Template

Nonlinear diffusion by regions.
KMLS a new
version, comparison with other gradient
threshold estimations for the diffusion
coefficient
Reinaldo Barrera Travieso, Angela M. León-Mecı́as, and Richard

M. Méndez-Castillo
Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Havana
PROGRAM 15th International Workshop on Operations Research

May 30, 2023
Reinaldo Barrera Travieso (MATCOM-UH) Nonlinear diffusion by regions May 30, 2023 1 / 22
Presentation Overview
1 Introduction
Objectives
2 Image smoothing by diffusion

The gradient threshold in the diffusion coefficient
3 Estimating the gradient threshold

Problems with the gradient threshold estimator KMLS for
mammogram images
KMLS2, a modified version of KMLS for AD smoothing of
mammogram images
4 Experimental environment and results

Results and discussion
5 Conclusions
Introduction
Mammograms are images with low contrast and a complicated
structured background and generally contaminated by some noise.
At the same time, mammograms are very important non-invasive
tests in the early detection of breast cancer.
Objectives
• Apply AD Perona-Malik on mammography images to remove

noise and enhance edges.
• Apply AD by region using the SLIC algorithm.
• To compare different ways of estimating the threshold of the
gradient magnitud in the diffusion coefficient, and its influence
on edge detection.
Image smoothing by diffusion
Diffusion is known as a physical process that equilibrates

concentration differences without creating or destroying mass. In
image processing we may identify the concentration with the
intensity of the gray value at a certain location.
Isotropy diffusion
∂I(x, y, t)
= c∆I(x, y, t)
∂t
PDE solution
2 +y 2

1 −x
Gσ (x, y) = e 2σ 2
2πσ 2
√
where the time-scale relationship is given by σ = t
Figure: Isotropy diffusion with σ = 5
Non linear PDE model (Perona and Malik)

∂I(x, y, t)
= div (c(x, y, t) · ∇I(x, y , t)), in Ω × (0, T)
∂t
c(x, y, t) · ∇I(x, y , t) · N = 0, in ∂Ω × (0, T)
I(x, y, 0) = I0 (x, y ), in Ω
Diffusion coefficient

−s2
1 2k 2
g1 (s) = s2
and g2 (s) = e
1+ k2
The gradient threshold in the diffusion coefficient
• K is a contrast parameter or a threshold for the magnitude of

the brightness gradient with great influence on edge
preservation.
• The diffusion coefficient also works as a stop function of time
and all its known expressions depend on a parameter k.
• Those regions of the image where ∥∇I∥ > k , the smoothing
effect is weaker and therefore both edges are preserved and
where ∥∇I∥ < k , the smoothing effect is stronger.
Estimating the gradient threshold
P-Norm
σ∥It (x, y )∥p
k=
n·m
Morphological approach
X It (x, y) ◦ st X It (x, y) • st
k= −
n·m n·m
(x,y)∈It (x,y)∈It
Noise estimator
In this method a histogram of the absolute values of the gradient in
the whole image is calculated and k is set equal to 90% of its
integral value at each iteration.
Problems with the gradient threshold estimator
KMLS for mammogram images
• The KMLS algorithm shows us the partition process according

to K-Means.
• If an image is divided into regions before it is smoothed, it can
happen that each pixel has similar gradient values.
• The low contrast problem led to the idea of introducing image
segmentation before running any diffusion process, trying to
locally smooth the image, to reinforce small edges.
KMLS2, a modified version of KMLS for AD
smoothing of mammogram images
Figure: Adjustment and partitioning methodology applied to KMLC

KMLS2, a modified version of KMLS for AD
smoothing of mammogram images
Estimating the gradient threshold for KMLC

s
−(m14 + m24 )
k=
ln(wep)m12 + ln(sep)m22
Experimental environment and results
We use the AD equation of Perona–Malik with different ways to

estimated the contrast parameter, using the diffusion coefficient
given by g2 to smooth the mammogram images, followed by the
classical edge detector Scharr to obtain an edge image.
Using the same 20 images as before from the Inbreast database,

the crop function was applied to each image to reduce unwanted
external areas to the breast. For these images, the pixel meshes
and the masks of the ground truth of the lesions were extracted. In
a previous step the images were divided into regions using the SLIC
clustering algorithm, with 1, 6, 12, 20, 30 and 100 clusters, with the
best results being for 6 clusters, used for the experiments that
follow. Three types of Anisotropic Diffusion (AD) smoothing were
performed, that differ in the way of estimating the threshold
parameter k of the gradient in the diffusion coefficient. The
showed results correspond to 10 iterations. After that, the classic
edge detector Scharr is applied to each smoothed image.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure: Mammogram ID53586896 (a) Original image, images with

smoothing after: (b) AD-PNorm (c) AD-Noise and (d) AD-KMLS2.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure: Mammogram ID53586896 (a) Original image of unsmoothed edge,

edge images with smoothing after (b) AD-PNorm (c) AD-Noise and (d)
AD-KMLS2.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure: Mammogram ID53586896 (a) Mask of the anomaly ground truth

edge image, edge images: (b) without smoothing (c) and(d) after
AD-KMLS2 and AD-Noise respectively.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure: Mammogram ID53587663 (a) Mask of the anomaly ground truth

edge image, edge images: (b) without smoothing (c) and(d) after
AD-KMLS2 and AD-Noise respectively.
0.05286
0.7093
0.05285
0.7092 0.05284
0.05283
0.7091
PFoM*
RMSE
0.05282
0.7090
0.05281
0.7089 0.05280
0.7088 0.05279
KMLS2 KMLS2
Noise 0.05278 Noise
PNorm PNorm
0.7087
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t t
Figure: Objective performance measure RMSE(left), PFoM*(right), applied

to the edge image of ID53586896. Smoothing by AD-KMLS2, AD-pnorm
and AD-Noise.
0.01937
0.4217
0.01936
0.4216
0.4215 0.01935
0.4214 0.01934
PFoM*
RMSE
0.4213 0.01933
0.4212
0.01932
0.4211 KMLS2 KMLS2

Noise
0.01931 Noise
0.4210 PNorm PNorm
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t t
Figure: Objective performance measure RMSE(left), PFoM*(right), applied

to the edge image of ID53587663. Smoothing by AD-KMLS2, AD-pnorm
and AD-Noise.
Conclusions
• The quality of the edge images is superior when a previous AD

smoothing is applied.
• The proposed method AD-KMLS2 achieved better results for
45% of the images in terms of both quality measures.
• For the rest of the images the AD-Noise worked better,
although the difference according to the measurements is of
the order least equal 5 × 10−5 and visually the differences are
barely perceptible.
• The best results are reached by Scharr edge detector.
Nonlinear diffusion by regions. KMLS a new
version, comparison with other gradient
threshold estimations for the diffusion
coefficient
Reinaldo Barrera Travieso, Angela M. León-Mecı́as, and Richard

M. Méndez-Castillo
Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Havana
PROGRAM 15th International Workshop on Operations Research

May 30, 2023

Template

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Template

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nonlinear diffusion by regions.

Reinaldo Barrera Travieso, Angela M. León-Mecı́as, and Richard

Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Havana

PROGRAM 15th International Workshop on Operations Research

2 Image smoothing by diffusion

3 Estimating the gradient threshold

4 Experimental environment and results

• Apply AD Perona-Malik on mammography images to remove

Diffusion is known as a physical process that equilibrates

Figure: Isotropy diffusion with σ = 5

Non linear PDE model (Perona and Malik)

• K is a contrast parameter or a threshold for the magnitude of

• The KMLS algorithm shows us the partition process according

Figure: Adjustment and partitioning methodology applied to KMLC

Estimating the gradient threshold for KMLC

We use the AD equation of Perona–Malik with different ways to

Using the same 20 images as before from the Inbreast database,

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure: Mammogram ID53586896 (a) Original image, images with

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure: Mammogram ID53586896 (a) Original image of unsmoothed edge,

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure: Mammogram ID53586896 (a) Mask of the anomaly ground truth

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure: Mammogram ID53587663 (a) Mask of the anomaly ground truth

Figure: Objective performance measure RMSE(left), PFoM*(right), applied

0.4211 KMLS2 KMLS2

Figure: Objective performance measure RMSE(left), PFoM*(right), applied

• The quality of the edge images is superior when a previous AD

Reinaldo Barrera Travieso, Angela M. León-Mecı́as, and Richard

Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Havana

PROGRAM 15th International Workshop on Operations Research

You might also like