obligation to follow the Qur’an can be understood through this verse: “And whatever the
Messenger gives you take it and whatever he forbids you from, refrain from it. And fear Allah…..”
(A-Hashr 59:7)
 It supports to establish and strengthen the laws prescribed by the Qur’an as it is considered as the
interpretation of the verses from Quran.
 For example, Quran says, “And turn away the words of lies.” In response to this we can quote
prophet’s words: I guarantee you for entrance in Paradise if you guarantee to control to what is
between your two jaws (tongue), which means to avoid misuse of tongue and speaking lie and to
testify wrongly.
 There are many verses in Quran which are unclear, so we have to refer Hadith for its clarity.
 For example, the command to perform the prayer, pay zakat and perform the pilgrimage etc in the
Qur’an, needs explanation regarding the number of raka’ats and method of the prayer and fasting;
the Nisab of zakat and how to perform the pilgrimage.
 However, they are explained clearly in the Hadith.
 Hadith playsimportant role in the establishment of new laws which are not clear in Qur’an, such as
giving an inheritance to a grandmother (jaddah), where the Prophet (p.b.u.h) gives one-sixth of the
treasure of the expired person.
 Thus, the Hadith is used as a source of law. Hadith or Sunnah is also used in the Tafsir
(interpretation of Quran) by Mufassir (interpreter).
 By learning and following the hadith, we will become closer to Allah, Prophets and martyrs.
 The hadith also guides us to the right path that will make Allah happy.
 It strengthens the soul and heartof the people as it encourages them to follow his life.
 The Qur’an orders the faithful to follow the Prophet as their role model, the only way to gain the
pleasure of Allah.
 It is most illuminating in this respect to learn that when H. Ayesha (R.A) was asked to describe the
character of the Prophet (p.b.u.h), her definite answer was, “His character was the Qur’an.”
 In other words, he follows the Qur’an, the way Allah commanded him.
 Thus, we can say that hadith of the Prophet of Allah plays extremely important role in Muslim’s day
today life and enables us to follow accordingly.

The AMI School
 The life of Prophet of Allah is declared as role model for the Muslim nation: “Surely there is for all of
you a good example (of conduct) in the way of Allah’s Messenger”. [Al-Ahzab 33:21]
COMPILATION OF AHADITH
 The procedure of the compilation of hadith started during the life time of the holy prophet in
accordanceto his advice, “Write down, for i only speak the truth.”
 Companions would either write the hadith or memorized them. However, it’s compilation began in
later years and we can divide this into following phases.
i) During the life time of the Prophet (p.b.u.h):
 According to the historical information the compilation of hadith started during prophet’s life time.
 After migration when Madina was established as an Islamic state, Prophet of Allah constructed a
Mosque, ‘Mosque of Prophet’.
 He began teaching his companions about Quran and Sunnah on an elevated bench, inside the
mosque; Suffah, known to be the first Muslim School.
 Students of this school are known as “Ashab-e-Suffah”, the companions (students) of the bench.
 Prophet himself encouraged his companions to spread his message and sent delegations to
different states for this purpose.
 He invited people to Islam when he lived in the tensed situation of Makkah and sent Musa’b bin
Umair to Yathrib as a teacher on the request of Yathribites, during the First Pledge of Aqaba.
 At the time of his Fare-well Pilgrimage, he had commanded his companions to convey his message
to others who were not present there, he also has said, “he who is present here should carry this
message to him who is absent.”
 He had dictated the matters of many letters and treaties made with other people i.e Quraish, Jews
etc.
 Scribes wrote many instructions regarding religious practices and activities taught by the prophet.
 At the time of Hajjatul-Wida (Fare-well Pilgrimage), he had delivered a sermon which is preserved
till today and is known as the Universal Charter of Human Rights.
ii) During the time of the Companions (after Prophet’s demise):
 After the death of prophet (p.b.u.h) his companions carried his mission not only in Arabia but also in
different parts of the world.
 There were several companions who participated in the preservation of the hadith.
 Abu Huraira (r.a)was one of them who would prefer to spend more of his time with the prophet of
Allah.
 It is reported that he was the narrator of more than 1200 ahadith.
 Anas bin Maalik (r.a) remained with prophet for about ten years and narrated about 2286 ahadith.
 Hazrat Ayesha (r.a), the wife of Holy Prophet also narrated about 2210 hadith.
 Hazrat Ali (r.a) also compiled a book of hadith, known as ‘Saheefa-e-Ali’.
 Abdullah bin Amr, Saad bin Ubaida and Jabir bin Abdullah (r.a) also compiled their collections
individually.
 Abdullah bin Umar (r.a) also participated in this task and his work is known as ‘Sadiqa’, in which he
compiled about 2630 ahadith.
 Apart from these many other companions also performed such a great task.
iii) Time of Tabaeen (students of the companions of prophet):
 After the death of the companions, their students took responsibility for the compilation.
 Due to the instructions of Umar bin Abdul Aziz, also known as Umar II, from Umayyads dynasty and
most of historians rank him as fifth rightly guided caliph due to his pious and free of corruption life;
became activeto collect hadith.
The AMI School
 Most important and authoritative work was Al-Mu’watta compiled by Imam Maalik bin Anas which is
comprised over about 2000 hadith.
 Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal was another authority in this task, who was the founder of Hanbali School
of law also collected about 30000 hadith, his work is knownas Musnad Ahmed bin Hanbal.
 Sufiyan Thauri was another well-known name whose work is called as Jam’e Sufiyan Thauri.
 Imam Abu Hanifa, the founder of Hanafi school of law also contributed for this blessed work.
 His compilation is known as Kitab-ul-Athar.
iv) Time of Taba Tabaeen (students of Tabaeen)
 It was the time when scholars travelled to almost every part of the Muslim world to collect hadith
and other relevant information.
 Scattered and authoritative hadith were collected.
 A criterion; Asma-ul-Rijaal was fixed to test the reliability of narrators. The names of six authentic
books and their compilers are:
 Sahih Bukhari (194 - 256 A.H) Muhammed bin Abdullah Ismail Al Bukhari
 Sahih Muslim ( 202-261 A.H ) Abdul Hussain bin Muslim bin hajjaj
 Sunan Abu Daud ( 202-275 A.H ) Suleman bin Shoiab
 Jam’e Tirmizi ( 209-279 A.H ) Abu Isa Tirmidhi
 Sunan Nisai ( 214-303 A.H ) Abu Abdullah Rehman al Nasi
 Sunan bin Majah ( 209-273 A.H ) Abu Abdullah Muhammed bin Yazeed bin Majah
 All above mentioned hadith books are known as ‘Sihah sittah’ and are available in Musannaf
compilation.
 Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslims are next to Quran in authority respectively and are also called
as ‘Sahihain’.
Earliest Collections of Ahadith
 Collection and memorization of hadith began from the life time of Prophet (p.b.u.h).
 Prophet himself encouraged his companions for that by emphasizing upon its importance.
 He himself has said. “Write down, for i only speak the truth.” In this way collection, memorization
and written tasks were performed by many of his companions and then their students continued
it even after them.
 Prophet himself would ensure the authority of his words by listening it from his companions.
 He had dictated the matters of many letters and treaties made with other people i.e Quraish and
Jews etc.
 His orders, instructions and advises for different governors and statesmen were also
documented.
 Prophets instructions and rules regarding fasting were compiled and preserved in Kitab-ul-
Sadiqa.
 Another early collection was Saheefa-e-Sadiqa, which was compiled by H. Abdullah bin Umar
(r.a) and is comprised over about one thousand hadith.
 H. Ali (r.a) also compiled many hadith in Saheefa-e-Ali, which wasused by other governments
as a source of guidance. Another well-known companion, Anas Bin Maalik also collected many
hadith in his compilation; Saheefa-e-Anas bin Maalik.
 After the time of the companions, their successors continued hadith compilations.
 These successors were direct students of the companions and learnt about hadith directly
from them.
 Compilation workwas then started in the time of the Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz, who instructed
and encouraged the scholars of the time for such responsibility.
 Most important and authoritative work was Al-Muwatta compiled by Imam Maalik bin Anas, also
founder of Maaliki School of thought, which is comprised over about 1720 hadith.
 Imam Ahmed Bin Hanbal was another authority in this task, who was the founder of Hanbali

The AMI School
School of law, also collected about 30000 hadith, his work is known as Musnad Ahmed bin
Hanbal.
 Kitab-ul-Athar was compiled by Imam Abu Hanifa, the founder of Hanafi school of thought which
is consists of almost 40000 hadith.
 Imam Abdul Razzaq also compiled his Musannaf, i.e chapter wise collection of hadith.
 Then comes the era of Taba Tabaeen (Students of the Successors); It was an era when six
authoritative books on hadith (Sihah-Sitta) were compiled.
 All Sihah sittah books are Musannaf compilation. They arelisted below:
1) Sahih Bukhari, which is considered next to Holy Quran and was compiled by Muhammed bin
Abdullah Ismail Al Bukhari.
2) Sahih Muslim is second in rank after Sahih Bukhari and was compiled by Abdul Hussain bin
Muslim bin hajjaj; both Sahih Muslim and Sahih Bukhari are also known as Sahihain (Two of the
authentic books).
3) Sunan Abu Daud was compiled by Suleman bin Shoiab
4) Jam’e Tirmizi compiled by Abu Isa Tirmidhi
5) Sunan Nisai was compiled by Abu Abdullah Rehman al Nasi and
6) Sunan bin Majah was compiled by Abu Abdullah Muhammed bin Yazeed bin Majah
Types of the compilation of Hadith Books:
1) Musnad:
 In this type of collection, hadith were gathered and collected as authentic with the names of its
first narrators/compilers.
 According to this method the chain of the narrators is examined that whether it is continued,
unbroken and complete or not.
 The other thing checked was the reliability of each and every narrator from the chain.
 In this type of compilation the content and matters are not considered but it is compiled with the
names of narrators, which means that different topics but same narrator.
 For example, Musnad-e-Ayesha, Musnad-e-Ali etc, both personalities had their own collections of
hadith on different topics.
 Under this procedure every hadith is easily traceable that if anyone wants hadith of a particular
personality, it can easily be found.
 The most popular work in this regard was done by Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal, who collected
more than 30000 hadith in his compilation; Musnad Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal or Musnad-e-
Hanbal.
2) Musannaf:
 It means to divide or separated out. According to this method, hadith were divided and grouped
into chapters and sub chapters with reference to its content or theme(s) which are termed as
Matn.
 And thusare also known as ‘chapter-wise’ compilation.
 According to this procedure the compilers gathered and collected chapter wise hadith.
 For example; Chapter on Prayers, Fasting, Pilgrimage, Ethics, Marriage etc, means that hadith on
one topic narrated by different narrators were compiled in relevant chapter.
 This helps people to find out hadith on any topic in one chapter without any difficulty.
 For example, if any one wants to find out hadith on Fasting, he will directly open the chapter of
Fasting.
 It is popular amongst the scholars who establish legal laws according to the Shariat (religious
laws) as they can find any hadiththey need when they open chapter on that particular topic.
 Most popular work done in this regard is Al Mu’atta by Imam Malik bin Anas, which contains 1720
hadith,and Musannaf of Imam Abdul Razaque, contains 11033 hadith.
 Six authentic books on hadith (Sihah Sitta) are also form of Musannaf collections.
The AMI School
The ways to judge the authenticity of Hadith:
The authorities of hadith are those Muslims who learnt hadith and taught it to others, differentiated
between genuine and forged hadith. Such authorities are called as ‘Ruwat, narrators, transmitters or
Muhaddis’. Following method was applied in this regard as to ensure authority of hadith.
i) Biographies of the authorities (Asma-ul-Rijaal):
 This system describes the reliability, truthfulness and trustworthiness of authorities and is
recorded in a book which is called as Asma-ul-Rijaal.
 These books helped to find out the reliable authorities from whom the genuine hadith were
collected and compiled.
 It was also noticed that narrators were adults who knew the importance of hadith.
 According to Imam Shafa’i, narrator of hadith must be sound mind and well known pious man
with excellent memory.
 A narrator must also be a responsible adult and transmit hadith exactly in the words he received
and must not narrate it in his own expressions.
ii) The chain of the narrators (Isnad):
 This term is taken out of the word Sanad, which means the source of authority.
 There have always been a number of transmitters involved in the narration of a hadith from the
era of compiler to the Prophet (p.b.u.h).
 According to this method it must be complete and unbroken and each narrator mentioned in it
must be well known for his adequate knowledge, piety and memory because broken chain can
cause doubts.
 There can be many narrators, depending on how far the compiler’s time was from the time of the
Holy Prophet but was ensured that the first person was from prophet’s companions.
 The chain should be complete in a way that it goes back to the Prophet without any defect and
conflict from era of compilation.
 If any of the above mentioned qualities was missing then such authorities were rejected.
iii) Investigation of text (Matn) of Hadith:
Some rules were framed to check the fairness and truth of the text (Matn) of each hadith. Matn is
considered as the content, text or subject matter of any hadith. The compilers assessed them as follows:
 If text of any hadith was in contradiction with the original Quran teachings, then such hadith was
rejected because Prophet could not go against Quran under any circumstances. Quran also
mentions it in these word, “Nor does He say (anything) of (his own) desire. It is no less than
inspiration sent down to him:” (Surah An Najm)
 If the text of any hadith was against the text of any other reliable hadith as prophet did not say anything
The life and importance of the Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H)
Prophet’s life can be divided in to two main phases, Makkah and Medani.
1) Prophet’s Life in Makkah (570 AD – 622 AD):
It can further be divided into two phases:

The AMI School
 Early life from his birth till Prophet-hood {570 AD-610 AD}
 From Prophet-hood till his Migration to Yasrib (Medina) {610 AD-622 AD}
His birth and upbringing:
 He (p.b.u.h) was born in Makkah on the 12th of Rabi-ul-Awwal, 570 A.D in Banu Hashim family.
 His father H. Abdullah son of Abdul Muttalib died around two months before his birth.
 His mother Amina daughter of Wahab belonged to Banu Zohra tribe of Medina.
 She could only survive for about 6 years after prophet’s birth.
Hazrat Aminah the mother of Prophet Muhammed (p.b.u.h):
 H. Aminah the Mother of the Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h) was the daughter of Wahb from the clan
of Bani Zuhra tribe of Quraysh. She was born in Medina.
 Her father Wahab was the ruler of a kind nature. His daughter received an excellent education.
 Aminah’s beauty and education had no equal among the Quraysh.
 She was better than all the girls from the tribe of Quraysh in dignity. When Aminah was fourteen
years old, she was married the most respectful young man from the Quraysh, Abdullah sonof Abdul
Muttalib.
 The father and mother of the Prophet (p.b.u.h) followed the religion of Ibrahim and thus were
believers.
 The marriage was a very happy and harmonious but it was short-lived.
 After a while, Abdullah, died in Medina while returning from Syria with trade affairs, at the age of
twenty-five.
 Her husband's death was the collapse of the world of a young woman. Her only priority now
remained to takecare of an orphan, the son of Abdullah.
 The orphan was the last Prophet of Allah, sent as a mercy to all the worlds, Muhammad (p.b.u.h).
She heard the command in her dream to name the baby ‘Muhammad’.
 H. Aminah did not marry after the death of her husband.
 She was only 20 years old when she died at Abwah, a place between Makkah and Madina, while
coming back to Makkah after visiting thegrave of H. Abdullah and was buried there.
 At that time Muhammed was just six years old.
Upbringing by Halima Sadia:
 Following the Arab tradition prophet was sent to village for better and healthy growth and
learning ofpure language and Arab manners.
 Halima Saadia, daughter of Abdullah bin Harith and wife of Harith Abu Zowaib got privileged to
take care of Mohammed.
 She belonged to the tribe of Banu Saad near Taif.Halima had a daughter named Shaima and her
suckling son, Abdullah.
 Shaima was about five years old and she used to help her mother to take care of Mohammed.
 Shaima witnessed a change that happened in her family from poverty to comfort because of the
blessing of this child. While Halima Sadia was adopting the orphan, she did not know how fortunate
lady she was to bring up that child.
 She soon observed miracles after she adopted the prophet, her lean and slow donkey became
healthy and faster that Halima was ahead of everyone.
 Her she camel gave plenty of milk as it was less due to hunger and thirst. When she arrived home
her goats gave much more milk for the family.
 Halima then realized that it was not just a normal baby, but an angel of blessings.
 The contract time passed swiftly and the occasion came when young Muhammad (p.b.u.h) was to
depart from Halima.
 Shaima was also shocked and very sad to see him go. Halima brought the child back to Makkah
and she wept while separating him from her.
The AMI School
 It is reported that Shaima, prophet’s foster sister embraced Islam after the battle of Hunain and
consented to go back to her tribe.
 The Holy Prophet (p.b.u.h) gave a maid, few camels and goats as gift and she returned to her tribe
happily.
 Halima once returned to the Holy Prophet (p.b.u.h) at Makkah and Khadija gave her 40 sheep as
gift.
 It is said that Halima Saadia once again came to the holy city of Madinah in her last days.
 She died there and was buried in Jannatul Baqi.
 A grave in her name is marked in the blessed cemetery.
Upbringing by his Grandfather Abdul Muttalib:
 After the death of Amina, Prophet Mohammed was looked after by his loving grandfather, Abdul
Muttalib,who discharged his responsibilities about his upbringing with great care and love.
 He was the member ofthe Quraish clan of Bani Hashim, which was responsible for providing food
and water to the pilgrims.
 It isreported that he was well known by the title "Sayyidul Batha" (the Chief of Makkah), because of
his respect amongst the leaders of the Quraish.
 He had ordered all his family members to be loving and polite towards him and never hurt him in
any way.
 He would say to the people about the child, "This child of mine has a special dignity."
 His grandfather could only took care of him for about two years and left the world at the age of
about 82 years, when the Prophet was just eight years old.
Upbringing by his Uncle Abu Talib son of Abdul Muttalib:
 Now he came under the guardianship of his uncle Abu Talib who took care of him for about forty
years.
 Abu Talib took care of him more than his own children Ali and Aqeel etc. This is mentioned in the
Quran in these words in Surah Duha, “Didn’t He find you an orphan and he gave you shelter?”
 During this time Abu Talib taught him the business and war strategies and the ways to have a
successful life. Abu Talib helped him to be an exalted personality.
 Prophet never did anything without the consent of his uncle.
Prediction of Bahira; The Monk:
 Muhammad (pbuh) began to grow up in an ideal home life with Abu Talib, his uncle.
 At the age of about 12 years, he accompanied Abu Talib on a trade journey to Syria.
 On their trade journey they met a monk; Bahira, he lived a simple life in a religious place.
 His residence was on the main caravan routeand he regularly saw caravans passing by.
 He noticed that the caravan of Abu Talib was different; there was something special about it.
 He decided to invite them to a meal and find out more. Bahira sent a message of invitation to all the
members of the caravan.
 The caravan traders accepted the invitation and arrived at the monk’s place. When they arrived,
Bahira asked, did you leave anyone behind?
 They said that we have left a young boy Muhammad to look after the camels.
 When Bahira saw the face of Muhammad he was delighted.
 After the food, Bahira approached Abu Talibsaying that Muhammad would be a great Prophet one
day.
 He said that when he had seen the caravan from the distance, there was a cloud hanging over him,
and was shading him from the heat of the desert.
 When the caravan had stopped under a tree the cloud had also stopped above them.
 Bahira said that hehad seen the stones and the trees prostrating to Muhammad as Muhammad was

The AMI School
walking by.
 It happens for prophet only. He looked at the Muhammad's back and noticed the seal of the
prophet, which was oval-shaped bulging just below Muhammad's shoulder blades.
 He said that this was one of the signs of a great prophet to come that was taught to them in their
books. Bahira said "He was the master of all humans, Allah will send him with a message which
would be a mercy to all humans".
 Bahira advised Abu Talib that Muhammad should be taken back to Makkah at once, if the Jews will
know about him they will try to kill him.
 Abu Talib took the advice of this wise old monk and sent Muhammad back with some of the guides.
 This was the last trade journey of Abu Talib. He stayed and worked in Makkah and looked after his
children.
 Muhammad did not go on any trade journeys for some-time instead.
Harb-ul-Fijar:
 Arabs would regard the months of Muharram, Rajab, Zil-Quadah and Zil-Hajj to be holy.
 The spilling of blood and committing of any misdeed and any sort of injustice were all strictly
prohibited during these months.
 The Battle of Fijar took place during one of these months.
 It acquired its name since blood was split and because both sides committed great injustice and
cruelty.
 The Battles of Fijar were fought four times among Arabs. The Prophet Muhammed was present in
the fourth Battle of Fijar, at that time he was 20 years old.
 It was fought among the Quraysh, Bani Kinana, and the Hawazin tribes. It began after an incident in
which a man, Barraz bin Qays from the Bani Kinana killed a man, Urwa from the Hawazin.
 The Quraish were the allies of the Bani Kinana; therefore, theyhad to fight in this battle.
 Abu Talib did not want to take part in the fourth battle, which was being fought in the Ukaz Fair,
since it was a “haram (Sacred) month”.
 However, he was obliged to join when the other branches of the Quraysh insisted on fighting.
 It was narrated that Abu Talib took his nephew with him to this battle one or two times.
 Holy Prophet (PBUH) only collected arrows thrown by enemy and handed them to his uncle.
 The two sides reached an agreement when they realized that this clash would not end.
 According to their agreement, the dead bodies were to be counted, and the opponent had to pay
the blood money to whichever side had more loss; After final count result there were twenty more
dead soldiers from Hawazin side; thus the sons of Kinana and the Quraysh paid the blood money
for these twenty individuals.
 In this way that bloody war finally came to an end, which took place twenty years after the year of
the incident of the elephant (Aam-ul-feel).
Half- al- Fazul:
 A commission was formed by the leaders of Makkah after seeing the devastating effects of war of
Fijar.
 The objective was to maintain peace, control violence, injustice, upholding the rights of the weak
and poor. It was called as Al-Fazul because of the three main participants had the same name, Al-
Fazl.
 Word Fazul means maintaining honor. A meeting was held which basically consisted of a pledge to
carryout all the objectives of the alliance.
 Prophet was not only present there but also participated actively.
 Hehas said: “I was present at the house of Abdullah Bin Judan, it was such an excellent pact that if
toady in Islam I was invited for it, I would gladly respond”.

The AMI School
His marriage with Hazrat Khadija:
 When the prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was 20 years old he was getting many offers, from different
people, to take trade caravans to different parts of the Arabian Peninsula.
 In a very short span of time,he became famous as a successful businessman.
 One of the richer merchants was Khadija, a widow who was successful in trade.
 She was not able to do trade herself so she wanted to hire man for this purpose.
 Till then Muhammad was very well known with the title of Al-Amin (the trust worthy - the honest,the
truthful) because of good reputation in business.
 Khadija soon offered him job to take her trade caravan to Syria on attractive terms.
 She also gave Muhammad the services of a young man, Maysarah who would look after him on the
journey.
 Maysarah soon realized that he was in the company of a very special person.
 Muhammad later returned to Makkah and told Khadija about the journey.
 He told her about the stuff they had sold and about the goods they had bought in Syria.
 Khadija was able to sell these new goods for double the money Muhammad had paid for in Syria.
 Khadija was very pleased with Muhammad but was more pleased with his integrity, honesty and
character.
 So she sent a proposal of marriage through her slave girl, Nafisa, which he accepted with the
consent of his uncle Abu Talib and they got married in 595 AD.
 At the time he was 25 years old and Khadija was 40 years. They had a pleasant life of 25 years and
prophet did not marry to anyone else during her life.
 They had two sons, Qasim, Abdullah, who had died in their infancy age and four daughters, Zainab,
Ruqayyah, Umm e Kulthum and Fatima (r.a).
 H. Khadija died in 10th year of Prophet-hood at the age of about 65 years and was buried in Jannat
ul Muallah cemetery in Makkah.
Fixing of the black stone (Hajar-al-Aswad):
 When Holy Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was 35 years old, the Ka’bah was damaged by flooding so
the people decided to rebuild it.
 The task was divided amongst the leading families of Makkah, they all worked with dedication and
in harmony.
 But a dispute arose when the time came to fix black-stone. Everyone wanted the honor of doing
that, which was sent from Paradise to Ibrahim to fix it into the wall of Kabah, while he was
constructing it.
 None of the leaders was willing to compromise, so much so that there was fear of civil war.
 The members of the clan of Abd-e-Dar filled a large jar with blood and put their hands into it,
thereby giving each other a pledge of death at the battlefield.
 This terrible conflict went on for four or five days until Abu Umayyah, who was the oldest of the
Quraish, used his influence and said to the Makkans, let the first person to pass through the gate of
the Haram (precincts of the Holy Kaaba) be our arbitrator andthat all of us accept his view on the
problem.
 The Quraish accepted his proposal and waited to see who would pass through the gate first.
 Suddenly they heard footsteps heading towards them.
 He was Muhammad, the son of Abdullah. Everyone, of course, loved, admired and respected
Muhammad, the son of Abdullah.
 So with a loud voice, everyone said, "Here comes Al-Ameen (The Trustworthy)" and the joyous
voice echoed through the place over and over again. We will accept his verdict! For indeed he
was known to everyone as Al-Amin, the trustworthy!
 Holy Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was surprised to hear of that title with which they called him.
 He was told about what the people of Quraish were fighting for. It was all silent for a while.
 Everyone thought his family was going to be favored. Their hearts were beating hard and they were
The AMI School
getting anxious and impatient.

 When they explained their problem to him, he said, 'Bring a piece of cloth'. Holy Prophet
Muhammad (pbuh) spread the cloth, put the sacred Black Stone in the middle of it, and said, 'Each
tribe should take hold of one side of the cloth so all can share in the honor'.
 The Quraish did as he had told them and lifted the sacred Black Stone to the point where it was to
be installed.
 Then Holy Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), who observed that if he let any of them install it, conflict
would arise so he himself lifted the sacred Black Stone and installed it in its place.
 Through this excellent intelligence of Prophet, terrible enmity and conflicts between Quraish ended
peacefully.
He receives the Prophet-hood: (First revelation)
 When prophet approached the age of 40, he would take dates and water along and meditate in the
cave of Hira.
 He used to ponder over the god of his fore fathers, especially Hazrat Ibrahim and he hated the ill
practices of the Arabs.
 He would dislike the corrupt society of Arabia, as they were involved in gambling, drinking wine,
adultery, female infanticide and burying them alive by some tribes.
 He himself never bowed to idols and had preserved complete purity.
 He spent days in the cave of Hira and took suppliesof dates and water and food prepared by H.
Khadija with him.
 During his routine meditation in cave Hira on Jabal-e-Noor (mount of light), one night towards the
end of Ramadan, the Night of Power (Shab-e-Qadr), in 610 AD, Prophet Muhammed (p.b.u.h)
received first revelation when he was 40 years old.
 The Quran says, “Undoubtedly, We sent it (Quran) down in the blessed and valuable night.”
 Angel Jibrael appeared who was unknown to him till then and told him to ‘read’ which meant ‘to
recite’ and similarly refers ‘to Proclaim’ or ‘to convey’, prophet refused saying, “I don’t know how to
read”? Angel squeezed him firmly and asked the same.
 Prophet’s reply wasagain the same, “I don’t know how to read”? Angel repeated the action three
times.
 Last time it was so firm and hard that Prophet felt as if he would die of suffocation. Now again
angel told him to read. This time he asked, “What shall I read?”
 Angel recited these verses from surah Al-Alaq, “Read! In the name of thy Lord, Who created-
Created man, out of a clot of congealed blood- Read! And thy Lord is most bountiful, He who taught
(the use of) the pen – Taught man what he knew not”.
 Prophet followed the angel and recited these verses which were then imprinted on his heart.
 This event frightened him and he discontinued his meditation and left cave for home.
 He again heard the voice from outside the cave, where he saw the angel flying in the air and then
said looking towards him, “O Muhammed! You are the messenger of Allah and I am Jibrael.”
 After the Prophet of Allah discontinued his meditation and went to his house and asked Khadija:
‘Cover me with a cloth! Cover me with a cloth!’ for he was trembling from head to feet, she laid him
down, placing a cloak over him, and as soon as he had recovered himself a little he told her what
had happened in the cave.
 Khadija (R.A), consoled him and said, “Never! By God, God will never disgrace you. You keep
good relations with your relatives, help the poor, serve your guests generously, and assist those
hit with calamities.” (Saheeh Al-Bukhari).
 She then took him to Warqah bin Naufal, an old blind Christian scholar, who confirmed the
appearance of angel Jibrael in the light of his information through the scripture.
 Warqah has said, “This is the same one who keeps the secrets (angel Jibrael) whomAllah had
sent to Moses. I wish I were young and could live up to the time when your people would exile you
from your homeland"
 The Holy Prophet (p.b.u.h) inquired in amazement, “Will my people exile me?” Warqah responded
“Yes,” no prophet came with whom his people did not have enmity; but if I remain alive until that
time, I shall assist you to the utmost of my ability.”
 However, Warqah could not witness that time, as he passed away shortly afterwards.
The AMI School
Importance of the event:
 Prophet was told about his mission of preaching in this world being the prophet of Allah.
 It was the beginning of revelation in terms of the Quran and the teachings Islam.
 That was Jibrael’s first meeting with the prophet of Allah. Prophet received dignified status of
prophet hood through divine call.
 Allah ended his confusion and guided him through divine message (The Quran).
 He brought revolution in the entire world as he enlightened the world with the righteousness through
teachings from Quran and his personal conduct.
 Prophet-hood ended with last divine book as Allah completed his divine teaching on him.
Prophet’s Preaching begins: (Secret mission in Makkah)
 After some time he received verses from surah Mudassir, “O you wrapped up in your mantle: Arise
and warn! And your Lord do magnify”.
 Thereafter, he began to receive revelations continuously to therest of his life.
 He himself has said, “Revelation comes to me in different ways. Sometimes the words strike directly
at my heart, like the ringing of a bell, and this is physically hard on me. Sometimes I hear the words
as if spoken from behind a veil. Sometimes I see a Presence that speaks the words to me.”
 He then started his mission of preaching in secret which continued for about3 years. Though it was
secret, however it would reach to the Makkans.
 He started it from his closest friends and family members like Khadija, Ali etc.
 Hazrat Khadija was the first women to accept the reality of Islam whereas Ali was the first among
men who was just 10 years old.
 The ones who accepted Islam they dedicated their lives, comfort, wealth, family etc to Islam and
began to learn, worship and study it.
 They would hold private meeting where they would learn the verses of the Qu'ran and the principles
of Islam.
 They would pray to Allah, just as the angel had taught the prophet (p.b.u.h). Initially, the people
were not too concerned about Muhammad (p.b.u.h) and his teachings.
 But gradually they realized that the words of the prophet (p.b.u.h) were having an effect on people
and they began to accept it.
 They would talk about this mission that would have effect on the Arabs and the religion of their fore
fathers.
 During this secret preaching about 40 people accepted Islam.
 Some other early converts are, Abu Bakr, Bilal, Zaid bin Harisa, Saad bin Abi Waqas, Zubair,
Usman bin Affan, Abdur Rehman bin Auf, Abdullah bin Masud (r.a) etc.
Prophet’s preaching in public:
 After three years of this preaching, the prophet (p.b.u.h) was commanded by Allah to start
preaching to his own clansmen and was commanded in surah Shua’ara: “And warn your nearest
kinsmen (family members)”.
 Afterwards he invited his kinsmen to dinner at the house of his uncle Abu Talib.
 The invited audience was about forty-five Makkans from his clansmen. This was his first encounter
with Abu Lahab, who became the aggressive enemy of Islam.
 The prophet (p.b.u.h) was about to speak to them but Abu Lahab spoke out first.
 He advised the Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h) that ‘he should immediately stop his mission. He said
it was better for his people to follow the traditions of his forefathers than to face the rest of the
Arabs. He said that the rest of the Arabs would destroy them.’

The AMI School
 After, Abu Lahab had finished attacking the prophet’s mission, the Messenger of Allah (p.b.u.h) kept
silent and said nothing in that meeting.
 Prophet then held another meeting and invited his family members towards Islam and also told
them about his mission through a short speech.
 He said: "I celebrate Allah’s praise, I seek His help, I believe in Him, I put my trust in Him, I bear
witness that there is no god to be worshipped but Allah with no associate.
 A guide can never lie to his people. I swear by Allah, there is no god but He that I have been sent
as a Messenger to you, in particular and to all the people, in general.
 One day you will be called to account for your deeds. It is then either Hell forever or the Garden
(Paradise) forever."
 His uncle, Abu Talib and his cousin Ali were the only one who assured him for their support in his
mission at that time.
 Abu Lahab tried his best to discourage Abu Talib from offering any support to Muhammad (p.b.u.h).
Abu Lahab threatened him by saying that it was Abu Talib’s responsibility to stop Muhammad
(p.b.u.h) before someone else did.
 After three year’s preaching of Islam to his family and tribes he found no encouraging response.
 He then received this message in Surah Hijr, “Expand openly what your Lord commanded and turn
away from those who join false gods with Allah.”
 He then gathered people on mount Safa and askedthem about himself and said, “What if i tell you
that an army is ready to raid on you from the behindof this mountain, will you believe?
 People knew the character of Muhammad (p.b.u.h), after all they had given him the title of Al-Amin
(the truthful).
 They had seen this gentle child grew up in this world and had seen how well he dealt with people,
his honest character and his trustworthiness.
 They replied: ‘Yes why not? We have always found you to be truthful’.
 The prophet (pbuh) looked at the people assembled before him and said “O Banu Abdul Muttalib, O
Banu Abd Manaf, O Banu Zuhra! I have come to you as a Warner and if you do not respond to my
warning, punishment will fall upon you. I have been sent by Allah to warn you and I cannot protect
you in this world, nor can I promise you anything in the next world, unless you acknowledge and
submit to the worship of the One Allah”
 There was deep silence and then Abu Lahab, one of the powerful individuals and the prophets
uncle, again responded “May you perish, did you call us for this?” the crowd then dispersed.
 Allah condemned the behavior of Abu Lahab and Surah Lahab was revealed.
 Ali was the only one who joined the prophet in this mission. In later days he went at the house of Al-
Arqam (one of early converts) and preached from there for about 4 years to other tribes.
 In this span of time some 200 people embraced Islam.
Muslims faced opposition at Makkah:
 Soon after prophet of Allah started preaching openly, he had to face severe opposition. Main
persecutors were, Abu Jahal, Abu Lahab and his wife Umm-e-Jamil, Abu Sufiyan, Walid bin
Mughaira and Atba bin Rabia.
 Quresh were not ready to give up idol worshipping and the path of their ancestors.
 They thought that Muhammed wanted to be the king of Arabia and they did not want to share their
power.
 Quresh believed in practicing any deed they wanted whether lavish but Islam did not permit for such
life.
 They would penalize their women which was not allowed in Islam.
 It was tradition that only powerful tribes (Banu Makhzum, Banu Umayyah) could lead the people
whereas Islam believed in the leadership of capable and competent man.

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 People would think that loss of political power means loss of wealth.
 Islam wanted to ensure social justice and equality in all walks of lives in order to provide equal
facilities toevery one apart from any differences and Quresh did not accept this approach.
Persecutions faced by the Prophet:
 When the prophet started open preaching, he and his followers came under harsh treatment of the
Quraysh.
 They began physical and mental torture on Prophet of Allah.
 Utbah bin Muit rolled his sheet around his neck and would drag him into the streets of Makkah.
 Thorny bushes were spread on the way of Prophet by umm-e-Jameel, his aunt. Apart from that
broken pots and rubbish was thrown on him as well to make him irritated.
 Abu Lahab’s wife, Umm-e-Jameel, used to throw the waste of slaughtered goats on the Holy
Prophet while he was in worship. She would also pay the children of Makkah to hit him with stones
and also abuse him.
 Sometimes the stones hit his face and caused bleeding. Abu Lahab’s two sons Utba and Utaiba
divorced the prophet’s two daughters, Ruqayyah and Kulthum on the provocation of their parents.
 They also offered him bribes in terms of uncountable wealth, making him king and marrying him to the
prettiest girl through Utba bin Rabia so that he would stop preaching Islam but he rejected it and
continued his mission of spreading Allah’s message.
 Now the Quraysh approached Abu Talib (prophets’ uncle) and asked him to restrain his nephew from
preaching otherwise they will punish him.
 Abu Talib asked Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h) not to bring disaster on his family and his clan (Banu
Hashim), he replied to his uncle: “Oh uncle even if they place the sun on my right hand and the moon on
my left to force me to stop my mission, I would not until God fulfills my mission or destroys me in the
process”
 Abu Talib then told him to continue his mission he would support and help him. Quresh, especially
Umm-e-Jameel, his aunt would taunt him by calling him “Abtar”, (man with no male progeny) as two of
his sons had died.
 One day when he was prostrating in the Holy Ka’bah, Uqbah bin Mu’it on the provocation of Abu Jahl
threw Garbage of a camelfilled with dirty materials, on the Prophet’s head to suffocate him.
 On hearing this news, his daughter, Fatima (RA), would come to the Ka’bah to remove it and cleaned his
face.
 Upon seeing that the Prophet’s (PBUH) activity was not stopped despite of the persecutions, the
Quraysh now announced social and economic boycott against him and his family (Banu Hashim) in the
7th year of prophet hood, he sought refuge in Shi’b Abi Talib (a piece of land owned by Abu Talib) for
three years.
 They were compelled to face severe hunger and thirst also to eat leaves for their survival.
 They would call him the liar in order to defame him, for he was well known as truthful and trustworthy.
 Not only this but when he went to Ta’if for preaching, he was pelted with stones and received severe
injuries, that his body and shoes were filled with blood.
 The Quraysh of Makkah made all possible efforts through bribe and threats but they could not shake the
prophet’s resolve towards the mission of Allah.
Torture faced by the followers:

 Prophet’s followers were also tortured by the Quraysh but they remained determined. They were patient
and steadfast against such rebellious acts of Makkans.
 They were always ready to give any kind of financial and personal lives sacrifice for the sake of Islam and

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Prophet Muhammed (p.b.u.h).

 According to history Ammar’s parents, Yasir and Sumayyah were killed with severe torture and are
considered the first man and women martyrs of Islam.
 It is reported that Sumayyah, was tied up betweentwo camels and injured her body with a spear
by Abu Jehal.
 She was told: ‘You embraced Islam forthat man (Prophet)’, and was then killed. Her husband Yasir
was also killed after a brutally severe torture. Ammar, their son also faced brutal torture however
remained safe.
 Bilal was one of the companions who faced lot of torture by his master Umayyah bin Khalaf.
 It is reportedthat One day his master came to know of Bilal's secret prayers.
 He called Bilal and asked, “Oh Bilal, do you worship and bow down to the God of Muhammad?”
Bilal was not afraid.
 He replied, 'Yes Master, I do worship Allah, the only God.” The reply angered Umayyah and he
began to torture Bilal.
 He was tied with ropes and made to lie on the burning hot desert sand at mid-noon.
 He was then asked to forget the God of Islam and worship the 'great' idols known as LAT and
UZZA.
 But Bilal was strong in his new belief. He refused to worship idols and kept crying “AHAD-AHAD”,
meaning “One God, One God.” Once Bilal was laid on the burning hot sand tied to the ground.
 A very heavy stone was placed over his chest and he became senseless.
 Bilal was beaten with lashes and was exposed to scorching sun wrapped in animal skin.
 He was also dragged into the streets with rope around his neck, but he did not give up the right path
of Islam and remained steadfast.
 Khubaib bin Adiyy was injured by spear heads and was crucified after the battle of Badr.
 It is reported that he was badly injured by spear heads and sword, when the Quraysh asked him
that don’t you think that Muhammed should have been on your place.
 He replied, “By God ! I would not like to be safe with my wife and children with the joys of the
whole world while the Messenger of Allah (p.b.u.h) is being hurt even with the prick of a thorn"
 Khabab was another companion who was slave of Umm-e-Ammar before his conversion to Islam.
 Umm-e-Ammar’s brothers would take off his clothes and dressed him with iron armor and placed
him under the scorching heat.
 He was also made to lie on burning coals until they were extinguished due to the melting of fat.
 Hazrat Usman was beaten and locked in room until he fainted due to starvation by his uncle.
 The Quraysh prohibited holy prophet and his companions from entering the Holy Ka’bah for
prayers.
 One daywhen Muhammad (p.b.u.h) was at home and the Muslims were praying in the Ka’bah, the
Quraysh attacked them and wounded several of the Muslims.
 Hazrat Harith, Khadija’s son {Muhammad’s (p.b.u.h)step son} was martyred on the spot, who was the
first male Muslim martyr. Hazrat Talha and Zubair were also dragged in streets and suffocated.
 Apart from this Abu Zarr Ghaffari was also attacked by Non-believers crowd and he fell down senseless.
First Migration to Abyssinia:
 When the persecutions became unbearable the prophet of Allah decided to secure Muslims.
 The Quraysh did not intend to stop their cruel and inhuman behavior either.
 For that reason, one day ourHoly Prophet (PBUH) told the Muslims, “You might spread on different
places of the Earth. God will bring you together once again.”
 Allah also granted permission through Surah Zumr, “Say: "O you,my servants who believe! Fear
your Lord, good is (the reward) for those who do good In This world. Spacious is Allah’s earth!
Those who patiently carry on will truly receive a reward without measure!
 When the companions asked, “O God’s Apostle, where shall we go?” Our Holy Prophet (PBUH)
pointed in the direction of Abyssinia and said, “It will be good if you go to the country of Abyssinia.
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Nobody is tortured near the Abyssinian King. Hopefully God will allow you to attain peace there.”
 Holy prophet then decided to send them to Abyssinia in fifth year of Prophet-hood (615 AD).
 King of that state, Ashamah was kind who was called with a title of Najashi or Negus.
 About 12 men and 4 women including Usman and his wife Ruqayyah (daughter of the Prophet) left
Makkah in secret.
 Some other people who were included in this group were Uthman bin Mazun (the head of the
group), Zubair bin Awwam, Abu Huzaifa bin Utba and his family, Mus’ab bin Umair, Abdur Rahman
bin Awf, Abu Salama and his wife etc.
 On their departure the Prophet of Allah has said, "They are the first people to migrate in the
cause of Allah after Abrahim and Lu’t (A.S)"
 Emigrants were greeted wonderfully by King Najashi and his people. After settling in Abyssinia, the
Muslims did not encounter any obstacles or difficulty in practicing their religious beliefs and fulfilling
their religious duties.
 Muslims found Abyssinia safe place for them and another group departed comprised of 83 men and
18 Women and children approximately.
 Quraysh demanded Negus not to give shelter to Muslims as Abu Sufiyan deputed Amr bin Al Aas
and Abdullah bin Rabiah for this task.
 Quraysh also dispatched precious gifts for the king and thendemanded to hand over the emigrants
to them.
 They presented their claim in the court saying: “O king, there is a group of evil persons from among
our youth who have escaped to your kingdom. They practice a religion, which neither we, nor you
know. They have forsaken our religion and have not embraced your religion as well. The respected
leaders of their people from among their own parents and uncles and from their own clans have
sent us to you to request you to return them.” The king looked toward his bishops, who had already
been bribed, they said: “O king, they speak the truth. Their own people know them better and are
better acquainted with what they have done. Send them back so that they themselves might judge
them.”
 The king was angry with this response and said: “No, by God, I won’t surrender them to anyone
until I myself call them and question them about what they have been accused of.”
 Emigrants including Hazrat Uthman, Hazrat Hamza and Hazrat Jafar son of Abu Talib were called in
the Palace.
Conversation between Najashi and the Muslims:
 Najashi began conversation and asked, “What is this religion which you follow and you are cut off
from the religion of your people? You also did not enter my religion or the religion of any other
community.”
 Jafer replied with confidence that O King, we people were in state of ignorance and immorality
andwould worship idols and eat dead animals.
 He added we remained in this state until Allah sent us a Prophet (pbuh), from one of our own
people.
 He called us to worship Allah alone and to renounce the stones and the idols, which we and our
ancestors used to worship besides Allah.
 He commanded us to speak the truth, to honor our promises, to be kind to our relations, to be
helpful to our neighbors, to cease all forbidden acts, to abstain from bloodshed, to avoid false
witness, not tosnatch an orphan’s property nor disrespect chaste women.
 He ordered us to worship Allah alone and notto associate anything with him, to uphold Salat, to give
Zakat and fast in the month of Ramadan.
 We believed in him and what he brought to us from Allah and we follow him in what he has asked
us to do and we keep away from what he forbade us from doing.
 Thereupon, O king, our people attacked us, gave us severest punishment to make us renounce our
religion and take us back to worship idols.
 They oppressed us, made life intolerable for us and stop us from observing our religion. So we left
for your country, choosing you before anyone else, desiring your protection and hoping to live in
justice and in peace in your state.
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 Najashi was impressed and was eager to hear more. He asked Jafar: “Do you have with you
something of what your Prophet brought from God? Please read to me:”
 Jafar, in his rich, melodious voice recited for him a portion of Surah Maryam from Verses 19 to
32,which discuss the miraculous birth of Jesus and the event of H. Maryam.
 Najashi stood up for Allah’s words and responded: Certainly this and what Jesus had brought come
out of one source.
 He turned to the Makkan delegates and said angrily: I won’t hand them to you and I’ll defend them.
 Then he ordered his courtier to dismiss the delegation and to return their gifts to them.
 He then turned to Jafar and his group and said: “You’re welcome; Your Prophet is welcome. I admit
that he is the Apostle about whom Jesus had given good news. Live wherever you like in my
country.”
 The pagan delegation returned to Makkah with their gifts unhappy.
Importance:
 Before everything else, Quraysh were not expecting such response from Najashi because they had
goodtrade relations with them for a long time.
 Prophet of Allah was expecting good response from Najashi, the just Abyssinian king.
Furthermore, the community of Abyssinia was predominantly Christian, which means that it
consisted of the “People of the Book.”
 Since they were the People of the Book, their conduct and attitude towards the Muslims would
undoubtedly different from the polytheists.
 Muslims were free to practice religious obligations without any fear. They could also establish their
business without any hindrance.
 Muslims were now protected from the persecution of Quraysh. Apart from that good relations
between Muslims and the Christians established.
 A gateway of protection for Muslimswas possible in future.
 Preaching of Islam extended to the Abyssinian state and whole state of Abyssinia became Muslims
later which strengthen Muslims further.
Boycott of Banu Hashim: (616-619 AD)
 Migration of Muslims made Non-Muslims worried and they thought that Muslims are planning for
attack on them along with Negus.
 The pagans of Makkah held a meeting in a place called the Al-Muhassab valley and decided to
declare social boycott against both Banu Hashim and Banu Abdul-Muttalib.
 They decided not to have any social and business dealings with them nor any sort of inter-marriage.
 They announced social boycott against Banu Hashim in the 7th year of prophet hood which lasted
for about three years from 616 to 619 AD.
 They made and signed an agreement and hung it on the wall of Ka’ba which was written by
Bagheed ibn‘Amir for whom Prophet (p.b.u.h) invoked Allah, whose hand was later paralyzed.
 According to the agreement no Makkan was allowed to have any social, political, personal or
economic relationships with the Banu Hashim.
 They sought refuge in a rock bound property of Abu Talib, called as Shi’b Abi Talib.
 Itwas extremely hard siege. The supply of food was almost stopped and the people in imprisonment
facedgreat hardships.
 The idolaters used to buy whatever food commodities entered Makkah and did not leave it for
the people in Shi’b Abi Talib, who were so over-strained that they had to eat leaves of trees.
 Cries of little children suffering from hunger could be heard clearly. No food was available for them.
 During ‘the prohibited months’ when hostilities were banned, they could buy food coming from
outside Makkah which was unjustly overpriced and so could not buy because of their financial
situation.
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 Hakeem bin Hizam the nephew of Khadijah (R.A) managed to bring some wheat despite Abu Jahl
wanted to stop him.
 Muslims were compelled to face hunger and thirst most of the time. If they wanted tobuy food from
some out sider caravans, Abu Lahab opposed it and would buy it at high price.
 No propagation work took place during this period.
 Despite all odds, Muhammad (p.b.u.h) remained determined and his courage never weakened.
 He continued to go to Ka`bah to pray publicly.
 The Prophet of Allah also informed his uncle about the divine message that the agreement was
eaten by termite with the permission of Allah.
 Abu Talib talked to the Quraysh leaders about prophet’s claim. Makkans accepted it and sent Al
Mut’im for confirmation.
 He then discovered that it was really eaten by termite. In this way Boycott was ended and the
Prophet, his family and the supporters were allowed togo to their homes.
 Prophet and his followers began their routine life again with more determination.
The year of grief (Aam-ul-Hazn):
 It is reported that Abu Talib died in Rajab, 619 AD about six months after the boycott ended.
 Accordingto another version, Abu Talib breathed his last in Ramadan, three days prior to the death
of H. Khadijah (R.A).
 Abu Talib’s death was a great shock for Prophet as he was the only support against hostile Makkah
who protected him for about 40 years from them and backed him in his divine mission.
 Soon after the deathof his uncle, the Messenger of Allah experienced another great personal loss
that his most beloved wife H. Khadijah (R.A) passed away in Ramazan of the tenth year of Prophet-
hood.
 At time she was sixty- five, and he was fifty years old. No doubt it was a great loss as H. Khadijah
was in fact a blessing of Allah for the Prophet (p.b.u.h).
 She supported him for twenty-five years and shared good and hard timeof life, especially in the
first ten years of his Prophet-hood.
 These incidents were so shocking andgrieved for the Prophet that he declared that year as “The
Year of Grief (Aamul-Huzn)”
Visit to Taif:
 More than ten years had passed since Muhammad, had first began to preach Islam in Makkah and
around 200 men and women accepted Islam.
 But after the death of his wife, Khadija and his uncle, Abu Talib, the opposition of Quraysh
increased.
 The Prophet then tried to preach Islam in some other city. The nearest city was Ta’if, 70 miles away
from Makkah and he went there accompanied by Zayd bin Haritha in late 619.
 Ta’if was a strong hold of wealthy people of Saqeef tribe and an oasis near Makkah.
 He invited them togive up idol worshipping, to acknowledge Oneness of God and to believe in
the equality and brotherhood of all men.
 The rich people were busy worshipping La’at (False god).
 Firstly he invited the leadersof Ta’if, who said: "In case you are the chosen one of Allah it will be
inviting torture to you and ifyour claim is false you are not fit to be talked to".
 They later prepared street boys who hit him withstones and he got badly injured that his shoes
were filled with blood.
 Zayd was also injured as he tried toprotect the prophet. They both sought refuge in an orchard of
two persons named Atbah and Shibah tosecure them-selves from cruel mob.
 The Prophet prayed to Allah, "O Lord! I present my weaknessand lack of strength before you.
You are the kind Nourisher and you are the helper of the weak.”
 Though, Atbah and Shibah, were enemy of Islam, felt grief to see the condition of the Prophet.
 Theytherefore, ordered their Christian slave, to take a vessel full of grapes for them.
 Slave took the grapes tothe Prophet and placed before him and looked at his face. Slave was
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surprised when he heard Tasmiyahbefore prophet ate grapes.

 He asked him about his belief and said that the people of Tai’f began theirwork by the name of La’t
and Uzza.
 Prophet introduced himself as the prophet of Allah and he acceptedIslam. He (p.b.u.h) now ecided
to leave Ta’if spend few days in Nakhlah (a place situated betweenMakkah and Ta'if).
 This was the place near Ta’if where Angel Jibrael and the angel of mountainappeared and
asked his permission to crush the people between the mountains.
 Prophet of Allahdeclined their offer and prayed for them rather than curse.
 On his way back to Makkah a group of Jinns embraced Islam after they heard recitation of Quran
while he was praying.
 It is mentioned in Quran in these words, “Say: it has been revealed to me that a company of Jinns
listened (to the Qur'an). They said, 'We have really heard a wonderful Recital! 'It gives guidance to
the right, and we have believed therein: we shall not join (in worship) any (gods) with Our Lord.”
 It is reported that the group of Jinns was from Jews.
Pledges of Aqaba (Islam introduced to the Yathrabite):
First Pledge of Aqaba:
 After the visit to Taif the prophet of Allah started preaching to the visitors coming to Makkah from
different states.
 In the 11th Year of Prophet hood (620 AD), the Prophet met with six visitors from Yathrib at the
place of Aqaba, the barren area near Mina.
 These included influential people, like, As'ad ibn Zurarah and Abu Zar Ghaffari. These people
accepted the new religion on the invitation of the Prophet ofAllah.
 As'ad ibn Zurarah promised to convey his message to both people from his tribe and the people of
Aws on their return and will meet him at same place next year.
 These six people carried out great services for preaching Islam in Yathrib and as a result many
people embraced Islam.
 Next year i.e 12th year of Prophet-hood (621AD), 12 people met with the Prophet at Aqaba in Mina
valley during their religious festival.
 Five of them were from Khazraj and two were from Aws tribes.
 The people of Yathrib affiliated themselves with him and promised "not to associate any other with
Allah, not to steal or do adultery, not to kill their children, not to defame each other, and to obey the
orders of Prophet Muhammad." They made a Pledge (Bait, promise) which is known as 1st Pledge
of Aqaba.
 When they had taken the pledge, Muhammad (p.b.u.h) said: “He who carries it out, Allah will
rewardhim; and who neglects anything shall face the punishment hereafter;”
 They also requested Prophet for a teacher, to teach the people about Islam and give them practical
guidance.
 Prophet of Allah selected H. Musa’b bin Umair to send with them to teach them the Holy
Quran and Islam, to invite non-Muslims to Islam, and to lead them in prayer.
 In one year, the activities of Mus'ab ibn Umair, who was staying in As'ad ibn Zurarah's house,
ensured the acceptance of Islam bythe leading figures of Yathrib, including the leaders of the Aws
tribe, Sa'd ibn Muaz and Usayd ibn Hudayr.
Second Pledge of Aqaba:
 In the 13th year of Prophet-hood (622AD) another delegation of about 75 people including men and
women visited Makkah for Pilgrimage and met with Prophet secretly.
 Many of them including leaders and chiefs had already embraced Islam but wanted to make a
pledge like the first one.
 H. Ibn-e-Abbas an uncle of prophet was also present there, who had delivered a short speech,
“Muhammad is one of us and we have protected him as much as we could. If you can support him,
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it is good; otherwise leave him to us." In response to this Yathribites replied, "We take the oath of
allegiance to him and we promise that we will fight against his enemies and befriend his friends"
 They intended to take the Prophet along with them.
 Then he listed the terms of the second pledge of
Aqaba
 the Prophet told them to pledge that if he were to come to their city they would protect him and all
the Muslims of Makkah as if they were protecting their own children, wives or property.
 that they would remain obedient to the Prophet during the good and the bad times.
 that they would provide financial help during times of hardship.
 that they would order what is good and prevent from what is bad, and that they would fear no one
and will remain righteous.
All of the Yathrib people accepted these terms and gave their pledges. They promised that they will accept
Muhammed as their leader and will give full protection.
They also promised for full moral and financial support. Prophet made a twelve people representative
committee (Naqib) headed by As'ad ibn Zurara, to deal with the agreed matters.
Importance of this Event:
 It was the beginning of a new life for Islam and the Muslims as Yathrib was emerged as the first
Muslim state.
 It was an opportunity for great consolation and moral boost for the Muslims because Yathrib was
available as safe heaven.
 Muslims were able to spend their lives according to their own belief, culture and traditions
freely.
 Muslims migration from different parts to Yathrib began. Prophet found new supporters and a
future place to flourish Islam. It was the end of the persecution of the Quraysh and Muslims felt
more secure and so became more confident.
 The Muslim community could continue their business and other activities without any hindrance
and Islamic laws and practices could be fully and freely exercised.
His Journey for Ascension (Mairaj):
 Mairaj is the journey of Prophet Muhammed (p.b.u.h) from earth to the heavens.
 It took place in two phases, first is called as Isra in which prophet travelled from Makkah to
Jerusalem and second is known as Mairaj when prophet travelled to the heavens from Jerusalem
(Mosque Al-Aqsa).
 It took place in the 10th year of Prophet-hood on 27th of Rajab after the deaths of H. Khadija and
Abu Talib.
 Allah actually wanted to show his signs to his beloved prophet and the status of prophet in the
eyes of Allah to the entire universe.
 He was asleep in house of Umm-e-Hani when the roof of his house was opened and angel Jibrael
[Sahi Bukhari] came and took him to the journey.
 It is reported that before his journey, the angel cut open the chest of Prophet Muhammad and
washed that open area with Zamzam water.
 He then placed something (Noor) into his chest to increase his wisdom as well as to strengthen his
belief.
 Firstly, he was taken to Jerusalem from Makkah.
 This is called as Isra in Quran, "Glorified (and exalted) be He (Allah) who took His slave
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(Muhammed (pbuh) for a journey by night from Masjid-al-Haram (at Makkah) to the farthest mosque
(Al-Aqsa in Jerusalem), the neighborhood whereof we have blessed, in order that we might show
him (Muhammed) of our Ayat (proofs, evidences, lessons, signs, etc.). Verily He is the All-Hearer,
the All-Seer." (Surah 17: 1)
 The heavenly animal used for this journey was Burraq, prophet mounted on it. Then the Burraq
continued the journey with the Messenger of Allah until they entered the city of Jerusalem.
 There he was brought two jugs, one containing wine and the other milk. He chose the milk and
refused the wine. Angel Jabriel said, "You chose the natural one, if you had chosen the wine, your
Ummah (Nation) would have gone astray after you.
 The natural state by choosing the milk; your ummah was led to the natural state, too. Wine was
declared haram for you!”
 After that Prophet continued this night journey towards heavens, which is called as Mairaj.
 When the Prophet and Jibrael arrived at the first heaven, Prophet Muhammad met with Prophet
Adam.
 He then met with Essa, Yahya, Yousuf, Idris, Haroon and Musa (A.S) and others on second,
third, fourth, fifthand sixth heavens respectively.
 All of them gave prophet a warm welcome and prayed for him for good things in his journey ahead.
Then the Prophet reached the seventh heaven, and that is where our Messenger saw Prophet
Ibrahim sitting with his back against Baitul Maimoor.
 Baitul Maimoor is the highest of the heavens where seventy thousand angels go every day for
prayers and then their turn will never come again till the judgment day.
 Later the Prophet entered Paradise. He was shown examples of the inhabitants of Paradise and
how their situation would be.
 He was shown reward for the inhabitants of Paradise. He was also shown the punishments for the
inhabitants of the Hell.
 After wards he went into the Sidratul Muntaha (peak end of the Universe) and met with Allah from a
very short distance, which is mentioned in surah Najm, “While He was In the highest part of the
horizon: Then He approached and came closer, And was at a distance of two bow-lengths or (Even)
nearer; So did (Allah) convey the inspiration to His Servant- (conveyed) what He (meant) to
convey.”
 He was then given the gift of 50 Prayers but Musa asked him to pray Allah for ease. Musa has
said, "I have experience with the people of Israel and I know your nation cannot bear that."
 Allah reduced it to five but its reward remained equal to fifty prayers as gift for the Nation (Ummah)
of Muhammed.
 This all happened in an extremely short time that his bed was warm and the chain of the door was
still swinging.
 Abu Bakr (r.a) earned the title of Al-Siddique (truthful) because he strongly testified as true
whatever prophet of Allah narrated about the journey.
Importance:
 It shows that nothing is beyond Allah’s power which is spread all over the universe.
 It also shows Prophet’s respect and love in the eyes of Allah that how much Allah regarded his
beloved prophet.
 It portrays the importance of Prayers as Allah gave it to Prophet as precious gift of the journey.
 He also ledthe previous prophets in prayer which proves that he is the Sayyed ul Ambia (leader
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of the prophets).
 The journey confirms the status of Mosque Al Aqsa in Islam as first Qiblah of the Muslims.
 It testifies the existence of the Heavens and the Hell. He was the only prophet who spoke to Allah
from a very short distance.
Migration to Medina: (622 AD)
Causes of Migration and the planning of Quraysh:
 After the persecutions became unbearable, Allah commanded Prophet Muhammed to leave
Makkah.
 First and the second pledges of Aqaba were also encouraging as people of Yathrib were ready to
welcome Prophet Muhammed as their leader.
 The Prophet (p.b.u.h) was given assurance for thesecurity and other required support by Ansaar
and he trusted in their loyalty to him and their devotedness in defending the Islamic mission.
 Yathrib emerged as the strong and consolidated Muslim state. Many believers emigrated and found
protection, security, and comfort there.
 As soon as the news of the Prophet’s plan to leave Makkah for Yathrib reached to the Quraysh.
They called a meeting in Dar-un-Nadwa to decide whether to exile, imprison for life or kill
Muhammed (p.b.u.h).
 Utbah, Shaibah, Abu Sufyan, Abu Jahl, Abu Lahab, Umayyah bin Khalaf etc were present in that
meeting.
 Abu Lahab recommended killing him by a group of young men from different tribes. Prophet, Ali and
Abu Bakr left Makkah in the end.
 Prophet was informed by Allah about this deadly plan in these words, “Remember how the
unbelievers plotted against you, to keep you in bonds, or kill you or get you out (of your town). They
plot but Allah plans; and the best of planners is Allah.”
Events of Migration:
 After the above mentioned revelation, he allowed his followers to start migrating from Makkah.
 It began when Muslims left Makkah in groups and even individually. At the time, Muhammad
possessed various properties of the Quraysh given to him in trust.
 He left Makkah with Abu Bakr and directed Ali to return the trusts to their owners and sleep in his
bed assuring him of God's protection.
 He was surrounded by many people from different tribes but left unhurt after he threw handful of
dust on the enemy and recited this verse from Surah Yasin: “And we have put a bar In front of them
and a bar behind them, and further, we have covered them up; so that they cannot see.”
 Now he passed by them but no one could see him and soon joined H. Abu Bakr who was waiting for
him as planned.
 Next morning when Non-Muslims found Ali in the bed of Prophet Muhammed, they shouted in
surprise and asked Ali: “Where is Muhammad?” He said to them, “Have you made me a guard on
him?”
 Quraysh announced a huge reward of 100 camels on his capture dead or alive. Prophet
Muhammed was aware that they were being followed by the Quraysh; therefore, they decided to
hide in a cave, named Thaur,for some time and they had to stay there for 3 days.
 When the Quraysh came looking for the Prophet, they did not bother looking inside the cave as
spider had formed a web, pigeon had made a nest and laid eggs at the entrance of the cave, and
branches of the tree were covering it.
 This all was a miracle of Allah for the protection of his beloved Prophet Muhammed. During this
stay, Hazrat Abu Bakr was worried, so the Prophet consoled him, which is mentioned in Quran in
Surah Tauba, in these words, “Have no fear for Allah is with us”.
 During their stay, Hazrat Abu Bakr was bit by a snake but he did not even shout because Prophet
was sleeping in his lap and he did not want to disturb him.
 When Prophet knew about it he put his saliva on Abu Bakr’s heel and he was cured as his pain
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vanished all of a sudden.

 After three days of stay they again continued their journey to Yasrib when the Quraysh were no
longer after them.
 A clever man Suraqah son of Maalik continued to trace them because he knew that they could not
leave Makkah with in that much short time. He was right because he saw them when they left cave
after three days and let his horse run swiftly until he nearly over-took them.
 While he reached near them, his horse stumbled abruptly, and he was thrown off.
 He rose up, and again proceeded. Once again the horse stumbled and he was again thrown off, but
continued to chase them.
 Suddenly, his horse stumbled for the third time, its fore-legs sinking up to the knees on the ground,
and he was thrown off once again.
 He also saw dust rising from the ground like a sandstorm. Suraqa was now convinced that the
Prophet (p.b.u.h) was protected against him and he would not in any case be successful in his
attempt.
 He called out saying that he was Suraqa and that he would not harm to them.
 The Prophet of Allah then told him to keep their whereabouts secret, which he promised.
 He then predicted for Suraqa and said, “Suraqa, how would you feel when you will put on Chosros’
bracelets?”
 It is reported that he realized that his horse fell three times as a result of a miracle and then he
decided to discontinue his effort.
 Now they continued their journey and saw two isolated tents belonged to an old woman who had a
goat which could not give milk.
 Prophet (PBUH) touched its udder and it begun to provide milk.
 They then refreshed by drinking milk and travelled to Medina. Afterwards, Prophet (PBUH) met
Buraidah bin al- Husaib and about 80 other men.
 All of them accepted Islam and performed Salah with Prophet (PBUH) and Abu Bakr (R.A).
 Prophet of Allah arrived at Quba on the 8th of Rabiul Awwal and constructed first mosque on earth,
Mosque Al Quba. Later, Ali joined him there.
 After 14 days stay he left for Medina and on his way he offered Juma prayer 1st time in the quarters
of Banu Saleem.
 Muslims of Medina were waiting desperately for the arrival of Muhammad, a Jew of Yathrib
announced to them, “O People of Arabia, your man has finally arrived.”
 People of Medina gave him warm welcome and everyone wanted to be his host.
 Prophet did not want to make any one grieved and let it be on his she camel ‘Qaswah’.
 She camel stopped next to the house of Abu Ayub Ansari, where lived he temporarily for some time.
 He then bought a piece of land for Mosque of Prophet (Masjid-e-Nabwi) from two orphan brothers,
Sahal and Sohail from Banu Najjar tribe.
 Name of Yathrib was changed to Medinat-un-Nabi (City of Prophet) after his arrival there.
Importance of Hijrat:
 Medina emerged as the first independent Muslim state where Quran was the supreme law
producing authority.
 Hijri calendar was started in accordance to this great event in the caliphate H. Umar. It was starting
point of Islamic consolidation and expansion.
 Now Muslims were able to learn and develop their religion without any fear and hindrance. Muslims
became strong morally and physically.
 Medina was considered as the base for the army expeditions and the propagation of Islam.
 Jews also accepted the authority of Prophet as the leader of Medina and signed a peace treaty with
him.
 Muslims could live peacefully in Medina where their rights were guaranteed.

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The first Islamic community Scribes of the Divine

Revelations
 Scribes are those respectful personalities who performed written work for the prophet (p.b.u.h).
 They wrote letters for him and drew up treaties between him and tribal chiefs.
 Some of the prominent scribes are named as H. Ali, Usman, Khalid bin Said (r.a) etc.
 Most important of those personalities were those who are remembered for their work of writing
down the Quran.
 The Quran itself refers to this task in surah Furqan, “And they say: ‘tales of the ancients which he
has caused to be written, and theyare dictated before him morning and evening.”
Abdullah bin Masood (R.A):
 Abdullah bin Masood was from the tribe of Banu Huzail. It is reported that he was the sixth man to
accept Islam.
 Abdullah bin Masood migrated three times, twice to Abyssinia and once to Medina. He participated
in almost every battle (Gazwah) with the Prophet (p.b.u.h).
 Abdullah was the best at reciting the Qur’an among the companions and he understood it better
than them all.
 He therefore, had comparatively more knowledge of the Shari’ah. The Prophet has also said, ‘Read
the Qur’an in the same manner as Abdullah Ibn Masood teaches.’
 He is considered as the earliest scribes. He was the first Muslim to recite the Quran publicly at the
Ka’ba and was beaten badly.
 After the prophet’s death, he was regarded as an expert on reciting and interpreting the revelations.
He used to say, “I can tell that where and why the verse was revealed”.
 He was the narrator of about 800 traditions. He died in 34 A.H.
Ubbay bin Ka’b (R.A):
 He belonged to Khazraj tribe and accepted Islam in the pledges of Aqaba.

 He was one of the main scribes who wrote down the Quran and it is said that he wrote down the
last verse of the Quran.
 He was good reciter of the Quran and was appointed as Imam of Tarawih by H. Umer when he
regularized it.
 He memorized the revelations and after the prophet’s death, he possessed his own collections of
the text. He died in 29 AH.
Zayd bin Thabit (R.A):
 He was chief scribe and belonged to the Khazraj tribe.

 He accepted Islam at the age of 11, before the migration to Medina. He was not allowed to take part
in the battle of Badr due to his young age.
 He took part in the battle of Trench and Tabuk expedition. He became the secretary of the Prophet
(p.b.u.h) in 3 AH.
 Zaid was a learned person and could speak many languages. He had learned Hebrew for
communication with Jews.
 Prophet said, "Zayd, learnt the writing of the Jews for me," On every call and instruction of the
Prophet, he always replied, "At your command, Messenger of Allah,"
 He was very intelligent with wonderful memory and was included among the scholars and jurists.
He had memorized the Quran.
 Given the duty of compiling the Quran during the reign of Abu Bakr (R.A) in a book form: Abu Bakr
summoned Zayd ibn Thabit and said to him: "You are an intelligent young man and we do not
suspect you (of telling lies or of forgetfulness) and you used to write the Divine revelation for Allah's
Messenger. Therefore, look for (all parts of) the Quran and collect it in one manuscript."
 He was the first Ansar to swear allegiance to Abu Bakr (R.A). He also took part in the Battle of
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Yamamah, war against Musailmah.

 He would serve as the Qazi of Medina during the time of Hazrat Umar (R.A).
 He was responsible of the public treasury during the caliphate of Hazrat Uthman (R.A).
 He participated in the standardization process of the Quran during the lifetime of Hazrat Uthman
(R.A).
 Umar ibn Khattab once addressed the Muslims and said: "O people, whoever wants to ask about
the Quran, let him go to Zayd ibn Thabit."
 He died in about 45 A.H.

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Ten Blessed Companions (Ashra-e-Mubashira)
‘Ashara Mubashara’, those of companions of Prophet, who were given the glad tidings for the entrance
in Jannah by Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) him-self when they were living in this world.
5) Hazrat Talha (R.A):
 He belonged to banu najjar family of the Medenite tribe khazraj.

 He was one of those 75 Ansar who participated in and became the party to the second pledge of
Aqaba.
 He was one of those who stood likea wall around the holy prophet to face all the attacks and arrows
coming from the enemy side during the battle of Uhad.
 He received 24 wounds and lost two fingers.
 He was hospitable personality who was keen to take care of the guests and travelers. He was
wealthy and generous and earned the title of Talhatul fayyaz.
 He was died in battle of jamal in 36 A.H at the age of 62.
6) Hazrat Zubair (R.A):
 He was son of Safiya bint Abdul Muttalib. He was nephew of Hazrat Khadija (r.a) and cousin of the
prophet.
 He accepted Islam at the age of 15 or 16 years. He was one of the early emigrants to Abyssinia.
 Like many other companions, he was also Hafiz of Quran. He participated in almost all the ghazwas
(Muhammed’s campaigns).
 Prophet of Allah made him the commander in the battle of Badr. H. Zubair also led the Rida wars
during the caliphate of H. Abu Bakr.
 He led the expeditions during thereign of Hazrat Umar (r.a).
 He was nominated for the post of caliphate by Hazrat Umar.
 The prophet has said, “Talha and Zubair are my neighbors in paradise”. He killed Marhab’s brother
in Khyber.
 He died in the battle of Jamal at the age of 64 years.
7) Abdur Rehman bin Auf (R.A) :
 His real name was Abu Amr which was changed after he accepted Islam on the invitation of Abu
Bakr at the age of 30.
 He was one of eight early converts to Islam. His name was also recommended for the post of
caliphate by H. Umar.
 He migrated twice i.e to Abyssinia and then to Medina. He was made Ameer-ul-Hajj in 11th year of
hijrat.
 He was wealthy and generous and donated around 8000 dirhams as donation for Tabuk
expedition.
 He participated in all the battles during the prophet’s time. He left lot of his wealth for his widows,
poor and orphans.
 After prophet’s demise, he would take care of his wives.
 Hedied in Medina in 32 A.H at the age of 72 years.
8) Saad bin Abi Waqas (R.A):
 His father Abu Waqas was maternal uncle of the holy prophet (p.b.u.h).
 He accepted Islam at the age of about 17 years.
 His mother protested his acceptance of Islam by threatening to kill herself by starvation.
 He participated in many battles during prophet’s time and in the battle of Uhad he protected a group
of Muslims trapped by the Quraysh by hitting them arrows.

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 He was also nominated as possible candidate for caliphate by H. Umar.
 He was sent as commander of Muslim army to Persia in Umar’s reign and defeated them in the
battle of Qadsiya.
 He served as governor of Iran and kufa during Abu Bakr and Usman’s reign respectively.
 He died at Medina in 55 A.H.
9) Saeed bin Zaid (R.A):
 He was born to a tribe who followed Monotheism. He was married to Fatima sister of Umer (r.a) and
accepted Islam together.
 He took part in almost all the major battles except for Badr during the prophet’s time.
 He was well known for his piety and was included in emigrants.
 He was appointed as governor of Damascus and commanded a cavalry during the battle for
Damascus.
 He died in Kufa at the age of 80 years.
10) Abu Ubaida bin Jarrah (R.A):
 He was one of the early converts to Islam and embraced Islam soon after Abu Bakr.
 He faced very harshexperience when he was face to face with his father in the battle of Badr and
killed him for the sake of Islam.
 He participated in all the battles during the prophet’s time. He declined the offer of Umer for
caliphate in favor of Abu bakr.
 He led Muslim army in the campaign against Syria and Persia during Abu Bakr and Umer’s reign
respectively.
 He died soon after the conquest of Damascus and was buried there.
Importance of the companions of the prophet:
 They all were like brilliant stars on the sky and always responded the call of the prophet when he
proclaimed about the oneness of Allah and his prophet-hood.
 They embraced Islam in such critical circumstances which showed their love, sincerity and devotion
towards this path of righteousness.
 To embrace Islam in those days meant to invite troubles and miseries for own-self. For eg; Bilal and
his sufferings and tortures faced by Ammar and his parents.
 They listened to what the prophet said. They acted and practiced according to the prophet’s
instructions.
 After the demise of the prophet, they continued his mission and spread this sacred faith throughout
the world.
 They expressed their deep devotion and love for the prophet. They could not bear, either in war or
peace, the slightest discomfort of the prophet.
 Neither adversity nor danger could separate them from the prophet of Allah.
 They played key role in preserving and compiling the Quran and Hadith.
 They helped prophet in preaching Islam in every corner of the world.
Leading Companions Of The Prophet (pbuh)

The AMI School
1) Hazrat Zaid bin Haritha (R.A):
 He was bought as slave by one of the merchants, of Makkah Hakim bin Hizam who then
presented himto his aunt, Hazrat Khadija (r.a), who then presented him to her husband, the prophet
(pbuh) as marriagegift.
 When Zaid’s father came to know of his whereabouts, he came to Makkah to take him back.
 Holy Prophet gave him the choice to go with his father, but he refused and preferred to stay.
 Therefore, holy prophet freed him and adopted him as son, which made his father and uncle
satisfied.
 From that time, hecame to be known as Zaid bin Mohammed. He was among the early converts to
Islam after H. Ali.
 He was the only one who accompanied the prophet in Taif. He migrated from Makkha to Medina
like other Muslims and was paired with H. Hamza in brotherhood.
 He commanded several expeditions as an archer and fought in the battles of Badr, Uhad and
Khandaq.
 He was present when Treaty of Hudaibiya was signed. He was often made the care taker of Medina
in the absence of the prophet (pbuh).
 He was the only fortune companion whose name is in the Quran.
 He was martyred in 8 A.H at the age of 55 inthe battle of Mu’ttah when he was struck by a spear.
2) Hazrat Salman Farsi (R.A):
 He was of Persian origin from Isfahan and his ancestors were fire worshipper.
 His father was the chief of the village and was the richest person of the area.
 Very soon he attained the position of the custodian of the fire, which they worshipped.
 As a young man he was attracted by the Christianity when he heard voices for prayers from a
church while he was on his official visit.
 He joined the Christianity and performed services with the bishop, but very soon he found that
bishop was corrupt.
 Later he got to know about the advent of a prophet in Arabia who revived the religion of Ibrahim.
He then traveled to central Arabia in search of the Prophet.
 On the way he was betrayed by the traders who were acting as his guide through the desert.
 They sold him as a slave to a Jew who took him to Yathrib (Medina).
 Soon after the migration of the prophet, he recognized him seeing the signs of the prophet which
the monk haddescribed to him and embraced Islam.
 He then purchased his freedom from his Jewish master.
 He is well known for the battle of Trench because before the battle a trench was dug around
Medina, on the advice of Salman Farsi, to defend themselves against the attack of the enemy.
 Abu Hurairah would call him "Abu-ul-Kitabayn" (the father of the two books; the Bible and the
Quran) and H. Ali as "Luqman al- Hakeem" "Luqman the wise”. He would introduce himself as
“Salman son of Islam”
 He would lead extremely simple life and it is reported that he would have only one cloak.
 When he was appointed asthe governor of Al-Madain near Baghdad, he would receive a stipend of
five thousand dirhams that he would distribute as charity (sadqah).
 He would earn for his living with the work of his own hands. His closeness to prophet and his family
is well known.
 The prophet has said, “Salman is from amongst my family.”
3) Hazrat Bilal (R.A):
 He was son of Rabah and was well known by the title, Habshi, because of blackish origin.
The AMI School
 He was an early converts and first slave to accept Islam. He was an Abyssinian slave; after his
acceptance of Islam, his master, Umayyah bin Khalf would make him lie on the scorching sand of
the desert.
 He was dragged on the rocky plain with a rope tied in his neck. His master would place a huge
stone on his chest and sayto him: “you will stay here till you die or deny what Mohammed teaches
you.”
 But Bilal remained steadfast in his belief in one Allah but would respond saying, ‘Ahad, Ahad’
repeatedly. Abu Bakr paid 200 dirhams for his freedom.
 After migration the prophet appointed him as Muazzin (prayer caller).
 It is also reported that Prophet Muhammad appointed him minister of the Bait-ul-Mal (treasury).
 In this capacity, he distributed funds to widows, orphans, migrants and others who could not support
themselves.
 The prophet would say to Bilal: “O Bilal, deliver azan for Salat brings rest to my heart.” He
participated in almost all the battles and in the battle of Badr killed his former master Umayyah bin
Khalf.
 He also delivered azan from the roof of the Ka’ba after Makkah was conquered.
 The prophet (pbuh) once asked Bilal: “O Bilal! Tell me what best deed you did after embracing
Islam, for I heard your footsteps in front of me in Paradise”.
 Bilal answered: “I do not think I have done anything rewarding since I accepted Islam except that
whenever I perform wuzu, I always offer a few rakaat of Salat.”
 There isdifference of opinion regarding his death. However, it is stated that he passed away in 20
AH, In Damascus.
4) Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed (R.A):
 He was born in Makkah to Waleed bin Mughirah, the chief of the Banu Makhzum clan of Quraysh
tribe.
 This clan was specialized in war fare. As a child, he learned the skills of combat and also learned
how to use various weapons.
 He was the one who stopped Muslims at Hudaibiya being the commander of 200 men, when
Muslims wanted to perform Umra only.
 He also fought against Muslims in the Battle of Badr, Uhad and Trench. At first he and his whole
clan was a bitter enemy of Islam but after the Treaty of Hudaibiya he became a Muslim.
 From then onwards he used his skills in the battles fought for the cause of Islam.
 He served as commander in the battle of Mu’ttah when all three famous war commanders, H. Jafer
bin Abi Talib, Abdullah bin Rawaha and Zaid bin Haritha were martyred and took the command of
Muslims army with consensus.
 He was able to maintain his heavily outnumbered army of 3,000 men against an army of around
100000 of the Byzantine Empire and Ghassanid Arabs and he succeeded in saving the rest of the
Muslim force.
 He received the title of Saifullah (sword of Allah). Later he fought against false prophets during the
caliphate of H. Abu Bakr and crushed the rebellion Musailma, the false prophet.
 At the caliphate of Abu Bakr and Umer, he conquered various areas of Persia and Byzentine.
 He died in 20 AH in Damascus.
5) Hazrat Abu Talib:
 He was son of Abdul Muttalib, grandfather of Prophet and the second chief of Banu Hashin.
 He was real uncle of the prophet and took care of the prophet for about 40 years more than his own
sons.
 He also performed marriage ceremony of the prophet with Khadija. He protected the prophet from
the cruelties ofthe Quraysh after open declaration of Islam.
 Abu Talib fully supported the prophet against the Quraysh leaders who were considered him as
increasing threat to their belief so leaders directly confronted him.

The AMI School
 He provided full shelter to the prophet and his companions at the time of the social boycott by the
Quraysh and allowed them to live on his land called Sheb-e-Abi Talib.
 He refused the Quraysh leadership to help them against prophet (pbuh). Due to the fact Quraysh put
considerable pressure on Abu Talib and the Banu Hashim. On an occasion, Abu Talib asked
Muhammad, "Save me and your- self, and do not put a greater burden on me than I cannot bear."
 Muhammad responded, "Oh uncle! By God I swear, even if they put the sun in my right hand and the
moon in my left that Igive up this cause, I shall not do so in my life" Seeing his nephew's emotion, Abu
Talib’s reply was, “Nephew, go and say whatever you like. I’ll never leave you alone”
 He died in about 10th year of Prophet-hood.
 His death made prophet so grieved that he called that year as year of grief (Aam ul Huzn).
6) Hazrat Hamza (R.A):
 He was the uncle of the prophet and had accepted Islam in early years of the prophet’s open
declaration of his prophet-hood around 616 AD.
 When he heard that Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl) had attacked the Prophet; abused and insulted him,
he got enraged and "struck him a violent blow" with his bow.
 After that incident, Hamza entered the House of Al-Arqam and embraced Islam and declared it
publicly.
 He was a brave and great warrior who led an expedition and also earned a title “Lion of Islam”.
 His acceptance of Islam was of great support to Islam because Quraysh stopped persecutions on
Muslims because they were afraid of him.
 Hamza joined the general emigration to Medina. But the difference between him and the other
Sahabas (companions) was that he announced his emigration openly.
 He fought two battles, Badr and Uhad. He had killed many Quraysh leaders in the battle of Badr
including Utba bin Rabia, father of Hinda, wife of Abu Sufiyan.
 He was martyred in the battle of Uhad by Wahshi bin Harb against the promise of Hinda for his
freedom from slavery and lot of wealth, who later chewed his liver in enmity and hatred.
 He was buried in the graveyard of the martyrs of Uhad, in Medina.
Emigrants and Helpers (Muhajreen and Ansar)
 When the Holy Prophet (p.b.u.h) arrived in Medina, he declared brotherhood between the
Muhajireen and the Ansar in the house of Hazrat Anas ibn Malik.
 It was done to arrange shelter, finance and moral support to the emigrants as they could not bring
anything because they had migrated secretly from the Quraysh.
 There were about ninety men, half of them from the Muhajireen and half of them from the Ansar.
 The Holy Prophet (p.b.u.h) declared brotherhood between them in charity and kindness.
Emigrants (Muhajreen):
 Those companions of the prophet who migrated from Makkah to Medina with or before the prophet
are called as Emigrants.

The AMI School
 They had left their belongings in Makkah, although some of them were prosperous and wealthy.
They suffered a lot and had faced lots of torture.
 They could not bring anything because they had migrated secretly from the Quraysh. The Quran
says, “Those who believed, migrated and spend blood and treasure in fighting for the cause of
Allah, occupy a high position.”
 The houses of Ansar were open to the emigrants as places of hospitality, but it was necessary to
make some permanent arrangements.
 They did not like to depend on alms or charity as they would earn their livings by their own labor.
Seeing that, the prophet managed to establish the bond of brother hood between them.
 He called them all at the house of Anas bin Malik (r.a). The Muhajreen were forty-five in number.
 After saying that, “These are your brothers”, he announced the name of one Ansar and one Muhajir
and tied them with in the bond of brother hood.
 At the end of all the pairings, only Ali (R.A) was left. He asked the Holy Prophet (p.b.u.h) who was
his brother?
 The Holy Prophet (p.b.u.h) declared,"O Ali, you are my brother in this world as well as the next."
Ansar shared everything with them equally.
 As Muhajreen were traders by profession and did not know about farming which was offered by
Ansar and requested them to show the way to market. For eg; When sa’ad bin Rabi offered half of
his belongings to Abdul Rahman bin Auf, he declined the offer and enquired about the market.
 He has said, “May God keep your wealth auspicious for you! I do not need it. The greatest favor
you can dofor me is to show me the way to the bazaar where you do shopping.”
 The next morning, Abdul Rahman bin Auf, who was taken to Qaynuqa bazaar by Sa’ad, bought
some goods such as oil and cheese and started his business.
 After some time he earned a fair income and then became one of the well-known tradesmen of
Medina.
Ansaar (Helpers):
 The word Ansar means "helper" in Arabic, while the word Ansari refers to a person who helps.
 But as a term, the Ansar were the people from Medina who obliged the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)
and supported the Muhajireen (Emigrants) when they migrated from Makkah to Medina.
 The prophet of Allah has said, “If people took one path, and the Ansar another, I would choose the
path of the Ansar.”
 The Ansar were the people of the tribes of Aus and Khazraj. These two tribes fought with each
other, as well as the Jews with whom they shared the city.
 After Muhammad’s (p.b.u.h) arrival, these two tribes lived in peace forever. After the establishment
of the Brotherhood between the Muhajireen and the Ansar, the Ansaar were eager to divide their
every possession with their new brothers.
 The Ansar stood with the Holy Prophet (p.b.u.h) through thick and thin right from the Battle of Badr,
where Hazrat Sa’ad bin Muaz, on behalf of the Ansar, pledged allegiance and full support to the
cause of Islam.
 After the death of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), they gave up their right and reconciled with the
suggestion that the next caliph should be from the Quraysh.
 Along with the Muhajireen, they too made tremendous contribution to the spread of Islam through
conquests and preaching.
 Abu Ayyub Ansari, Anas bin Malik, Ka'b bin Malik, Sa’ad bin Muaz and As'ad in Zurarah are well
known Ansar in the history.
Prominent Muhajreen and Ansar who were declared as brothers by Prophet (p.b.u.h):
1. Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) Hazrat Kharija bin Zaid Ansari (R.A)
2. Hazrat Umer (R.A) Hazrat Itban bin Malik Ansari (R.A)
3. Hazrat Usman (R.A) Hazrat Aws bin Sabit Ansari (R.A)

The AMI School
4. Hazrat Musab bin Umair (R.A) Hazrat Abu Ayub Ansari (R.A)
5. Hazrat Salman Farsi (R.A) Hazrat Abu Darda (R.A)
6. Hazrat Bilal (R.A) Hazrat Abu Rawaha (R.A)
Importance of Brother-hood in Islam:
a) Muhajreen:
 They left their properties and families in Makkah for the sake of Islam.
 They showed their love and regard to the Prophet (p.b.u.h). They soon adjusted themselves in
Medina in a totally different cultureand atmosphere.
 After joining with Ansar the status of Islam increased.
 They did not totally depend on Ansar but tried to stand on their own feet.
b) Ansar:
 Ansar were the citizens of Medina and became famous by the title of Ansar after this event.
 They stopped fighting among themselves, for eg; Aws and Khazraj.
 Tribes of Ansar got one leader i.e the Prophet Muhammed (p.b.u.h). They co-operated with
Muhajreen like brothers and guided them in professional expertise.
 Ansar shared half of their belongings with Muhajreen.
 They got the enmity of all Arabia by giving protection to the Prophet Muhammed (p.b.u.h).

The AMI School
RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS
HAZRAT UMAR (R.A): (13-23 AH / 634-644 AD)
His life before becoming a caliph and his character:
 Hazrat Umar belonged to the Quraysh family of Banu Adi. His father’s name was Khattab bin Nufail.
 He was born in the Year of the Elephant (about 40 years before migration). He was thus 12-13
years younger than the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Hazrat Umar was born in an educated and well-off
family.
 He himself was also educated. In his youth, Hazrat Umar acquired the skills of fighting, wrestling
and oratory.
 He was well-established tradesman. Hazrat Umar was 27 years old when the Holy Prophet (PBUH)
was given the charge of Prophet-hood.
 In the sixth year of Prophet-hood, at the age of about 33 years Hazrat Umar accepted Islam in
Arqam’s house in Makkah, which at that time was the center of Prophet’s preaching.
 After his conversion to Islam, Muslims performed prayer for the first time in Ka’bah.
 He was given the title Farooq i.e. one who can distinguish between right and wrong by the Holy
Prophet (PBUH) after he converted to Islam.
 He migrated to Medina and took part in all major battles, i.e. Badr, Uhad, Ditch, Khyber and Hunain.
His daughter Hazrat Hafsah was Holy Prophet’s (PBUH) wife.
 He gave half of his wealth at the time of the Tabuk Expedition as donation.
Conversion of H. Umar (R.A) to Islam:
 H. Umar’s hatred for Islam was so strong that he volunteered to kill Prophet Muhammad.
 Without a second’s hesitation, he walked down the streets of Makkah with an intention to end the
life of the Prophet of God.
 A young man named Nu’aim son of Abdullah saw him in anger, he approached Umar and asked
him where he was going so quickly.
 Umar replied that he was going, to kill Prophet Muhammed. Nu’aim tried to engage Umar in a
discussion to divert him, but Umar was focused on his mission and continued to walk along the
street.
 Nu’aim then said, “Why don’t you take care of your own house first?” Umar stopped at once and
asked, "Who are they in my family?" Nu’am replied, “Your brother-in-law and cousin Sa’id bin Zaid
and your sister Fatima”
 Umar turned around immediately and walked with determination toward his sister’s house.
 As he approached, he could hear the sound of Qur’an being recited. Umar knocked on the door.
 His family members tried to hide their copies of the Qur’an but Umar entered and demanded to
know about the “humming” sound he had heard.
 Umar than asked, “Have you become Muslim?” Umar’s brother in law answered, ‘yes’ and
Umar began to beat him.
 Umar’s sister tried to defend her husband but was injured, now she said, “Do whatever you want”
 Umar demanded to recite the words of Qur’an he had heard as he approached the house.
 She recited these verses from Surah Taha, “We have not sent down the Qur’an unto you (O
Muhammad) to cause you distress, but only as a reminder to those who fear (God)……. No one has
the right to be worshipped but He!” (Qur’an 20:2-8)
 Now H. Umar left his sister’s house and rushed to Prophet Muhammad to embraced Islam.
 In this way Prophet’s prayer, “O Allah, strengthen Islam by Amr Bin Hisham (Abu Jahl) or Umar bin
Khattab” was answered.
Administrative steps/Reforms of H. Umar (r.a):

The AMI School
 As we know that during the caliphate of H.

 Umar, Islamic state expanded far and wide and around two hundred thousand square acre area of
land came under his rule.
 In order to provide all necessities of life along with security, he initiated following reforms.
Political Reform:
 H. Umar was a political genius, he not only expanded his empire but also build up its political
structure on firm bases.
 He divided his empire into provinces which were further divided into Districts to enforcehis orders.
 H. Umar was very acute in the appointment of his provincial governors called Wali or Ameer.
 Whenever a governor was appointed by him, a man was sent with him that would read
publicly his powers and jurisdictions.
 During the reign of Caliph Abu Bakr, the state was economically weak, while during Umar’s reign
because of increase in revenues and other sources of income, the state was on its way to economic
prosperity.
 Hence H. Umar felt it necessary that the officers be treated in strict way asto prevent the possible
greed of money that may lead them to corruption.
 During his reign, at the time of appointment, every officer was required to guarantee that he would
always keep his door open to the public.
 H. Umar was first to establish a special department for the investigation of complaints against the
officersof the State.
 This department acted as administrative court, where the legal proceedings were personallyled by
H. Umar.
 Sometimes an Inquiry Commission was constituted to investigate the charge.
 Officers against whom complaints were received had to appear in front of administrative court.
 Intelligence services were initiated to make his officials accountable. Before appointment, all
financial assets and details of the political officer used to be recorded and were checked each year.
 It was due to Umar's strong commitment to eradicate corruption and bribery.
Military Reforms:
 Caliph Umar organized the army as a State department. A beginning was made with the Quraysh
and the Ansar and the system was gradually extended to the whole of Arabia and to Muslims of
conquered lands.
 A register of all adults who could be called to war was prepared and a scale of salaries was fixed.
 All men registered were liable to military service. They were given regular salaries and allowances
and were mostly paid in cash.
 Promotions in the army were made on the strength of the length of service or exceptional merit.
 The troops stationed at far off places were given leave after four months to meet with their families.
 Each army corps was accompanied by an officer of the treasury, an accountant, a Qadi (judge) and
a number of interpreters besides a number of Physicians and Surgeons.
 Umar established military cantonments on strategic positions throughout the empire to deal with any
emergency efficiently and quickly.
 The garrison towns of Kufa, Busra and Fustat (Cairo) were founded by H. Umar.
 They were also provincial capitals of their respective provinces.
Judicial Reforms:
 H. Umar stressed the independence of the judiciary so that it could proceed without any pressure
of state.
 No one was exempted from the rule of law, not even the Caliph himself.

The AMI School
 During early years of his rule he also acted as a chief justice of Medina but later due to increasing
burden of work he assigned his office to Abu Dardah, a well-known companion.
 H. Umar was the founder of Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). More than one thousand juristic
judgements of H. Umar are on record and are followed by Islamic jurisprudence.
 Umar was very keen in appointing Qazis (Chief Justice) to all the major provincial cities.
 H. Umar would personally appoint judges. He had set criteria for this office, for example;
1. He must be well reputed for his morals, modesty, and interpersonal relations.
2. Must be an intelligent and competent to use it in judicial decisions for better judgements.
3. A judge must be highly qualified in fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence).
4. Judge must be socially and influentially sound personality so that he might not come under
pressure by any powerful person.
 Appointment of judges in districts and small towns were made by his appointed provincial, Wali
(Governors) through Majlis-e-Shura and Majlis-e-Aam.
 H. Umar would appoint judges with very high salaries to make sure that they could not accept
bribery and compromise religious duty.
 He issued some special instructions and code of conducts to be followed in the courts according
to which judges were instructed to deal with rich and poor alike in the court.
Social Reforms:
 One of Hazrat Umar's most remarkable Reform was the establishment of Islamic calendar.
 H. Umar started calendar from the year of Hijra, when Prophet Mohammad migrated to Medina.
 H. Umar prohibited the sale of wine and drinkers were punished with 80 lashes.
 It was a practice among Arab poets to mention the name of women in their poetry to make it
attractive or glorify which was a disgraceful practice and woman's modesty was directly targeted in
it, H. Umar put a ban on this ill social practice and declared it unlawful and a punishable offence.
 Price control system was introduced to avoid over pricing.
 H. Umar started salary for Imams in mosques, Muadhans (Callers to prayer) teachers and public
lectures.
 He also established an effective Postal service. Annually zakat was charged from Muslims, while
from non-Muslims, jizya was charged which was very low as compared to the tax imposed by
Romans.
 Non-Muslims were free to follow any religion they wanted. Trade tax that H. Umar charged was far
less than the tax charged by Roman and other empires.
 More over for the easy trade and trading Umar established special chain of state-owned guest
houses.
 He also initiated census in the empire and established an institution of Diwa'an (literary means
register), a department of registration which had names of all the population mentioned in it.
 He also organized Bait-ul-Maal, a financial institution, responsible for the administration of
allowances, taxes, Jizya and war-spoil.
 Annual allowancewas given to all Muslim population, men, women children and new born infants.
 The highest amount of allowance was set for the wives of Mohammad which was 12,000 dirhams.
Purpose of giving allowance was to uplift the economic condition of Muslims.
 The concepts of welfare and pension were also introduced by H. Umar.
 Poor, elderly, orphan, widows and disabled were supported through this scheme.
Religious Reforms:
 H. Umar wanted to continue Islamic ideology more effectively so that newly converted could easily
understood and practice the Islamic teachings.
 Therefore, on his advice authentic Hadiths were compiled mostly on religious, moral, social and
community related affairs and were spread throughout the empire to Judges, governors, teachers
The AMI School
and scholars of all provinces for guidance.
 All these Hadiths had the status of law. Tarawih, special prayer of Ramadan in congregation was
reinstated by caliph Umar.
 It was a common practice that a husband could not lead the funeral prayer of his wife.
 Umar led one of his wife's funeral prayers in order to correct that practice. He also ruled that on the
occasion of funeral prayers four Takbirs should be offered.
 H. Umar not only renovated mosques but new mosques werealso constructed.
 All the judges, governors, teachers and scholars were bound to focus on religious teachings in their
respective responsibility.
 He also initiated the use of Qiyas in order to use teachings of Quran, hadith and personal
knowledge for a better law.
 He added ‘prayer is better than sleep’ in Fajr Azan, to make people realize the importance of
morning prayers in Islam.
Martyrdom of Hazrat Umar (r.a):
 Umar was martyred by Firoz (Abu Lulu), a Persian slave of Mugheera in 644 A.H.
 Firoz was unhappy with one of Umar’s verdicts regarding the amount of daily payment he made to
his master.
 Abu Lulu (Firoz) openly threatened to kill Umar. Certain people recommended that Firoz should be
arrested, but Umar refused to do so.
 Umar neither had a personal bodyguard nor a protocol escort. One day, while he was leading the
prayer, Firoz stabbed him with a poisoned dagger.
 He also killed several other worshippers as he tried to escape. When he was finally caught, he cut
his own throat. Umar survived for some days.
 During this period, he nominated a panel of six people: H. Ali, Usman, Talha, Zubair, Abdur
Rehman bin Auf and Saad bin Abi Waqas (r.a) to hold mutual consultation and select his successor
fromamong them.
 His death shows us that he had a thorough sense of fairness and that was the reason for his refusal
to give Firoz the relaxation in the payment he had to make to his master.
 This noble attitude caused for his martyrdom. Umar’s fearless attitude portrays his strong belief in
Allah as the Giver and Taker of life.
 This incident also reflects his simple lifestyle, that the head of the largest empire in history was
easily accessible and roamed around like an ordinary citizen.
 He was buried alongside the Prophet and Abu Bakr in Medina. This shows his special status in the
first Muslim community, his tough and principled stand reflects the integrity (honour, truthfulness) of
his character.

The AMI School
Pillars of Islam 2) Sala’t

(Prayers)
Timings of five times Prayers:
 As we know that five times prayers are obligatory upon every adult male and female.
 The Quran says, “Indeed, prayer has been decreed upon the believers at the specified times” [Nisa;
103].
 Prayers should be offered in congregation or individually every day. The names of five times
prayers are Fajr, Zuhr, Asr, Maghrib and Isha.
 Fajr prayers begin at the time of the break of Dawn and ends just before the rise of sun.
 Zuhr, thesecond prayer starts few minutes after the sun begins to decline towards west.
 The declining time of sun is called as Zawal and performing any prayers at that time is prohibited for
Muslims.
 The time of Zuhr ends when the shadow of the object gets double of its original size.
 As soon as the time of Zuhr ends thetime of Asr prayer begins. No one can offer Asr prayers after
sun set, its ending time.
 At the time of the sun set no prayers can be offered as it is also Zawal time.
 Maghrib is the fourth prayer whose time starts soon after the sun set and ends shortly at the fading
of twilight.
 Isha is the last prayer of the day. It’s timebegins at the end time of Maghrib and continues till dawn.
What is time of Zawal and why is prayer forbidden at the time?
 It is reported by Amr bin Abbas asked Prophet, "O Prophet of Allah, inform me about the
prayers”.
 He (p.b.u.h) then said, "At that time (Zawal) stop praying, because at that time the hell-fire is fed
with fuel”. [Ahmed, Muslim].
 After that he gave its description, after the morning prayers from the sunrise until the sun has
completely risen to the length of a spear above the horizon, and when the sun is at or near its
meridian, and after the afternoon (Asr) prayer until the sun sets.
SUPPLICATION OR PRIVATE PRAYER (DU’A):
 Dua means to ask Allah for help or to get something from Him, for eg. Forgiveness, blessings,
refuge from Satin (Devil) etc; The Holy Prophet has said, “He who does not ask Allah for His favors,
Allah isannoyed with Him.”
 Those who ask Him for His favors, he loves them because it is firm faith of the believers in his
authority that he fulfills all their prayers which are beneficial for them.
 Sometimes our prayers are not accepted in this world because it is then replaced with the reward in
the hereafter.
 We have very limited knowledge that is why we are unable to know our future or what is good for
us, butAllah knows all.
 He is the knower of our heart feelings as well, that is why he rejects that du’a which is not
beneficial for us.
 The Quran says, “Ask Me (Dua) I fulfill them.” It means that he surely listens to our du’a, but
accepts or rejects on his own accord because he knows well about our needs which we don’t.
 So we can say that we should keep on praying to Allah in order to become closer to him and get
his forgiveness and blessings in this world or in the world here after.
 Muslims also believe that they are rewarded in this world as well as the hereafter.
 Therefore, sometimes our prayers are not accepted here and Allah converts them into the reward of
hereafter.

The AMI School
QAZA OR MISSED PRAYERS:
 Prayer is obligatory upon every adult Muslim male and female.

 One has to be extremely careful to offer iton time and does not show any laziness or miss it without
any valid reason.
 The Quran clearlycommands, “Guard strictly your (habit of) prayers, especially the Middle prayer;
and stand before Allah with piety”. [2:238]
 However, if a Farz or Wajib (Witr) prayer could not be offered at a prescribed time due to some
valid reasons then it has to be offered as Qaza or missed, later in the prescribed away as soon as
possible.
 It is a great sin to miss a prayer without a genuine reason.
 If a person misses a prayer due to carelessness or forgetfulness, he should repent for it sincerely
and pledge before Allah not to do in the future. There is no fixed time to offer missed prayers.
 One must offer it in his own life, as soon as possible.
 If a person has missed more than one prayer, he should offer them at the first available opportunity,
if possible altogether one after the other.
 It is not necessary to offer a missed Zuhr prayer at the time of Zuhr and Asr prayer at the time of
Asr only.
 If a person has not offered his prayers for a long time and has missed months or years prayers and
then repents before Allah, he will have to offer all missed prayers, because Allah may forgive him
the sin of negligence but not the prayers.
 The prayers missed during a journey have to be shortened, as per shorten prayer conditions.
Anyone who missed prayer dueto sleep will also offer it as Qaza as soon as possible.
 If only the Witr prayer has been missed, it has to be offered before Fajr prayer next morning.
 If a person has offered the Fajr prayer without first offering the missed Witr prayer, he will have to
offer the Witr prayer and repeat the Fajr prayer.
 If a sick person is too weak to offer his prayers even by making symbolic signs or remains
unconscious for a period then he will offer Qaza as soon as he regains normal life.
 An easy way is that instead of offering the Sunnat and Nafl prayers at the prescribed times, he
should offer the missed Fard prayersand continue doing so till he is sure that he has offered all the
missed prayers.
 In case of Friday prayer is missed, it cannot be offered later. One may however, will offer four
rak'ats of the Zuhr prayer later instead.
 Eid prayers cannot be offered as Qaza, whether in congregation orindividual.
Masjid (Mosque):
 It is a place of worship for the Muslims where they bow in front of Allah placing forehead on the
floor.
 Muslims are allowed to offer prayers at any place they want. Quran says: “The mosques of Allah
shall be visited and maintained by the people such as believe In Allah and the Last Day, establish
regular prayers, and practice regular charity, and fear none except Allah. It is they who are
expected to be on true guidance”.
 In this verse Allah is giving assurance for his blessings and the guidance to those who maintain
mosque and manage to establish prayers regularly.
 Prophet says, “Whole of the earth has been made a mosque for me.”
 Construction of a mosque is highly appreciated and rewarding act for the believers.
 Prophet of Allah has said, “Whoever builds a mosque for Allah, Allah will build a house for him in
paradise.”
 Congregational prayers on Juma and Fridays are also offered in mosques.
 Muslims offer especial prayers of Ramadan, Tarawih, in mosque and also sit for Aitikaf. In Medina
it was a place of worship and a center for political and social gatherings.
 Muslims still arrange Nikah ceremonies in mosques during marriage as to earn blessings of Allah.

The AMI School
 It was the center of divine activities that prophet of Allah usually delivered newly revealed messages
from there.
 It was used as an assembly place where important military and political matters were discussed.
Status of mosque in the eyes of Allah and the prophet is proved through the construction of the
mosque of the prophet in Medina soon after migration and the Quba on his way to Medina.
 It was and can be used as educational institution, missionary activities place, as a war chamber and
as asecretariat office.
 Many mosques have schools for religious studies, known as Madrasah.
 Funeral prayers are also offered in mosques. It was a place of shelter, rest and help for the
strangers and the poor people.
 Praying in mosque is 27 times more rewarding than offering in house.
LINKED TOPICS:
Differences between Eid and Friday Prayers
Friday Prayer Eid Prayer
 Performed at Zuhr time Performed after Fajr and before Zuhr

 Offered once in a week Offered twice in a year
 Azan and Iqamat are offered Azan and Iqamat are not offered
 Offered in Mosques only offered in open places (Eid Gah)
 It is obligatory to all Muslims It is Wajib to all Muslims
 There is one Takbir only There are six additional Takbir
 Khutba is delivered before prayer Khutba is delivered after prayer
 If missed, Zuhr is offered instead No Qaza (delayed)
 No especial charity Especial Eid charity, Sadqat-ul-Fitr is offered
Differences between Regular prayers (Sala’h) and the Private prayers (Du’a)
 It is obligatory on adult Muslims male & female optional for Muslims and no age
restriction
 It has to be offered on a particular time (Fajr, Asr) no particular time; can be asked
any time.
 There is a prescribed method for prayers no method for private prayers
 One should face Ka’bah during prayers there is no need of direction to Ka’bah
 Prayers are asked in Arabic as surahs are recited no restriction of any language
 Purification is compulsory (Wudu, Ghusl, Tayamum) Purification is not compulsory
QASR (SHORTENED PRAYERS):
 Islam permits travelers to shorten their prayers, which is termed as Qasr in shariat laws.
 The Quransays, "And when you are on journey in the land, it is not sin for you that you shorten
the prayer, ifyou fear that those who disbelieve bother you. Verily, the unbelievers are your clear
enemy." [An-Nisa 101]
 Anyone who travels about 77 kilometers out of the boundary of his city is considered as traveler.
Traveling 77 km within the city boundary does not come under this ruling, whether one travels
by any means of travelling.
The AMI School
 One remains traveler until he returns home or intends to stay for fifteen days or more than that.
 Traveler can offer half of the total Farz rakats of Zhur, Asr and Isha.
 For example: two rakats instead of four rakats. Prayers with two or three rakats cannot be
shortened.
 If a person intends to stay for 15 or more days at any place during his journey, then he will not
offer Qasr or shorten prayers instead he will now offer normal prayers.
CONGRIGATIONAL PRAYER ON FRIDAY:
 Friday prayer is obligatory on all adult males of sound mind and good health.
 It is offered once in a week in congregation only and therefore cannot be offered as Qaza.
Whoever is unable to perform it, he will only offer Zuhr prayer.
 Women, children, sick, slaves and insane people are exempted from Juma prayer.
 Juma prayer is offered at the same time as for Zuhr on Friday, so it is weekly prayer. On Friday
people must stop their business activities as soon as they hear Azan.
 The Quran says, “O you who believe! When the call for prayer is made on Friday, rush to the
remembrance of Allah, and give up all trading. That is best for you, if you only knew! And when
the prayer is finished, disperse on the land and seek the bounty of Allah and remember Allah
much so that you may prosper”.
 Two Azans are special feature of the day.
Method of Juma Prayer:
 It is an obligatory congregational prayer which cannot be offered individually.

 If it is missed by anyone then he will offer Zuhr prayer instead, as there is no Qaza (Delayed) for
it.
 Juma prayer is offered in Jam’a Mosque i.e the major mosque of the area. People can offer Juma
in the mosque nearby as well because it can be offered there as well due to increase in
population.
 It is Sunnat to take bath on the day and wear clean cloths and use perfume (Itr). Two azans (call
for prayers) are delivered on the day of Juma which were introduced in the time of the caliphate
of H. Uthman.
 Two raka’ts, Tahayyat-ul-Masjid prayer and then four pre farz sunnat are offered after first Azan.
 After second Azan imam recites Khutba, the most important feature of the day, which is
comprised oftwo parts.
 First part consists of praises of Allah and his beloved prophet and then delivers speech for the
guidance of the nation (ummah), Imam takes a breath for a short time in between the Sermon
(Khutba) and sits on pulpit (Mimbar).
 In second part imam discusses the companions and prays for them.
 Imam can also discuss and deliver speech on socio-economic and political issues in any
language easily understood by the audience.
 No conversation is allowed during Khutba and Muslims must stop prayers, reading Quran and
Durud. It is Wajib for the worshippers to listen it quietly.
 Now imam instructs worshipper to stand in straight line shoulder to shoulder and then Iqmat is
delivered.
 Imam stands to lead worshippers and makes niyat for two rakats of Friday prayer, which is
offered like other two rakats prayers and he recites surahs in loud voice in both the rakats.
 After the prayer imam raises his hands for supplication (Dua) and the worshipper say Ameen in
return.
 In this way Juma prayer is completed and people can continue their socio-economic activities.

The AMI School
Importance of Juma Prayer:
 It is obligatory on adult male Muslims and weakens their faith if they miss it consecutively.
 A message of unity and fraternity is delivered to the nation.
 Muslims get opportunity to share their experiences, feelings and solutions for the problems
Muslims face in their day to day life.
 Sermon on socio-economic, political and ethical issues is delivered by imam that helps people to
discipline their lives.
 Many Muslims give financial support in terms of donation after the prayers which is used for the
betterment of administrative matters and the financial support of the needy from the Ummah.
 A powerful message of equality, unity and brotherhood is delivered by the Muslim ummah from all
over the world on every Friday.
EID PRAYERS:
 Muslims celebrate two festivals in a year which are called as Eid ul Fitr (1st Shawwal) and Eid ul
Adha (10th Zilhaj).
 Eid-ul-Fitr is celebrated for thanks giving to Allah for the successful month of Ramazan in which
they fast.
 Whereas Eid-ul-Adha is celebrated in the memory of Prophet Ibahim’s submission and obedience
to Allah: when he was ready to slaughter his son in the way of Allah after he had seen it in a
dream.
 Later Allah replaced his son with a sheep from paradise. Method of the prayer for these festivals
is the same and is Wajib for those on whom Friday prayer is obligatory.
 It is offered in congregation and has no Qaza. It is offered after sun rise and before noon.
Women, children, prisoners, travelers, slaves and extremely ill are exempted.
 Muslims take bath which is Sunnah, wear new clothes and use fragrances.
 It is Sunnah to offer Eid prayers in vast and open grounds under sky, known as Eid Gah.
 After a large number of people gather in Eid Gahs, the imam delivers speech, known as Eid
Khutba: in which he explains the virtues, blessings and the rewards for fasting and the sacrifices
on both Eid days respectively.
 They also highlight different issues Muslims face in their day to day life.
 Azan and Iqamat is not required for Eid prayers. After khutba, imam instructs people to line up
and stand shoulder to shoulder.
 He also givesbrief description of the method of prayers for remembrance as it is offered once in a
year and many people forget or young people also join it first time.
 It is offered in two rakats with the exception of six additional Takbir-e-Tehrima; three in first rakat
and three in second, in which Imam recites surahs loudly.
Raka’t 1:
 In Qiyam position Sana and Tawuz is recited by all in low voice.

 Now imam raises hands up to the ear lobes and then keeps them hanging by the sides, followed
by Takbir-e-Tehrima loudly and people followit in low voice.
 This is repeated twice and third time hands are raised again and then folded on the navel.
 Now Tasmiya, Fateha and any other surah is recited by imam loudly and people listen to it
attentively.
 Followers say a’meen in low voice after Fateha is completed.
 Then Ruku, Sajud are offered like normal prayers and then posture of Qiyam is attained for
second rakat.

The AMI School
Raka’t 2:
 In second rakat after Tasmiya, Fateha and any other surah is recited loudly by imam.
 Raising and lowering hands takes place three more times.
 Now Ruku (prostration) and Sajud (bowing head) and Salam are performed like usual prayers.
 Afterwards Khutba is delivered in two parts with a short break in between which is sunnat.
 Sermon is comprised of the teachings from the Quran and the Sunnah of the prophet in first part.
 Second part begins after a short pause. In the end believers raise hands for supplication
altogether and the worshipper say ameen.
 Now Muslims express their greetings by embracing each other and say Eid Mubarak.

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The AMI School

Syllabus Contents Handout Book 1

2 History & importance of Quran ............................................................... {6-8}

3 Sayings of Prophet (p.b.u.h) – Hadith ................................................... {9-11}

4 History & importance of Hadith................................................................(12-16}

Life & importance of Prophet (p.b.u.h)- Life in Makkah......................{17-30}

6 The First Muslim Community....................................................................{31-36}

7 The Rightly Guided Caliph (H. Umar (r.a) ............................................. {37-42}

Islamiyat 0493 Page 1

Passages from the Qur’an for special study

Theme: Allah in himself

5: Surah Al- Ikhlas (112):

b) Importance of the theme:

Allah’s relationship with the created world

6: Sura 1 Al - Fateha (1-7):

Islamiyat 0493 Page 2

b) Importance of the theme:

 This passages sums up the message of the Quran.

7: Sura Al-Baqarah (2.21-22):

Islamiyat 0493 Page 3

 Theme of this passage is God and his created world.

b) Importance of the theme:

8: Surah Al-Alaq (96:1-5):

 Theme of the passage is God and his created world.

b) Importance of the theme:

9. Surah Al-Zilzal (99):

Islamiyat 0493 Page 5

 Theme of the passage is God‘s relation with the created world.

a) Importance of the theme:

10: Sura Al-Nas (114):

b) Importance of the theme:

Islamiyat 0493 Page 6

Islamiyat 0493 Page 7

THE HISTORY AND IMPORTANCE OF THE HOLY QURAN

Importance of the Holy Quran:

COMPILATION OF THE HOLY QURAN

Compilation Work during the life of the Prophet (p.b.u.h):

Role of H. Umar (r.a):

Islamiyat 0493 Page 9

Islamiyat 0493 Page 10

Compilation Work under the supervision of Fourth Caliph Usman (R.A):

Islamiyat 0493 Page 11

Major teachings of the Hadiths of the Prophet (p.b.u.h)

 Muslim rulers must be kind and sympathetic.

 We should show great attachment and love to the Quran.

Islamiyat 0493 Page 13

 We must be kind while dealing with business transactions.

Islamiyat 0493 Page 14

History and Importance of Hadith

Sunnah and its importance for the believers:

1) Manners / Methods / practices by Prophet of Allah (Sunnah).

Islamiyat 0493 Page 15

i) During the life time of the Prophet (p.b.u.h):

ii) During the time of the Companions (after Prophet’s demise):

iii) Time of Tabaeen (students of the companions of prophet):

iv) Time of Taba Tabaeen (students of Tabaeen)

Earliest Collections of Ahadith

Islamiyat 0493 Page 17

Types of the compilation of Hadith Books:

The ways to judge the authenticity of Hadith:

i) Biographies of the authorities (Asma-ul-Rijaal):

ii) The chain of the narrators (Isnad):

iii) Investigation of text (Matn) of Hadith:

The life and importance of the Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H)